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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-12786
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-21232-UU
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE DEAF,
EDDIE I. SIERRA,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
versus
STATE OF FLORIDA,
THE FLORIDA SENATE,
THE HONORABLE BILL GALVANO, in his official capacity as President of the
Florida Senate,
THE FLORIDA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
THE HONORABLE JOSE OLIVA, in his official capacity as Speaker of the
Florida House of Representatives,
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES, the public body
corporate acting for and behalf of Florida State University,
JOHN THRASHER, in his official capacity as President of Florida State
University,
Defendants-Appellants.†
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
†
As the current President of the Florida Senate, Bill Galvano has been automatically
substituted for the prior President, and as the current Speaker of the Florida House of
Representatives, Jose Oliva has been automatically substituted for the prior Speaker. See Fed. R.
App. P. 43(c)(2).
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(January 3, 2020)
Before MARTIN, TJOFLAT, and TRAXLER,* Circuit Judges.
MARTIN, Circuit Judge:
Eddie Sierra, a resident of Florida, together with the National Association of
the Deaf brought suit under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act and
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act against several Florida entities and officials.
They challenge Defendants’ failure to provide captioning for live and archived
videos of Florida legislative proceedings. Defendants moved to dismiss, relying
largely on sovereign immunity. The District Court denied Defendants’ motions to
dismiss, holding (1) that Congress validly abrogated Defendants’ Eleventh
Amendment immunity with respect to Plaintiffs’ claims under Title II; (2) that the
Pennhurst exception to Ex parte Young does not bar Plaintiffs’ Title II claims for
declaratory and injunctive relief against certain state officials; and (3) that it need
not resolve whether sovereign immunity shielded the Florida House and
Legislature from Plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claim at the motion to dismiss stage.
After careful consideration, and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm.
*
Honorable William B. Traxler, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Fourth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
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I. FACTS
Eddie Sierra is a resident of South Florida. He is a concerned citizen
interested in state legislative issues and a disability rights advocate. He is also
deaf. The National Association of the Deaf (the “NAD”) is an organization with
members who are deaf or hard of hearing that advocates for the full and equal
participation of its members in all aspects of society. Mr. Sierra is a member of the
NAD, and together they (“Plaintiffs”) brought suit against the State of Florida, the
Florida Senate, the President of the Florida Senate in his official capacity, the
Florida House of Representatives, the Speaker of the House of the Florida House
of Representatives in his official capacity, the Florida State University Board of
Trustees (“FSU”), and the President of Florida State University in his official
capacity (collectively, “Defendants”).1
The dispute between the parties concerns access to videos of legislative
proceedings in the Florida Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate and
House each have websites that provide livestreaming of proceedings, as well as
archived footage of past proceedings. These videos show the legislature receiving
information and statements from the public, debating, negotiating, and voting on a
host of issues. FSU also owns and operates a website (through its public
1
The Florida Senate and House, along with the President of the Senate and the Speaker
of the House, will at times be referred to as “Legislative Defendants.”
3
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broadcasting station, WFSU), that livestreams legislative proceedings and
maintains archived recordings of the videos. In 2017, Plaintiffs sent a letter to the
Florida Senate and House requesting they provide, among other services,
captioning for these videos. To this date, Defendants have neither responded to
this letter nor provided the requested captioning.
Plaintiffs sued Defendants under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities
Act,
42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq. (“Title II” or “ADA”), and the Rehabilitation Act of
1973,
29 U.S.C. § 794. Plaintiffs claim that Defendants violated the ADA and the
Rehabilitation Act by failing to put closed captions on both live and archived
videos of sessions of the Florida legislature, because without them, people who are
deaf and hard of hearing could not comprehend those videos. They further allege
that Defendants intentionally discriminated against them on the basis of disability
and that such discrimination denied them the opportunity to meaningfully
participate in the democratic process. Plaintiffs seek money damages and
declaratory and injunctive relief.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Title II claims on the basis of
sovereign immunity, arguing that Congress had not validly abrogated their
sovereign immunity pursuant to its powers under Section 5 of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Defendants also asserted that the injunctions sought by Plaintiffs—
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i.e., to implement captioning—violated sovereign immunity because the legislature
could remove the videos from the web at any time without violating federal law
and, therefore, the injunction sought to force Defendants to do something that
federal law does not require. The Legislative Defendants alone argued they were
entitled to sovereign immunity with respect to Plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claim
because they do not receive federal financial assistance, which is a prerequisite for
liability under the Act.
