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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 20-10547
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cv-03067-CEH-AAS
DARRELL ARCHER,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
CITY OF WINTER HAVEN,
a Florida municipality, et al.,
Defendants,
EDWARD CAMP,
CHARLES CARAWAY,
KRISTINE WOOD,
KANARA HARRIS,
WAL-MART STORES EAST, LP,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(February 9, 2021)
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Before JORDAN, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Darrell Archer purchased a television from a Winter Haven, Florida Wal-
Mart store during a Thanksgiving Day sale in 2015. When a Wal-Mart employee
asked to see Archer’s receipt as he was leaving with the unbagged television in his
shopping cart, Archer refused. Less than a minute later, police officers on site
attempted to intervene. Archer still refused to show his receipt. Several minutes
later, Archer left the store without his television.
After Wal-Mart verified that Archer purchased the television, he was
informed that he could pick it up or receive a refund. Archer filed this lawsuit
instead. The district court granted Wal-Mart and its employees’ motion for
summary judgment on Archer’s claims for false imprisonment, conversion, and
negligent training. For the reasons explained below, we affirm.
I. Background
A. Wal-Mart’s Receipt Checking Policy
To protect its assets, Wal-Mart uses a receipt-checking policy that
establishes the procedures receipt-checking employees should take to verify
purchases as customers leave the store. As pertinent here, the policy instructs the
receipt-checking employee to “[s]elect customers for receipt checking when [they
have]. . . [l]arge unbagged high[-]value items” such as “all TVs[.]” If a customer
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“refuses to produce a receipt,” the policy says the employees should “[p]olitely
offer to hold the merchandise until the customer can find their receipt.” If the
customer refuses this request, the employee should “allow them to leave,”
document the event, and notify management or the asset protection team
immediately. After this happens, the store will normally contact the police and
allow them to investigate any potential theft. Mark Gammon, Wal-Mart’s
corporate representative, explained that the part of the policy provision that allows
customers to leave after refusing to show their receipt is for the employee’s
protection and to avoid a “combative situation.”
B. Archer Incident
Archer was shopping at Wal-Mart on November 26, 2015, during a “major
sales event” that attracted a “magnitude of people.” Because of the sale, normal
operations at the Wal-Mart were changed. First, police were on site and ready to
respond to any situations. Second, Wal-Mart employees testified that the receipt
checking policy was “altered” that day. For example, the receipt-checking
employee was requiring receipts from everyone instead of just for the items
specially listed in the policy.
After shopping in the crowded store, Archer purchased a large screen
television for $159.47 using the self-checkout line. Archer placed his receipt in his
pocket and headed towards the exit with the unbagged television in his shopping
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cart. A Wal-Mart employee, Kanara Harris, asked Archer if he could see his
receipt. Archer refused and pushed his cart towards the exit. Video evidence
showed that Harris followed, stepped in front of the shopping cart, and placed his
hands on the cart. Archer attempted to maneuver around Harris and exit the store.
Archer, in his deposition, stated five times that he did not remember anything else
Harris said to him besides asking to see his receipt. Later in his deposition, Archer
said he could not “say with certainty,” but he “believed” that Harris told him he
could not leave without showing his receipt. Less than a minute after Harris
originally asked Archer for his receipt, Harris waved to someone, and a few
seconds later, Officer Webster arrived at the scene. Harris then left the scene and
returned to his duties.
Within approximately the next two minutes, two other Wal-Mart employees
(Charles Caraway and Kristina Wood) and two other officers (Sergeant Nichols
and Sergeant Gaskin) arrived on the scene. Archer testified that during this time,
one of the officers told him he was not allowed to leave. But Sergeant Gaskin
testified that no one ever told Archer he was not free to leave. Caraway testified
that Archer was told “over and over again that [he] w[as] free to go.” Caraway
further testified that Archer “was free to leave at all times” but could not take the
television unless he “proved that [he] purchased it.” At one point during the
incident, Caraway placed his hands on Archer’s cart when Archer tried to leave the
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store with the television, but Carraway never physically detained Archer, and
Archer testified that he did not believe Caraway ever told Archer he was not free to
leave the store. Wood testified that the officers told Archer he was free to leave at
any time, and she “was not stopping [Archer] from leaving, even with the
television set.”
