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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11867
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
WINDELL GORDON,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
____________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Agency No. A078-085-496
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
Before LUCK, BRASHER, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Windell Gordon petitions for review of the Board of Immi-
gration Appeals’ order affirming the denial of his application for re-
lief under the Convention Against Torture. After careful review,
we partly dismiss and partly deny Gordon’s petition.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Gordon is a Jamaican native and citizen. He came to the
United States in 1997 on a student visa. Ten years later, he was
convicted of cocaine-trafficking offenses and sentenced to 156
months’ imprisonment. Gordon was released from prison in
2015—after successfully seeking a two-level sentence reduction—
and the government then ordered him deported as a noncitizen
convicted of an aggravated felony. After an asylum officer deter-
mined Gordon had established a reasonable fear of persecution, he
applied for deferral of removal under the Convention.1
The Record Evidence
The immigration judge held two merits hearings on Gor-
don’s application. Gordon testified, as did his cousin Kingsley
1
Gordon also applied for withholding of removal under
8 U.S.C. section
1231(b)(3)(A), but he conceded his ineligibility before the immigration judge.
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 3
Gayle and Dr. Damion Blake, an expert on “the intersection of pol-
itics, government, organized crime, and gang violence” in Jamaica.
Gordon testified that his best friend growing up—Reeve
Bullock, called Bulla—operated a “small time” drug trafficking or-
ganization that purchased marijuana from police officers and dis-
tributed the drugs locally. As Bulla’s close, trusted friend, Gordon
was often present during these purchases and thus recognizable to
the officers involved. People in Jamaica (and in Bulla’s organiza-
tion) knew him by the alias Panther.
After Gordon left for the United States, Bulla’s trafficking or-
ganization graduated to cocaine—and expanded its market to other
Caribbean nations and the United States. Gordon testified that, as
the operation expanded, so did involvement of (and investment by)
government officials of many stripes—including police officers, im-
migration and customs officials, and members of parliament.
Eventually, Gordon needed money and so re-engaged with
Bulla’s organization. He mostly worked with Edwin Murphy—
whose job it was to retrieve the cocaine Bulla’s organization im-
ported using cruise ship workers—to distribute the drugs in Flor-
ida. But Gordon could also name Jamaican officials he’d either seen
or spoken to by telephone. Bulla’s brother-in-law, Delroy Hislop,
was involved too. In 2004, Hislop was robbed of $130,000 and
killed (in a car rented in Gordon’s name) during a botched drug
deal in Tampa.
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4 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
Within the year, Gordon stopped distributing for Bulla.
Gordon testified that Bulla and his organization accused him of ar-
ranging Hislop’s murder. Gordon said Murphy also told the organ-
ization’s members that Gordon had snitched in exchange for his
early release from prison. For these reasons, Gordon feared he’d
be killed by Jamaican officials involved in the organization—in ret-
ribution for snitching and for Hislop’s murder, and to protect
themselves—if he ever returned to Jamaica. Because of its connec-
tions with customs and immigration officials, the organization
would be promptly alerted to Gordon’s arrival. And because the
people he could turn to for protection also wanted him killed, he
wouldn’t be safe anywhere in Jamaica.
Gordon described five episodes underlying his fear of execu-
tion should he return to Jamaica. First, Bulla and others in his or-
ganization threatened Gordon several times by telephone. The
first time was shortly after Gordon’s 2007 sentencing, when Bulla
warned him not to do anything stupid because “Delroy’s death is
also hanging over your head and it won’t be pretty.” After Gor-
don’s 2015 release, Bulla again threatened Gordon, this time using
a Jamaican expression (“suck ya motha”) meaning “we’re going to
kill you or[,] wherever we see you, we’re going to hurt you.” Gor-
don also testified that he received anonymous threatening calls “on
numerous occasions.”
Second, in 2015, the organization tried to orchestrate an at-
tack on Gordon in prison by having Hislop’s brother accuse him of
stealing $250,000 from another prisoner. Third, Gordon said his
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 5
cousin Gayle also received threats. While visiting Jamaica in 2015,
“unknown assailants” hijacked Gayle’s car, “took [him] out of the
car,” searched the car for Gordon, and told Gayle to “let [Gordon]
know that [he] must remember Delroy’s death” and that they’d
heard he was an informant. Fourth, Gordon said Bulla and others
“look[ed] for [and] ask[ed] questions about [Gordon]” at his dad’s
2017 funeral—which he’d promised his dad (who had received
“many messages” threatening Gordon’s life if he snitched) he
wouldn’t travel to Jamaica to attend.