The District Court denied Defendants’ motions in full. First, it held that
Congress validly abrogated Defendants’ sovereign immunity under Title II because
(1) Defendants’ failure to provide captioning implicated Plaintiffs’ fundamental
right to participate in the democratic process; (2) even if that fundamental right
were not implicated, abrogation would be appropriate because Congress found
pervasive discrimination by state governments against the deaf or hard of hearing;
and (3) Title II was a congruent and proportional response to Congress’s finding of
pervasive discrimination. The District Court noted that adding captions was
unlikely to be burdensome, and if it was, Defendants could assert Title II’s
affirmative defense of undue burden.
Second, the District Court held that the Florida state officials named in
Plaintiffs’ complaint were not immune from claims for prospective injunctive
relief under the doctrine of Ex parte Young,
209 U.S. 123,
28 S. Ct. 441 (1908).
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Third, the District Court denied the Legislative Defendants’ motion to
dismiss Plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claim on sovereign immunity grounds. The
Legislative Defendants attached to their motion to dismiss a declaration by a state
employee averring that the Florida House and Senate had received no federal funds
since 1999. The District Court declined to resolve the question of sovereign
immunity because (1) the only evidence before it was a “self-serving” affidavit;
and (2) the information regarding sources of financing was not likely to be
available to Plaintiffs without discovery.
Defendants filed this interlocutory appeal of the District Court’s rulings
under the collateral order doctrine and
28 U.S.C. § 1291. We first address our
jurisdiction to hear this interlocutory appeal, and then take each issue in turn.
III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
This Court reviews de novo issues of federal subject matter jurisdiction.
Summit Med. Assocs., P.C. v. Pryor,
180 F.3d 1326, 1333 (11th Cir. 1999).
“Similarly, a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss on Eleventh Amendment
grounds is a question of law subject to de novo review.”
Id. at 1334. Last,
“[w]hether the district court erred in reserving a ruling on Eleventh Amendment
immunity is an issue involving the district court's supervision of litigation,” and we
review such decisions for an abuse of discretion. Bouchard Transp. Co. v. Fla.
Dep’t of Envtl. Prot.,
91 F.3d 1445, 1448 (11th Cir. 1996) (per curiam).
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IV. DISCUSSION
A. INTERLOCUTORY APPELLATE JURISDICTION
“We must, as always, determine our own jurisdiction before proceeding
further.” Backe v. LeBlanc,
691 F.3d 645, 647 (5th Cir. 2012). Ordinarily,
appellate courts have jurisdiction only over final decisions of a district court. See
28 U.S.C. § 1291. However, because “a state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity is
‘an entitlement not to stand trial or face the burdens of litigation,’” Bouchard,
91
F.3d at 1448 (quoting Mitchell v. Forsyth,
472 U.S. 511, 526,
105 S. Ct. 2806,
2815 (1985)), interlocutory orders that deny the Eleventh Amendment’s guarantee
of freedom from litigation are immediately appealable. See Mitchell,
472 U.S. at
525–27,
105 S. Ct. at 2815–16 (concluding that “the denial of a substantial claim
of absolute immunity is an order appealable before final judgment, for the essence
of absolute immunity is its possessor's entitlement not to have to answer for his
conduct in a civil damages action”). We therefore have jurisdiction to hear
Defendants’ interlocutory appeal.
B. SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY
We must first decide whether Congress validly abrogated sovereign
immunity with respect to Plaintiffs’ Title II claims. Title II of the ADA states that
“no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be
excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs,
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or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any entity.”