Sergeant Nichols testified that during this time Archer raised his voice,
pointed a finger at the officers and Wal-Mart employees, and was argumentative.
Archer testified that at one point, one of the officers told him that he could arrest
Archer for theft. But Caraway and Wood testified they never heard any of the
officers threaten to arrest Archer. Throughout the encounter, Archer continued to
refuse to provide his receipt.
After approximately three minutes, Archer attempted to leave the store with
his television. Sergeant Gaskin removed the television from Archer’s shopping
cart and set it on the floor. Caraway requested that Archer be removed from the
property. Archer left the store without the television because he thought he would
be arrested if he did not leave. The video footage shows that approximately five
minutes elapsed from when Harris initially asked Archer for his receipt and when
Archer left the store. During that time Archer was never moved from the scene of
the incident, taken to another room, or arrested.
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After Archer left, Caraway stored the television in Wal-Mart’s asset
protection office. Wal-Mart employees later verified that Archer had purchased
the television. Days later, Archer went to the police department to discuss the
incident. Later, the police officer Archer spoke with about the incident called him
and informed him that he could pick up his television from the store or receive a
refund at Wal-Mart’s customer service desk. Archer does not recall ever
attempting to recover his television from Wal-Mart.
C. Archer’s Claims
Archer sued Wal-Mart, 1 three Wal-Mart employees (Harris, Caraway, and
Wood), and three Winter Haven police officers (Officer Webster, Sergeant Gaskin,
and Sergeant Nichols) for false imprisonment. He also sued those same four
employees and three officers for conversion. Archer also sued Wal-Mart and the
Winter Haven Wal-Mart store manager Edward Camp for negligent training of its
employees on implementing the receipt-checking policy. Archer later settled his
claims with the Winter Haven police officers.
The district court granted summary judgment to Wal-Mart and its employees
on Archer’s claims for false imprisonment, conversion, and negligent training.
Archer appealed.
1
Archer sued Wal-Mart Stores East, LP; this opinion will refer to the entity as “Wal-
Mart.”
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II. Standard of Review
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Campbell v. Johnson,
586 F.3d 835, 840 (11th Cir. 2009). “Summary judgment is appropriate if the
record shows that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Teagan v. City of McDonough,
949 F.3d 670, 675 (11th Cir. 2020). As the non-moving party, Archer “is entitled
to have all evidence and reasonable factual inferences viewed in his favor.”
Campbell,
586 F.3d at 840.
III. Analysis
Archer raises three issues on appeal. First, he argues that Wal-Mart
employees falsely imprisoned him as he tried to leave the store. Second, Archer
argues that Wal-Mart employees converted his property when they removed the
television set from his cart. And third, Archer argues that Camp—and by
extension Wal-Mart—negligently trained his employees because the employees
failed to follow the receipt-checking policy during the incident. Because Archer
cannot show a genuine issue of material fact that could support his claims under
Florida law, the district court properly granted summary judgment to the
defendants.
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A. False Imprisonment
Under Florida law, “[f]alse imprisonment is the unlawful restraint of a
person against his will, the gist of which action is the unlawful detention of the
plaintiff and deprivation of his liberty.” Johnson v. Weiner,
19 So. 2d 699, 700
(Fla. 1944). To state a cause of action for false imprisonment, the plaintiff must
establish : “1) the unlawful detention and deprivation of liberty of a person
2) against that person’s will 3) without legal authority or ‘color of authority’ . . .
4) which is unreasonable and unwarranted under the circumstances.” Harder v.
Edwards,
174 So. 3d 524, 530 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Montejo v.
Martin Mem’l Med. Ctr., Inc.,
935 So. 2d 1266, 1268 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App.
2006)).