Fifth and finally, Gordon testified that many of his Tampa
drug distributors—including Lassie, Hot Beer, Rankin Bernard,
Jaro Kelly, Delroy Diar, Eelie, Omar, and Blue Boy—were mur-
dered by the organization after returning to Jamaica because of
their assumed involvement, as Gordon’s associates, in Hislop’s
death. According to Gordon’s testimony and filed declaration, Las-
sie was killed in a police shootout “[b]ecause . . . he was a known
thief or a known gunman” and “a troublemaker kid from Jamaica”;
Hot Beer was shot by “[u]nknown assailants” in 2018, three years
after being deported; in 2013, Rankin Bernard (an American citi-
zen) was killed by police while vacationing in Jamaica; and Jaro
Kelly—who had fled from the United States to Jamaica while on
bond—was killed in 2003 on a boat between the Bahamas and the
United States because Bulla’s organization assumed he was going
back to cooperate. As for the others, Gordon offered evidence only
about roughly when the men were killed.
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6 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
On cross-examination, the government asked why Gordon
didn’t file death certificates or other corroboration of his Tampa
distributors’ deaths. The immigration judge likewise questioned
how Bulla’s organization could find and kill the men yet Gordon
couldn’t track down documentation about their deaths—and how
Gordon knew the men had been murdered because of their associ-
ation with Gordon and not for some other reason. Gordon said he
only knew the Tampa distributors’ aliases (which Dr. Blake testi-
fied is common in Jamaica). Because the men were “known” by
those aliases in Jamaica, they would’ve been easy to locate on the
ground or through customs officials; however, Gordon said calling
locals to ask for information (like the men’s real names) would’ve
raised red flags. As for how he knew why the men were killed,
Gordon said he was the only connection between these men and
Bulla’s organization, so the organization assumed they were in-
volved in Hislop’s death.
The government also emphasized that Bulla and the traffick-
ing organization had never harmed Gordon’s family. The immi-
gration judge raised this issue, too, pointing out that their failure to
harm his family seemed to show “[t]hey clearly then think that
[Gordon] hasn’t spoken to the DEA.” And the government queried
why an organization so connected to immigration and customs of-
ficials needed to hijack Gordon’s cousin’s car—or attend his fa-
ther’s funeral—to determine whether he was in Jamaica. Finally,
the government highlighted the lack of evidence—other than Gor-
don’s testimony—about Bulla’s drug trafficking organization,
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 7
questioning why Gordon hadn’t filed any documents or news cov-
erage corroborating its existence. Gordon said the organization “is
not publicly known” and deliberately “stay[s] below the radar of
the public.”
Turning to Gordon’s expert witness, Dr. Blake testified that
Gordon’s description of Bulla’s trafficking organization was “quite
compelling”—and that he wasn’t surprised the organization wasn’t
publicly known. But he also said he’d “never really heard” of a sit-
uation where government officials were involved in the narcotics
business as investors. And he admitted that he’d never heard of
Reeve Bullock before talking to Gordon.
Still, Dr. Blake expressed the opinion that, if Gordon re-
turned to Jamaica, he’d be in “imminent danger of threats against
his life . . . because of the perception that . . . he’s an informant”
(which, in Jamaica, is assumed once a person’s been incarcerated)
and because of “the perception and the allegations of his involve-
ment in” Hislop’s death. In his expert report, Dr. Blake said the
attempted “hit” while Gordon was imprisoned showed that Bulla’s
organization has a “death vendetta” against him which will be ac-
tivated if Gordon returns to Jamaica. Dr. Blake testified that gov-
ernment officials would know immediately when Gordon arrived,
and there was nowhere Gordon could go within the small, “hyper-
vigilant” country to be safe. The lack of harm thus far to Gordon’s
family didn’t counsel otherwise, Dr. Blake explained, because peo-
ple with “elder status” are viewed with respect and “so oftentimes
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8 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
they don’t become part of the . . . dragnet of . . . revenge and re-
prisal.”