42
U.S.C. § 12132. Plaintiffs assert Defendants violated this provision by failing to
provide captioning for online videos of legislative proceedings. The Eleventh
Amendment bars a private citizen from suing a state, including a state official in
her official capacity, for damages in federal court. See Kentucky v. Graham,
473
U.S. 159, 169,
105 S. Ct. 3099, 3107 (1985). However, Congress may validly
abrogate this immunity if (1) it “unequivocally express[es] its intent to abrogate,”
Kimel v. Fla. Bd. of Regents,
528 U.S. 62, 73,
120 S. Ct. 631, 640 (2000), and (2)
it possesses the power to effectuate its intent, Tennessee v. Lane,
541 U.S. 509,
517,
124 S. Ct. 1978, 1985 (2004).
Title II plainly expressed Congress’s intent to abrogate Eleventh
Amendment immunity. See
id. at 518,
124 S. Ct. at 1985 (“The Act specifically
provides: ‘A State shall not be immune under the eleventh amendment to the
Constitution of the United States from an action in Federal or State court of
competent jurisdiction for a violation of this chapter.’” (quoting
42 U.S.C.
§ 12202)). Thus the relevant question becomes whether Congress had the power to
effectuate its intent to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity.
In certain circumstances, Congress has the power to abrogate Eleventh
Amendment immunity pursuant to its powers under Section 5 of the Fourteenth
Amendment. See Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett,
531 U.S. 356, 364, 121 S.
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Ct. 955, 962 (2001). Section 5 authorizes Congress to enact “appropriate
legislation” to enforce the substantive guarantees of Section 1 of the Fourteenth
Amendment.
Id. at 365,
121 S. Ct. at 963 (quotation marks omitted). Section 1
provides:
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any
state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.
The Supreme Court has held that when enacting legislation to enforce
substantive rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress may
remedy “a somewhat broader swath of conduct, including that which is not itself
forbidden by the [Fourteenth] Amendment’s text.” Kimel,
528 U.S. at 81,
120 S.
Ct. at 644. This type of prophylactic legislation is valid if it exhibits a “congruence
and proportionality between the injury to be prevented or remedied and the means
adopted to that end.” City of Boerne v. Flores,
521 U.S. 507, 520,
117 S. Ct. 2157,
2164 (1997).2
2
The Supreme Court also upheld congressional abrogation of Eleventh Amendment
immunity in Title II cases when a citizen alleges state action that actually and independently
violates the Fourteenth Amendment. See United States v. Georgia,
546 U.S. 151, 157–59,
126 S.
Ct. 877, 880–82 (2006). In other words, if a citizen alleges conduct that violates both Title II
and, for example, the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment,
Congress’s abrogation of the Eleventh Amendment is valid. See
id. at 159,
126 S. Ct. at 882.
The Plaintiffs here are not proceeding under an actual-violation theory, so we need not address
whether Congress validly abrogated Eleventh Amendment immunity on those grounds.
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This circuit determines whether abrogation was congruent and proportional
by applying a three-step test. Ass’n for Disabled Ams., Inc. v. Fla. Int’l Univ.,
405
F.3d 954, 957 (11th Cir. 2005). First, we identify which right or rights Congress
“sought to enforce when it enacted the ADA.”
Id. Second, we look to “whether
there was a history of unconstitutional discrimination to support Congress’s
determination that prophylactic legislation was necessary.”
Id. Third, we
determine “whether Title II is an appropriate response to this history and pattern of
unequal treatment.”
Id.
Plaintiffs argued below that Title II validly abrogated Defendants’ sovereign
immunity because the failure to provide captioning for legislative proceedings
violates their fundamental right to participate in the democratic process. The
District Court agreed that the ability to participate in the democratic process is a
fundamental right, and Congress validly abrogated Defendants’ immunity for
claims of discrimination with respect to that right under the ADA. The District
Court held, beyond that, that even if the right to participate in the democratic
process were not fundamental, Congress validly abrogated Defendants’ immunity
for such claims of discrimination under the ADA. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm the District Court’s ruling that Congress validly abrogated the Defendants’
Eleventh Amendment immunity for these claims under Title II regardless of
whether the right is “fundamental.”