Florida’s shopkeeper’s statute protects a merchant from civil liability for
false imprisonment when the merchant has probable cause to believe that the
person detained has committed theft. Morris v. Albertson’s Inc.,
705 F.2d 406, 409
(11th Cir. 1983). The statute provides in pertinent part:
[A] merchant . . . who has probable cause to believe that a retail theft .
. . has been committed by a person and . . . that the property can be
recovered by taking the offender into custody may, for the purpose of
attempting to effect such recovery or for prosecution, take the
offender into custody and detain the offender in a reasonable manner
for a reasonable length of time[.]
Fla. Stat. § 812.015(3)(a). The probable cause required to satisfy the statute “does
not reach the level of probable cause required to support a later prosecution.”
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Weissman v. K-Mart Corp.,
396 So. 2d 1164, 1167 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 1981);
see also State v. Outten,
206 So. 2d 392, 397 (Fla. 1968) (“The facts constituting
probable cause [for an arrest] need not meet the standard of conclusiveness and
probability required of the circumstantial facts upon which conviction must be
based.”). The fact that the plaintiff was not actually guilty of shoplifting does not
affect the probable cause determination. See Rothstein v. Jackson’s of Coral
Gables, Inc.,
133 So. 2d 331, 332 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 1961).
The district court found that no record evidence supported Archer’s claim
that Wood or Caraway actually detained Archer, though it did conclude that there
was a possible disputed issue of material fact as to whether employee Harris
detained Archer. But the court concluded that even if Harris did detain Archer, he
had probable cause to do so and, therefore, the detention was allowed under the
Florida shopkeeper’s statute. After careful review, we agree with the district court
that employees Wood and Caraway did not detain Archer. And Harris, if he
detained Archer, had probable cause to do so.
Archer advances four theories concerning his false imprisonment claim.
First, Archer contends that the police officers detained him2 and Wal-Mart
2
Archer’s theory that the officers detained him is based on his disputed testimony that
one officer threatened to arrest him for theft and one officer told him he was not allowed to leave
the store.
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employees Wood, Caraway, and Harris are liable for indirectly detaining him
because they instructed the police officers to do so.
“To be liable in an action for false imprisonment, one must have personally
and actively participated therein, directly or by indirect procurement.” Johnson,
19
So. 2d at 701. A citizen does not “indirectly procure” a detention simply by
providing information to law enforcement that leads to detention. Pokorny v. First
Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n of Largo,
382 So. 2d 678, 682 (Fla. 1980) (“If the
private citizen makes an honest, good faith mistake in reporting an incident, the
mere fact that his communication to an officer may have caused the victim’s arrest
does not make him liable when he did not in fact request any detention.”). In
Pokorny, the Florida Supreme Court held that “a private citizen may not be held
liable in tort where he neither actually detained another nor instigated the other’s
arrest by law enforcement officers.”
382 So. 2d at 682. To “instigate” an arrest,
the defendant must have taken an active role in encouraging or procuring the
wrongful arrest which “is the equivalent in words or conduct to ‘Officer, arrest that
man.’” Harder v. Edwards,
174 So. 3d 524, 530–31 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2015)
(quotation omitted). In Pokorny, the Supreme Court explained that:
It is not enough for instigation that the actor has given information to
the police about the commission of a crime, or has accused the other
of committing it, so long as he leaves to the police the decision as to
what shall be done about any arrest, without persuading or influencing
them.
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382 So. 2d at 682 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 45A cmt. c).
Even assuming that the police officers’ actions rose to the level of
“detention” required for Archer’s prima facie false imprisonment claim, 3 the Wal-
Mart employees did not “instigate” Archer’s detention. The officers were in full
uniform and acting in their official capacity for the city, not as Wal-Mart security
guards. Though Harris waved over the officers after Archer refused to show his
receipt, and Caraway told officers that Archer could not leave the store with the
television without showing his receipt, these actions left the ultimate discretion of
whether to detain Archer with the officers. In other words, the employee’s actions
did not amount to a statement like “Officer, arrest that man.” Harder,
174 So. 3d
at 531.