Dr. Blake opined that police or customs officials would ei-
ther harm Gordon directly or communicate his location to Bulla’s
organization, then “essentially not provide any protection if he
were to be so attacked”—both to rid Jamaica of a “bad apple” (as
criminal deportees are viewed there) and to protect their secrets
“about the nature, about the structure, and the operation of
[Bulla’s] organization.” The immigration judge (and the govern-
ment) pressed Dr. Blake about whether these officials would tor-
ture or kill Gordon under color of law. Dr. Blake described “death
squads” of uniformed police carrying out extrajudicial “execution-
style killings.” But he couldn’t identify any specific government
official likely to harm Gordon. And he acknowledged that an in-
ternal affairs-type entity (INDECOM) investigates corrupt police
officers, leading to convictions (albeit rarely).
Gayle, Gordon’s cousin and final witness, testified that he
believed Gordon’s life would be in danger should he return to Ja-
maica. Gayle explained that, while visiting Jamaica in 2007, he re-
ceived “the threat of [his] life,” “the worst thing [that] ever hap-
pen[ed] to [him].” Early one morning, when he and a friend de-
parted to visit a remote area, Gayle noticed a “strange vehicle” in
the neighborhood. About five minutes into their drive, while on
“a dark stretch of road,” Gayle saw a car approaching—at first, its
headlights were off; then they began flashing. Gayle was afraid, so
he sped up but “could not outrun” the car, which tried to push him
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 9
off the road. Eventually the car passed him and then blocked the
road; “two guys jump[ed] out . . . and came back running up to
[Gayle’s] car looking all crazy in their eyes.” The men asked for
Gayle’s and his friend’s names, then “shout[ed] back to somebody
in the [other] car and said he’s not here.” The men then asked
Gayle “where is Panther?”; after Gayle said he didn’t know, the
men drove off. Eventually Gayle and his friend continued on their
way, and the car passed theirs twice more with its brights on.
Gayle said he didn’t know the men and couldn’t tell whether they
were police or civilians. On cross-examination, Gayle acknowl-
edged he’d returned to Jamaica many times since then without be-
ing threatened or harmed, although he said that’s because he “did
not go into places.”
Finally, Gordon filed numerous documents in support of his
application. He submitted corroboration that Hislop died in April
2004. He submitted news reports about the arrest of Edwin Mur-
phy in 2003 for smuggling cocaine via cruise ship workers. He also
filed articles about the death of Hot Beer—which described him as
a “violence producer . . . in and out of hot water with the law”
(“constantly under the police radar”) and indicated that, in 2018, he
was “ambushed by a group of armed men who shot him multiple
times.” And he filed a news report about the murder of Omar—
described as “one of Montego Bay’s notorious gangsters,” sus-
pected of multiple murders and “feared by many, including fellow
gangsters”—who was killed in a drive-by shooting shortly after his
2017 deportation. Gordon also submitted general news articles
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10 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
about extrajudicial killings of “condemned criminals” in Jamaica,
ordered by senior police officers and staged as shootouts; corrupt
police officers feeding informants’ names to gangs; the relationship
between drug organizations, police, and politicians in Jamaica; and
mass burial sites used by “the criminal underworld, often assisted
by rogue policemen.” Finally, Gordon filed numerous country
condition reports.
The Agency Decisions
The immigration judge denied Gordon’s application. The
immigration judge concluded that, without corroboration, Gordon
had failed to sustain his burden of proof because his testimony, “alt-
hough generally credible,” conflicted at times with other record ev-
idence and “lacked specificity[,] as [Gordon]’s answers were gener-
ally vague and broad.” In particular, Gordon failed to establish the
circumstances of his Tampa distributors’ deaths, the motivation for
those killings, and the connection between the killers and govern-
ment actors—“details that go to the heart of [Gordon]’s claims.”
The immigration judge also determined Gordon failed to establish
the government officials’ involvement as investors, a feature of
Bulla’s organization that Dr. Blake considered novel.
The immigration judge further concluded that Gordon’s
corroborating evidence didn’t satisfy his burden of proof. Specifi-
cally, Gordon failed to provide affidavits from people in Jamaica
with knowledge about the deaths of Gordon’s Tampa distributors.