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1. The Constitutional Right Congress Sought to Enforce
Under this Court’s three-step test for deciding whether congressional
abrogation was congruent and proportional, we first identify which right or rights
Congress “sought to enforce when it enacted the ADA.” Fla. Int’l,
405 F.3d at
957.
Congress enacted Title II to “enforce [the Fourteenth Amendment’s]
prohibition on irrational disability discrimination” and “a variety of other basic
constitutional guarantees, infringements of which are subject to more searching
judicial review.” Lane,
541 U.S. at 522–23,
124 S. Ct. at 1988. We must therefore
start by identifying the particular constitutional right at stake and by analyzing the
particular services at issue. See
id. at 522–29,
124 S. Ct. at 1988–92. If the
identified right triggers heightened scrutiny or we deem it “fundamental,”
Congress has greater latitude to abrogate immunity pursuant to its Section 5
powers because it is “easier for Congress to show a pattern of state constitutional
violations.” See
id. at 529,
124 S. Ct. at 1992 (quoting Nev. Dep’t of Human Res.
v. Hibbs,
538 U.S. 721, 736,
123 S. Ct. 1972, 1982 (2003)). Conversely, if the
identified right triggers only rational basis review, Congress must create an
elaborate legislative record and find a pattern of unconstitutional state conduct.
See Garrett,
531 U.S. at 370–74,
121 S. Ct. at 965–68.
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a. The Right to Participate in the Democratic Process
The District Court held that Congress validly abrogated Defendants’
Eleventh Amendment immunity because a fundamental right was at stake. We
agree.
The right at issue is the right to participate in the democratic process. It is as
foundational a right as any other. U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton,
514 U.S.
779, 795,
115 S. Ct. 1842, 1851 (1995) (“[T]he right of the electors to be
represented by men of their own choice, was so essential for the preservation of all
[] other rights, that it ought to be considered as one of the most sacred parts of our
constitution.” (quoting Powell v. McCormack,
395 U.S. 486, 534 n.65,
89 S. Ct.
1944, 1971 n.65 (1969))).
Here, deaf citizens are being denied the opportunity to monitor the
legislative actions of their representatives because Defendants have refused to
provide captioning for legislative proceedings. Without access to information
about the legislative actions of their representatives, deaf citizens cannot
adequately “petition the Government for a redress of grievances,” see U.S. Const.
amend. I, because they cannot get the information necessary to hold their elected
officials accountable for legislative acts. This type of participation in the political
process goes to the very core of the political system embodied in our Constitution.
To say no fundamental right is at issue here would be to deny the underpinnings of
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our democratic republic. See Borough of Duryea, Pa. v. Guarnieri,
564 U.S. 379,
388,
131 S. Ct. 2488, 2495 (2011) (observing that the right to petition is “integral
to the democratic process” because it allows citizens to “express their ideas, hopes,
and concerns to their government and their elected representatives”).
Defendants argue that their failure to provide captioning does not implicate a
fundamental right because there is “no constitutional right to have access to
particular government information or to require openness from the bureaucracy.”
Houchins v. KQED, Inc.,
438 U.S. 1, 14,
98 S. Ct. 2588, 2596 (1978) (quotation
marks omitted). This argument misses the mark. The right implicated is not the
right to particular information in the government’s sole possession nor is it a
general right to “openness” from the Defendants. Rather, Plaintiffs seek access to
information about legislative proceedings that Defendants already disclose to the
hearing members of the public. And while hearing members of the public can
comprehend such information and engage with their elected representatives on the
basis of that information, Mr. Sierra and other deaf or hard of hearing Floridians
are precluded from doing so.
For these reasons, we agree with the District Court that the right at stake is
the fundamental right to participate in the democratic process.
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b. Abrogation in the Absence of a Fundamental Right
Alternatively, the District Court held that Congress validly abrogated
Defendants’ Eleventh Amendment immunity even if a fundamental right was not at
stake. We affirm this ruling as well.