Second, Archer contends that Caraway unlawfully detained him by telling
him he could leave the store with his television without showing his receipt.
Archer points us to no authority that withholding personal property of this nature
can constitute false imprisonment. In explaining confinement, the Florida
Supreme Court has instructed that “[a] person is not liable for false imprisonment
unless his act is done for the purpose of imposing a confinement, or with
3
Whether there was a detention at all is disputed. The entire incident lasted
approximately five minutes, and Archer left without ever being arrested or removed from the exit
of the store. Archer’s assertion that the officers detained him is based on his testimony that one
of the officers told him he was not free to go, and one officer threatened to arrest Archer for
shoplifting. We view these facts in the light most favorable to Archer, so we will assume that the
officers’ actions constituted detention.
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knowledge that such confinement will, to a substantial certainty, result from it.”
Johnson,
19 So. 2d at 700 (quotation omitted). We are not persuaded that Caraway
knew “to a substantial certainty” that holding Archer’s television until he showed
his receipt would result in confinement. Caraway asked for Archer’s receipt to
ensure that he had purchased the television; Caraway did not ask for the receipt for
the purpose of imposing confinement. Thus, we reject Archer’s argument.
It is true that some jurisdictions have concluded that withholding personal
property necessary to the person’s means of escape can constitute false
imprisonment. See, e.g., Helstrom v. N. Slope Borough,
797 P.2d 1192, 1199
(Alaska 1990) (holding that the deprivation of a plane ticket sufficiently confined a
person). But Helstrom is not analogous to Archer’s assertion that withholding his
television constituted false imprisonment. As Helstrom explained, the plane ticket
was the plaintiff’s “only reasonable means of departure[.]”
Id. By contrast,
Archer had other reasonable means to depart the Wal-Mart store. Archer could
have left the store and escaped any confinement by either showing Caraway his
receipt or leaving the store without his television, which he eventually did.
Accordingly, Carraway’s statement to Archer did not constitute false
imprisonment.
Third, Archer contends that Caraway directly physically detained him by
placing his hands on Archer’s shopping cart. This argument also fails. At one
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point during the incident, Caraway placed his hands on Archer’s cart when Archer
tried to leave the store with the television. But Caraway never physically
prevented Archer from leaving. Archer testified that he did not believe Caraway
ever told Archer he was not free to leave the store. Further, Caraway was present
when Archer did in fact leave the store without his television. Thus, Caraway’s
action of placing his hands on Archer’s shopping cart did not rise to the level of
“unlawful restraint of a person against his will . . . and [the] deprivation of his
liberty.” Johnson,
19 So. 2d at 171.
Fourth, and finally, Archer argues Harris falsely imprisoned him because
Harris told him he could not leave the store without showing his receipt. Archer,
in his deposition, said five times that he did not remember anything else Harris said
to him during the incident besides asking to see his receipt. But later in his
deposition, Archer said he could not “say with certainty,” but he “believed” that
Harris told him he could not leave without showing his receipt. 4 The district court
concluded that even if this created a disputed fact about whether Harris detained
Archer, Harris had probable cause to do so. We agree.
4
We agree with the district court that this statement could be read to mean that that
Archer could not leave the store with his television without showing his receipt (like Archer
testified Caraway later said). But because we make all inferences in Archer’s favor, we will
assume that Harris meant that Archer could not leave at all—even without the television—
without showing his receipt.
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Undisputed facts in the record demonstrate that Harris had probable cause to
believe that Archer was shoplifting. In the approximately 35 seconds Harris and
Archer interacted before the first officer arrived, Archer was exiting the store with
an unbagged television in his shopping cart, Harris asked to see his receipt for the
television, and Archer refused. Then Archer pushed his shopping cart towards the
exit, Harris followed, stepped in front of the shopping cart, and placed his hands on
the shopping cart. Archer continued to try to maneuver around Harris to exit the
store with the unbagged television.