He also failed to submit death certificates. Although Gordon as-
serted that aliases are the norm in Jamaica and so he didn’t know
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 11
the men’s real names, the immigration judge observed that Gor-
don had been in business with the men for years in Tampa, not
Jamaica. Plus, the news articles Gordon filed about Hot Beer and
Omar undermined rather than corroborated Gordon’s version of
events, “provid[ing] a different light to the motives behind the
deaths.”
The immigration judge also determined, in the alternative,
that Gordon’s claim for relief failed on the merits. Gordon needed
to establish—by more than a series of suppositions—that he’d
more likely than not be tortured by a public official acting in his
official capacity (or at the instigation of, or with the acquiescence
of, such an official) if removed to Jamaica. But the immigration
judge found no record evidence “that anyone in Jamaica, much less
the government, is looking for [Gordon] to torture and kill him.”
Gordon hadn’t suffered past torture, and Gayle (who the immigra-
tion judge found to be credible) testified only that the people who
stopped his car had asked for Panther—not that they’d harmed
Gayle or accused Gordon of Hislop’s death “or anything else.” Ad-
ditionally, the immigration judge observed that, “despite [Gor-
don]’s assertion that Bulla believes he cooperated” with American
authorities, Gordon’s family remained unharmed—and “elder sta-
tus” could explain Gordon’s mother’s safety but not his brother’s.
Same for Edwin Murphy, who served only six years of his twenty-
year sentence (because he cooperated) yet now lives in Jamaica un-
harmed. These facts, the immigration judge concluded, weighed
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12 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
against finding that Gordon was at risk of torture for being a per-
ceived snitch.
The evidence of the Tampa distributors’ deaths didn’t help,
the immigration judge found, because the record suggested more
plausible explanations for the killings than those Gordon asserted.
Gordon’s own testimony “ma[de] the [immigration judge] believe
that Lassie was killed because he was a ‘known gunman’ who was
involved in a shootout with the Jamaican police.” Likewise for Jaro
Kelly, who Gordon said was killed because he tried to return to the
United States, not because of his connection to Gordon or to
Hislop’s death. And Hot Beer—described by the media as a “vio-
lence producer . . . constantly under the police radar”—was killed
years after his deportation, by what Gordon described as “un-
known assailants.” More importantly, Gordon also failed to estab-
lish that any of the Tampa distributors were killed by, with the con-
sent of, or with the acquiescence of a Jamaican official (or that Las-
sie was killed unlawfully by the police). Instead, the record showed
the Jamaican government was attempting to combat corruption
(even if mostly unsuccessfully).
As a result, the immigration judge concluded that Gordon’s
claim was “overly speculative” and so denied his application. The
immigration judge acknowledged Dr. Blake’s contrary opinion but
concluded that that opinion merited “limited weight” because it
was based not on firsthand knowledge but primarily on Gordon’s
version of events.
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Gordon appealed to the board, which dismissed his appeal.
The board affirmed the immigration judge’s findings that Gordon’s
testimony, standing alone, was insufficient to meet his burden and
that Gordon submitted insufficient corroborative evidence to sup-
port his claims. The board noted that Gordon’s testimony lacked
details establishing that Bulla’s organization blamed him for
Hislop’s death—and conflicted, on this point, with Gayle’s telling
of the car incident, which did not include a reference to “remem-
ber[ing] Delroy’s death.” The board also observed that the immi-
gration judge wasn’t required to accept Gordon’s subjective belief
about the Tampa distributors’ killings, particularly when the docu-
mentary evidence “provided other plausible motives for their
deaths.” And the board rejected Gordon’s argument that the im-
migration judge erred by failing to consider whether corroborating
evidence was reasonably available, concluding that the immigra-
tion judge didn’t deny Gordon’s application solely due to the ab-
sence of corroborating evidence but also because the evidence Gor-
don did present undermined his claim.