Defendants have argued here that the right at stake is equal access to
information, which is not a fundamental right. They say the classification at issue
is one based on disability. If this is so, these claims are subject only to rational
basis review. Lane,
541 U.S. at 540,
124 S. Ct. at 1998. We recognize it is more
difficult to establish abrogation where no fundamental right is at issue. Compare,
e.g.,
id. at 529,
124 S. Ct. at 1992 (applying a more lenient standard to a claim
implicating a “fundamental right”), with Garrett,
531 U.S. at 370–74,
121 S. Ct. at
965–68 (rejecting a claim that triggered only rational basis review, notwithstanding
an extensive record of discrimination).
Yet, cases like Florida International demonstrate that abrogation is not
impossible under such circumstances. In Florida International, this Court held that
Title II validly abrogated sovereign immunity where the right to education was at
stake—a right not subject to heightened scrutiny.
405 F.3d at 957–59. In reaching
this conclusion, our Court recognized that “the constitutional right to equality in
education, though not fundamental, is vital to the future success of our society.”
Id. at 958. Denying disabled persons access to that right, we reasoned, “affects
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[their] future ability to exercise and participate in the most basic rights and
responsibilities of citizenship, such as voting and participation in public programs
and services.”
Id. at 959 (emphasis added).
It is implausible that Congress could validly abrogate sovereign immunity to
protect the right of students with disabilities to get an education, but could not do
the same to directly enable those students to participate in the democratic process.
After all, this Court has recognized the importance of the education of disabled
students insofar as it empowers them to better participate in the democratic
process.
Id. Defendants have not given us any plausible reason to believe that
Florida International was wrongly decided or that its reasoning should not apply
here. We therefore hold that Congress validly abrogated Defendants’ Eleventh
Amendment immunity even if a fundamental right is not at stake.
2. History of Unconstitutional Discrimination
The second inquiry under this Court’s three-step process to determine
whether Congress validly abrogated sovereign immunity requires us to decide
“whether there was a history of unconstitutional discrimination to support
Congress’s determination that prophylactic legislation was necessary.” Fla. Int’l,
405 F.3d at 957.
In Lane, the Supreme Court recognized that Congress “document[ed] a
pattern of unequal treatment in the administration of a wide range of public
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services, programs, and activities, including the penal system, public education,
and voting.”
541 U.S. at 525,
124 S. Ct. at 1989 (emphases added). In Florida
International, our Court noted that the Supreme Court’s ruling in Lane “considered
the record supporting Title II as a whole, and conclusively held that Congress had
documented a sufficient historical predicate of unconstitutional disability
discrimination in the provision of public services to justify enactment of a
prophylactic remedy . . . under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment.”
405 F.3d
at 958. That finding was sufficient in Florida International. It necessarily follows
that it is sufficient here as well. Congress’s identification of discrimination in
public services and voting establishes the necessary history of discrimination for
the rights implicated here: access to public legislative information relevant to
voting. See
42 U.S.C. § 12101(a) (“The Congress finds that . . . discrimination
against individuals with disabilities persists in such critical areas as . . . public
accommodations . . . voting, and access to public services.”).
3. Appropriate Response
The third and final step of our inquiry requires us to determine “whether
Title II is an appropriate response to this history and pattern of unequal treatment.”
Fla. Int’l.,
405 F.3d at 957. Whether Title II was an appropriate response is judged
on an “individual or ‘as-applied’ basis in light of the particular constitutional rights
at stake in the relevant category of public services.”
Id. at 958.
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Congress enacted the ADA in response to “pervasive unequal treatment in
the administration of state services and programs.” Lane,
541 U.S. at 524,
124 S.
Ct. at 1989. The ADA is a “limited remedy” because (1) it “only prohibits”
discrimination based on disability, Fla. Int’l,
405 F.3d at 959, (2) it only requires
“‘reasonable modifications’ that would not fundamentally alter the nature of the
service provided,” Lane,
541 U.S. at 532,
124 S. Ct. at 1993 (quoting
42 U.S.C.
§ 12131(2)), and (3) it provides affirmative defenses to prevent overly burdening
state actors, Reininger v. Oklahoma,
292 F. Supp. 3d 1254, 1265 (W.D. Okla.
2017).