For those reasons, Harris had probable cause to detain Archer pursuant to
Fla. Stat. § 812.015(3)(a). Archer’s actions would lead a reasonable person to
conclude that Archer may have been trying to steal the television. Section
812.015(3)(a) also requires that the merchant’s detention be “in a reasonable
manner” and “for a reasonable length of time.” Harris’s “detention” of Archer
easily meets these requirements. To the extent Harris “detained” Archer, it lasted
for only 35 seconds until the police officers arrived on the scene. And Harris did
not touch Archer or remove him from the store exit area.
Accordingly, Archer’s false imprisonment claims against Caraway, Wood,
and Harris fail.
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B. Conversion
Next, Archer argues that Wal-Mart employees committed the tort of
conversion when they refused to allow Archer to remove the television from the
store. We disagree.
Under Florida law, a conversion is “an unauthorized act which deprives
another of his property permanently or for an indefinite time.” Fogade v. ENB
Revocable Tr.,
263 F.3d 1274, 1291 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted); see also
Senfeld v. Bank of Nova Scotia Tr. Co. (Cayman),
450 So. 2d 1157, 1160–61 (Fla.
3d Dist. Ct. App. 1984). The “essence of conversion is not the possession of
property . . . but possession in conjunction with a present intent on the part of the
wrongdoer to deprive the person entitled to possession of the property[.]” Senfeld,
450 So. 2d at 1161.
The district court found that Archer’s conversion claim failed because there
were no facts in the record to support the essential elements of Archer’s conversion
claim. As to Wood, the district court found there was no record evidence that
Wood took Archer’s television. As to Caraway, the district court found that the
undisputed evidence shows Caraway had no intent to keep Archer’s television
“permanently or for an indefinite period of time.” We agree.
The record evidence shows that Sergeant Gaskin initially took the television
out of Archer’s shopping cart, and later, after Archer left, Caraway stored the
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television in the asset protection office. Neither Caraway nor any other Wal-Mart
employee had the intent to deprive Archer of the television “permanently or for an
indefinite time.” Fogade,
263 F.3d at 1291. Rather, the record shows that
Caraway told Archer he could take the television if he showed him his receipt.
And after Wal-Mart later confirmed that Archer purchased the television, Archer
was told by a police officer that he could return to the store to pick up his
television or receive a refund. In short, the record shows that Caraway intended
only to prevent Archer’s removal of the television from the store long enough to
confirm that Archer owned it and that Caraway did not intend to deprive Archer of
his property permanently. Because these facts are undisputed, the district court
properly granted summary judgment to the Wal-Mart employees on Archer’s
conversion claim.
C. Negligent Training
Finally, Archer contends that Wal-Mart and Camp negligently trained their
employees to follow Wal-Mart’s receipt-checking policy and negligently trained
their employees to deal with suspected shoplifters. Under Florida law, an
employer may be liable for “reasonably foreseeable damages resulting from the
negligent training of its employees.” Lewis v. City of St. Petersburg,
260 F.3d
1260, 1265 (11th Cir. 2001). As in other negligence causes of action, the elements
of duty, breach, causation, and damages must be shown in negligent training
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claims. Watson v. City of Hialeah,
552 So. 2d 1146, 1149 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App.
1989). A plaintiff asserting a negligent training claim must allege that he was
harmed by an “employer’s failure to adequately train an employee[] and that the
nature of the employment put the plaintiff in a ‘zone of risk’ such that the
employer had a duty running to the plaintiff.” Alder v. WestJet Airlines, Ltd.,
31 F.
Supp. 3d 1381, 1388 (S.D. Fla. 2014).