In the alternative, the board affirmed the immigration
judge’s denial of Gordon’s claim on the merits. The board con-
cluded that the immigration judge reasonably found that Gordon’s
family’s ongoing safety indicated Bulla’s organization didn’t be-
lieve he cooperated and so wasn’t looking to harm Gordon for that
reason. Finally, the board rejected Gordon’s claims that the immi-
gration judge erred by ignoring credible evidence or displaying un-
conscious bias; the board affirmed the immigration judge’s
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14 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
weighing of the evidence—including the determination that only a
chain of suppositions supported Gordon’s claim that the Jamaican
government would consent to or acquiesce in his torture—and dis-
cerned no bias in the record.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the board’s decision as the agency’s final deci-
sion, unless the board expressly adopts the immigration judge’s
opinion or agrees with its reasoning. Perez-Zenteno v. U.S. Att’y
Gen.,
913 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th Cir. 2019). When (as here) the
board adopts or agrees with the immigration judge’s reasoning, we
review both. See
id.
We lack jurisdiction to consider issues the petitioner could
have but failed to exhaust before the board.
8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1);
Alim v. Gonzales,
446 F.3d 1239, 1253–54 (11th Cir. 2006) (applying
section 1252(d)(1) to Convention Against Torture claim). To ex-
haust an issue, a petitioner must both raise the “core issue” in his
appeal to the board and “set out any discrete arguments he relies
on in support of that claim.” Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
810 F.3d 792,
800 (11th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted).
Otherwise, we review de novo all legal issues. Perez-Zen-
teno,
913 F.3d at 1306; Jeune,
810 F.3d at 799. And we review fac-
tual determinations—including whether an applicant has estab-
lished eligibility for relief under the Convention—under the
“highly deferential substantial evidence test,” which “requires us to
‘view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 15
agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that
decision.’” Lingeswaran v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
969 F.3d 1278, 1286,
1293–94 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Adefemi v. Ashcroft,
386 F.3d
1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc)). We must affirm the agency’s
decision “if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative
evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Perez-Zenteno,
913 F.3d at 1306 (citation omitted). “That means a finding of fact
will be reversed ‘only when the record compels a reversal; the mere
fact that the record may support a contrary conclusion is not
enough . . . .’” Lopez v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
504 F.3d 1341, 1344 (11th
Cir. 2007) (quoting Adefemi, 386 F.3d at 1027).
DISCUSSION
Gordon asserts two bases for reversal of the agency’s deci-
sion. First, he argues that the agency erred in denying his claim for
lack of corroboration without first finding that corroborating evi-
dence was reasonably available. Gordon says the agency couldn’t
“have given reasoned consideration to the corroboration issue
without addressing the reasonableness of obtaining the ‘missing’
corroborating evidence” or Gordon’s explanations for not produc-
ing additional materials. Second, Gordon argues that the testi-
mony and documentary evidence he presented were sufficient to
meet his burden as a matter of law. 2
2
Gordon assumes
8 U.S.C. sections 1252(a)(2)(C) and (D) limit his appeal to
questions of law, so he frames his arguments as errors of law. But Nasrallah
v. Barr held these jurisdiction-stripping provisions inapplicable to judicial
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16 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
We need not reach Gordon’s first argument because, aside
from concluding that Gordon failed to provide sufficient corrobo-
rating evidence to meet his burden of proof, the immigration judge
denied Gordon’s application—and the board affirmed—on an al-
ternative ground: the evidence Gordon did present didn’t establish
his entitlement to relief under the Convention.
To qualify for relief under the Convention, an applicant
must “establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would
be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.”
Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
369 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir.
2004) (quoting
8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). The torture must be “in-
flicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquies-
cence of a public official or other person acting in an official capac-
ity.”
Id. (quoting § 208.18(a)(1)). Acquiescence “requires that the
public official, prior to the activity constituting torture, have
awareness of such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal re-
sponsibility to intervene to prevent such activity.” Id. (quoting
§ 208.18(a)(7)). A government does not acquiesce to torture where
it attempts to combat violence or corruption, even if its attempts
are unsuccessful. See Sanchez-Castro v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
998 F.3d
1281, 1288 (11th Cir. 2021) (“[E]ven if Sanchez-Castro were right
review of an order denying Convention Against Torture relief.
140 S. Ct. 1683,
1694 (2020). We (like the government) read Gordon’s second argument as, at
root, a factual challenge and address it as such.
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 17
that the police are not effective at controlling Mara Salvatrucha, it
is dispositive that they are trying to do so.”).