Here, Title II provides an appropriately limited response to remedy the
history of unequal treatment. The burden of adding captioning to legislative
videos—which are already provided to the public—removes a complete barrier to
this information for a subset of citizens with a remedy we expect can be
accomplished with limited cost and effort. In this way, the remedy is a
proportionate and “reasonable modification” of a service that is already provided,
and it does not change the “nature” of the service whatsoever. Finally, if the cost
or effort should prove to be prohibitively burdensome, the Defendants have
available the affirmative defenses in Title II.
When it enacted Title II, Congress was confronted with evidence that deaf
people often cannot access government meetings either due to a lack of interpreters
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or other necessary accessibility features. See Garrett,
531 U.S. at 391–424,
121 S.
Ct. at 977–93 (App. C. to opinion of Breyer, J., dissenting) (noting that Congress
received evidence of, among other things, (1) the “government fail[ing] to provide
interpretive services for deaf people at [a] school budget hearing;” (2) “public
functions fail[ing] to provide interpretive services for deaf people;” (3) “state and
local government meetings fail[ing] to provide interpretive services for deaf
people”). Given this evidence, and the limited nature of the remedy as applied
here, we agree with the District Court. Congress validly abrogated sovereign
immunity for this claim, whether applying the more lenient “fundamental-rights”
approach, see, e.g., Hibbs,
538 U.S. at 736,
123 S. Ct. at 1982, or the standard for
important rights that nonetheless receive only rational basis review, see, e.g., Fla.
Int’l,
405 F.3d at 957–59.
C. EX PARTE YOUNG
The District Court held that Plaintiffs were entitled to pursue injunctive
relief under the doctrine of Ex parte Young for allegedly ongoing violations of
Title II. Again as to this ruling we affirm.
When a plaintiff challenges a state official’s action on federal grounds, Ex
Parte Young allows the plaintiff to seek prospective injunctive relief. Pennhurst
State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman,
465 U.S. 89, 102–03,
104 S. Ct. 900, 909
(1984). However, the Supreme Court in Pennhurst recognized an exception to Ex
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parte Young that prohibits a plaintiff from seeking injunctive relief when he
alleges merely “that a state official has violated state law.”
Id. at 106,
104 S. Ct. at
911.
Plaintiffs here seek declaratory and prospective injunctive relief against state
officials in their official capacities for their ongoing violation of Title II. Because
the Plaintiffs seek an injunction based on violations of the ADA—a federal
statute—the Pennhurst exception does not apply to this case.3 See, e.g., Garrett,
531 U.S. at 374 n.9,
121 S. Ct. at 968 n.9 (rejecting Congressional abrogation of
state immunity for damages under Title I, but noting that “the ADA still prescribes
standards applicable to the States. Those standards can be enforced by . . . private
individuals in actions for injunctive relief under Ex parte Young.”); Green v.
Mansour,
474 U.S. 64, 68,
106 S. Ct. 423, 426 (1985) (“Remedies designed to end
a continuing violation of federal law are necessary to vindicate the federal interest
in assuring the supremacy of that law.”). This suit therefore falls squarely under
3
Defendants’ other arguments are unavailing. Citing Kornblau v. Dade County,
86 F.3d
193, 194 (11th Cir. 1996), Defendants assert that “the ADA does not require public entities to
confer benefits on people with disabilities that would not be ‘available . . . if they were not
disabled.’” Defendants are quite correct in asserting that the ADA does not require that they
provide Plaintiffs with any benefits not otherwise available to the general public. But Plaintiffs
are not requesting any special treatment. They are requesting equal access to information to
which the rest of the population already has access. To quote the very next line of Kornblau:
“The purpose of the Act is to place those with disabilities on an equal footing, not to give them
an unfair advantage.”