The district court rejected Archer’s negligent training claim. It found that:
(1) Archer failed to identify facts showing Wal-Mart owed him a duty to train its
employees to implement the receipt-checking policy; (2) the evidence shows the
policy was either amended or not in place during the incident; (3) Archer failed to
identify facts showing that Wal-Mart employees violated the policy; and (4)
Archer failed to show that Wal-Mart violated any duty to train its employees to
identify suspected shoplifters because Harris, the only employee that arguably
detained Archer, had probable cause to do so.
As best we can tell, Archer seems to argue on appeal that the district court
erred for two reasons. First, Archer contends that Wal-Mart employees were
negligently trained because they did not follow the receipt-checking policy.
Second, apart from the policy, Archer contends that Wal-Mart and Camp
negligently trained their employees to respect the rights of customers suspected of
shoplifting.
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Archer’s first argument fails because Archer failed to identify facts showing
that the Wal-Mart receipt-checking employee —the only employee involved in the
incident that the policy applied to—violated the policy (either the normal one or
the modified one in place for the holiday) during the Archer incident. On the day
of the incident, Harris was serving as the receipt-checker. Both the normal and the
holiday policies 5 dictate that the receipt-checking employee should ask all
customers purchasing televisions to see their receipts as they leave the store. If
such a customer “refuses to produce a receipt,” the receipt-checking employee
should “[p]olitely offer to hold the merchandise until the customer can find their
receipt.” If the customer refuses this request, the policy says the employee should
“allow them to leave” and notify management or the asset protection team—who
would typically contact the police to investigate theft. Beyond this basic guidance,
the policy is not very specific. For instance, it does not say whether the receipt-
checking employee should allow a customer who refuses to produce his receipt to
5
To the extent Archer is separately arguing that Wal-Mart negligently trained its
employees by altering its receipt-checking policy on Thanksgiving Day or by violating the
altered version of the policy, that argument also fails. First, no caselaw suggests that a store
cannot have special policies and procedures in place during a special event—like a crowded sale.
Second, the modified receipt-checking policy was identical to the original policy in all material
respects as it related to Archer. Because he was attempting to leave the store with an unbagged
television in his cart, he would have been subject to receipt checking under the original policy
(requiring receipts from customers with large, unbagged, high-value items) or the modified
policy (requiring receipts from all customers). Accordingly, the fact that the receipt-checking
policy was modified on the day in question does not aid Archer’s argument that Wal-Mart and
Camp negligently trained their employees.
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leave the store with or without his merchandise. It also does not specify how long
the receipt-checking employee should attempt to obtain proof of purchase before
allowing the customer to leave.
The record shows that Harris communicated with Archer (who was leaving
the store with a television) for about 35 seconds in an effort to obtain proof of
purchase. During that communication, Harris asked Archer for his receipt (as the
policy required), and Harris placed his hands on Archer’s cart for a brief moment.
After that, the police officers working security at Wal-Mart were called over to
handle the situation. The facts surrounding the 35 second interaction do not
demonstrate that Harris violated the receipt-checking policy. Accordingly,
Archer’s first theory of negligent training fails.
Archer’s second argument, that Wal-Mart and Camp negligently trained
their employees to deal with customers suspected of shoplifting also fails. As
explained above, Archer failed to demonstrate that Wal-Mart employees violated
his legal rights during the incident. So Wal-Mart and Camp did not negligently
train their employees to deal with customers who refuse to produce proof of
purchase. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment
to Wal-Mart and its employee Camp on Archer’s negligent training claim. 6
6
On appeal, Archer also cites, without discussion, a Florida case concerning respondeat
superior. See Mercury Motors Express, Inc. v. Smith,
393 So. 2d 545 (Fla. 1981). To the extent
Archer is arguing that Wal-Mart is vicariously liable for the negligence of Camp, that claim fails
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IV. Conclusion
For the reasons explained above, we affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Wal-Mart and its employees.
AFFIRMED.
because, as explained above, Archer did not point to record facts that Camp was liable for
negligently training Wal-Mart’s employees.
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