Substantial evidence supports the immigration judge’s find-
ing that Gordon didn’t establish that any torture would be inflicted
or instigated by, or occur with the consent or acquiescence of, a
person acting in an official capacity. First, Gordon’s family has re-
mained safe in Jamaica. Although Gordon’s mother and brother
lived in Jamaica both throughout his involvement with Bulla’s or-
ganization—including when Hislop was murdered, when Gordon
was convicted of drug offenses, and when he was released early
from prison (for snitching, to Bulla’s mind)—and since, neither was
ever harmed by the Jamaican government (or the drug trafficking
organization). Nor was Gayle. Although on one visit to Jamaica
he was stopped (by unknown persons looking for Gordon), Gayle
wasn’t harmed at that time—and he has since returned repeatedly
to Jamaica without being harmed.
Second, there’s substantial record evidence that the Jamai-
can government has not tortured others associated with Bulla’s or-
ganization. Edwin Murphy, who (unlike Gordon) did cooperate
against the organization in exchange for early release from prison,
now lives safely in Jamaica. Gordon admitted that Jaro Kelly
wasn’t murdered because of his affiliation with Gordon (or Hislop’s
death). And the news articles Gordon filed about the deaths of Hot
Beer (who was “ambushed by a group of armed men”) and Omar
(killed in a drive-by shooting) suggest no government involve-
ment.
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18 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
Third, Gordon’s own expert witness, Dr. Blake, admitted
he’d “never really heard” of Jamaican government investment in a
drug trafficking organization like Gordon described in his testi-
mony. Other record evidence weakens Gordon’s assertion of ties
between the Jamaican government and Bulla’s organization too.
Gayle was run off the road by men looking for Gordon, and Bulla
showed up at Gordon’s father’s funeral looking for him. As the
government suggested during Gordon’s cross-examination, the
fact that Bulla’s organization needed to sideline Gordon’s cousin—
or drop in on a family gathering—to determine whether he was in-
country calls into question the organization’s relationship to cus-
toms officials.
Fourth, substantial record evidence supports the conclusion
that the Jamaican government would not acquiesce to Gordon’s
torture and is instead taking steps to combat corruption and vio-
lence. Dr. Blake testified to internal affairs-type investigations that
root out corruption, if only with a two percent conviction rate. His
testimony is corroborated by numerous documentary evidence
sources. Gordon submitted a news article quoting Dr. Horace
Chang, Jamaica’s National Security Minister, declaring that “[w]hat
we have to do” to combat drug dealers corrupting the legal system
“is take steps to prevent it and mitigate the damage.” Gordon also
filed a Jamaica Gleaner newspaper article reporting that “a number
of independent bodies [have been] set up to investigate the po-
lice”—including INDECOM (the Independent Commission of In-
vestigations), to which the Jamaican constabulary force’s Anti-
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 19
Corruption Branch refers allegations of extrajudicial police shoot-
ings. Another article reported that INDECOM investigated 125 ci-
vilian fatalities resulting from police operations and forwarded its
report on policy breaches to the police commissioner “to consider
for appropriate actions.” And a news article noted $1 billion in in-
vestment in “the new Integrity Commission” oversight body. Gor-
don also submitted articles discussing the criminal prosecution of
27 police officers following “an investigative commission probing
allegations against police and soldiers” of “indiscriminate shootings
and unlawful killings”—the articles reported a “reduction in police-
involved killings since 2014,” perhaps because of “fear among offic-
ers of [both] prosecution by an independent agency that now in-
vestigates abuse allegations against police” as well as of Special Cor-
oner’s Court inquests.
Most importantly, Gordon also filed the U.S. Department of
State’s 2019 and 2020 Human Rights Reports. The latter indicated
that Jamaican law “provides criminal penalties for corruption by
officials,” albeit ineffectively implemented. Still, the report noted
that Jamaica’s former minister of education, youth, and infor-
mation was charged with “several counts of corruption, conspiracy
to defraud, and misconduct in a public office” following a scandal
involving misuse of public funds. The State Department’s 2020 re-
port documented two police officers convicted and imprisoned (for
six years and life, respectively) that year for unlawful killings—and
noted “[n]umerous other cases, particularly the Clarendon ‘Death
Squad’ trial, await[ing] prosecution.” Not only was the agency
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20 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
entitled to “rely heavily” on these State Department reports, see
Reyes-Sanchez,
369 F.3d at 1243, but we’ve held that a govern-
ment’s attempts to combat violence or corruption—even if unsuc-
cessful—are dispositive of the issue of acquiescence, Sanchez-Cas-
tro, 998 F.3d at 1288. In short, because substantial evidence shows
that the Jamaican government is making efforts to fight corruption,
we must conclude as a matter of law that it would not acquiesce in
Gordon’s torture.