86 F.3d at 194. These Plaintiffs merely seek equal footing with the rest of
the hearing-able public. Therefore, even if, as the Florida House and Senate contend, they could
choose to remove the links altogether, they must comply with Title II by captioning the videos so
long as they provide those links. The opposite conclusion, which would allow the Defendants to
avoid compliance with federal statutes, would undermine the integrity of the statutory scheme.
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the doctrine set forth in Ex parte Young, and for that reason, the District Court
properly held that Plaintiffs can seek declaratory and injunctive relief against state
officials.
D. REHABILITATION ACT
Under the Rehabilitation Act, a state waives its sovereign immunity if it
receives federal financial assistance. Garrett v. Univ. of Ala. Birmingham Bd. of
Trs.,
344 F.3d 1288, 1290–91 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam); 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7.
Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges the Legislative Defendants receive federal financial
assistance. The Legislative Defendants responded with a Rule 12(b)(1) motion
raising a “factual challenge” to District Court’s jurisdiction over the Rehabilitation
Act claim—namely that they did not receive federal funding. Attached to the
motion was a declaration from Lisa Swindle, a Finance Director for the Florida
Office of Legislative Services, averring that the Florida Senate and House had not
received federal financial assistance since 1999.
In their opposition brief, Plaintiffs argued discovery was necessary to
determine whether the Legislative Defendants had waived sovereign immunity.
Federal funding is a fact-intensive question, Plaintiffs say, and they did not have
access to the relevant financial information to challenge Ms. Swindle’s “self-
serving” affidavit. They also argued that indirect federal assistance could waive
sovereign immunity under the Rehabilitation Act, and proceeded to identify
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“multiple leads” suggesting the Legislative Defendants receive this type of aid.
According to Plaintiffs, discovery would be required to further explore these leads.
In cases involving factual challenges to the court’s subject matter
jurisdiction, “the district court must give the plaintiff an opportunity for discovery
. . . that is appropriate to the nature of the motion to dismiss.” Williamson v.
Tucker,
645 F.2d 404, 414 (5th Cir. 1981); see also McElmurray v. Consol. Gov't
of Augusta-Richmond Cty.,
501 F.3d 1244, 1251 (11th Cir. 2007) (recognizing
discovery is required to resolve factual challenges to subject matter jurisdiction).
In the Eleventh Amendment context—where defendants often raise factual
challenges on sovereign immunity grounds—a district court may order limited
discovery before deciding whether sovereign immunity requires dismissal.
Douglas v. United States,
814 F.3d 1268, 1281 (11th Cir. 2016). Because this
decision implicates the court’s supervisory powers, it is “generally committed to
the sound discretion of the district court.” Bouchard Transp. Co. v. Fla. Dep’t of
Envtl. Prot.,
91 F.3d 1445, 1448 (11th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). The question
before us, therefore, is whether the District Court abused its discretion in ordering
discovery prior to resolving the question of sovereign immunity. We conclude that
it did not.
When the District Court decided whether to grant the Legislative
Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, it had before it (1) a single affidavit
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from the Legislative Defendants disclaiming the receipt of direct federal financial
assistance; (2) Plaintiffs’ proffered “multiple leads” suggesting the Legislative
Defendants receive indirect federal financial assistance; and (3) Plaintiffs’
argument that discovery was necessary to determine whether the Legislative
Defendants receive federal funding of any sort. The District Court held:
The Court is not obligated to consider extrinsic facts, and for two
reasons it will not do so here. See Houston v. Marod Supermarkets,
Inc.,
733 F.3d 1323, 1336 (11th Cir. 2013). First, the only evidence
before the Court is a self-serving affidavit. And second, information
about the Legislature’s sources of financing may not be available to
Plaintiffs absent discovery.
On that basis, the District Court refused to dismiss the Plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation
Act claim, and ordered the Legislative Defendants to answer the complaint.
The District Court appears to have adopted Plaintiffs’ argument that
dismissal was not warranted on the basis of a single “self-serving” affidavit,
particularly one that Plaintiffs could not challenge absent discovery. 4 This circuit
generally requires that plaintiffs have an opportunity to conduct jurisdictional
discovery prior to dismissal. See Eaton v. Dorchester Dev., Inc.,
692 F.2d 727,
731 (11th Cir. 1982) (“[T]he rules entitle a plaintiff to elicit material through
4
Because the Swindle affidavit advances the factual position of the Legislative
Defendants, the affidavit is to that extent “self-serving,” though not in an illegitimate sense. We
do not interpret the District Court’s characterization as foreclosing consideration of the affidavit
once Plaintiffs have had a chance to obtain evidence with which to contest the substance of the
affidavit.
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discovery before a claim may be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.” (quotation
marks omitted)). The District Court therefore did not abuse its discretion.
We recognize the District Court’s order did not merely grant jurisdictional
discovery, but instead ordered the Legislative Defendants to answer the complaint.
This would ordinarily raise concerns under our sovereign immunity jurisprudence,
which provides that “a state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity is an entitlement not
to stand trial or face the other burdens of litigation.” Bouchard,
91 F.3d at 1448
(quotation marks omitted). But those concerns are not present here. This opinion
separately holds that the Legislative Defendants are not entitled to sovereign
immunity against Plaintiffs’ ADA claims, so they will be required to answer the
complaint and provide discovery on Plaintiffs’ ADA claims in any event. Given
the substantial overlap between Plaintiffs’ ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims, see
Harrison v. Rubin,
174 F.3d 249, 253 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (observing that claims
under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act “are virtually identical”), the District
Court’s order did not encroach on the Legislative Defendants’ immunity.
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the District Court’s order in full.
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TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur with the Court that Congress validly abrogated sovereign immunity
with respect to Plaintiffs’ Title II claims, regardless of whether the right implicated
in this case is deemed “fundamental.” I also concur that the Plaintiffs were entitled
to pursue injunctive relief under Ex Parte Young,
209 U.S. 123,
28 S. Ct. 441
(1908).
I write separately because I believe the District Court did not adequately
explain its reasons for denying the Legislative Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion
regarding the Plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act claims. Therefore, I do not think we
can properly determine whether the District Court abused its discretion when it
denied the motion. I would remand to the District Court for further explanation
before deciding whether to affirm its ruling.
Below, the Plaintiffs asserted two theories of federal financial assistance: (1)
direct and (2) indirect. The Legislative Defendants challenged the viability of both
theories. However, the District Court did not explain with any specificity why
either of those challenges failed. As the majority notes, the District Court’s
analysis for denying the Legislative Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion was sparse:
“The Court is not obligated to consider extrinsic facts, and for two reasons it
will not do so here. First, the only evidence before the Court is a self-
serving affidavit. And second, information about the Legislature’s sources
of financing may not be available to Plaintiffs absent discovery. The Court
will not, therefore, dismiss the Rehabilitation Act claim at this time.”
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In my view, this analysis was inadequate. First, the Court should not have
suggested that it was making only a temporary ruling that might be revisited in the
future—issues of immunity should be resolved at the earliest possible stage. See
Bouchard Transp. Co. v. Fla. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot.,
91 F.3d 1445, 1448 (11th Cir.
1996) (“[A] state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity is ‘an entitlement not to stand
trial or face the burdens of litigation.’” (quoting Mitchell v. Forsyth,
472 U.S. 511,
526,
105 S. Ct. 2806, 2815 (1985))); Harlow v. Fitzgerald,
457 U.S. 800, 818,
102
S. Ct. 2727, 2738 (1982) (noting the importance of resolving threshold questions of
immunity). Second, the Court completely ignored the Legislative Defendants’
affidavit regarding direct financial assistance as “self-serving”—as all affidavits
are—and it did not mention the Legislative Defendants’ arguments refuting the
Plaintiffs’ claims of indirect financial assistance. Therefore, I believe the proper
course would be a limited remand on the Rehabilitation Act claim for further
explanation of the District Court’s reasoning for denying the Legislative
Defendants’ motion. Without such an explanation, I do not believe we can
properly decide whether the District Court abused its discretion.
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