We note that Gordon presented some evidence of police in-
volvement in the deaths of Lassie and Rankin Bernard. Gordon
testified that Lassie was killed in a police shootout, but we’re bound
to draw the reasonable inference in the agency’s favor that Lassie—
described by Gordon himself as a “known thief,” “known gun-
man,” and “troublemaker kid”—wasn’t killed unlawfully. See Lin-
geswaran,
969 F.3d 1278 at 1286. As for Rankin Bernard, Gordon’s
declaration indicated only that he was killed by police while vaca-
tioning in Jamaica. With no facts suggesting otherwise, we must
likewise infer that he wasn’t killed unlawfully.
In sum, the record doesn’t compel a finding that Gordon will
more likely than not be tortured by, at the instigation of, or with
the consent or acquiescence of a government official acting in an
official capacity. See Lopez, 504 F.3d at 1344. And “[w]hen “the
record could support or contradict the conclusion of the [board],
we must affirm its decision.” Lingeswaran,
969 F.3d 1278 at 1286
(quoting Recinos v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
566 F.3d 965, 967 (11th Cir.
2009)). Because substantial evidence supports the immigration
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22-11867 Opinion of the Court 21
judge’s denial of Gordon’s claim, we lack the authority to reverse
the board’s order affirming that decision.
Gordon makes two final arguments, but neither is availing.
First, he argues that the immigration judge applied an incorrect le-
gal standard by requiring Gordon to demonstrate a particular mo-
tivation for his likely torture, thereby adding an “extra element” to
Gordon’s claim. We find no support in the record for this assertion;
both the immigration judge’s decision and the board’s order ap-
plied the correct legal standard, requiring Gordon to establish he
would more likely than not be tortured if he returned to Jamaica.
And to the extent the immigration judge explored the reasons be-
hind the Tampa distributors’ deaths during the hearings, the
agency was entitled to probe the veracity of Gordon’s claim that
the organization wanted to harm him at all.
Second, Gordon says the immigration judge ignored evi-
dence of Jamaica’s history of extrajudicial killings of “social unde-
sirables”—including drug traffickers like Gordon—and failed to ap-
preciate the country conditions (namely, “the unique involvement
of politics and government with organized crime and extrajudicial
violence in Jamaica”). Gordon contends that, “[p]utting aside the
more specific, individualized reasons why [he] faces an outsized
risk of torture,” evidence of his “membership in the group of social
undesirables” satisfied his burden of proof.
We lack jurisdiction to consider this argument, however, be-
cause Gordon did not raise it before the board. Cf.
8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(d)(1); Alim,
446 F.3d at 1253–54. In his appellate brief before
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22 Opinion of the Court 22-11867
the board, Gordon raised the “core issue” that the immigration
judge erred by finding he hadn’t shown he would more likely than
not be tortured if removed to Jamaica, but he never raised the “dis-
crete argument” that he would more than likely be tortured as a
generalized “undesirable” in Jamaican society. Cf. Jeune,
810 F.3d
at 800. Instead, Gordon argued he was “marked for death specifi-
cally and solely because of his involvement in a criminal organiza-
tion of which he subsequently ran afoul.” He relied entirely on the
animosity of Bulla and his organization (with which “a wide variety
of Jamaican officials were intimately involved”) toward Gordon be-
cause of Hislop’s death and the perception that Gordon had
snitched—pointing to “the systematic murder of each of his former
Florida-based associates” and the organization’s threats to Gor-
don’s family as among the reasons he feared facing torture in Ja-
maica. As a result, we lack jurisdiction to consider his argument
that he also faced torture for his “membership in the group of social
undesirables” and so dismiss his petition in that regard.
PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.
