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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 20-10833
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-24889-DLG
GUSTAVO ABELLA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
OFFICER JUAN F. RODRIGUEZ,
Individually and Official Capacity,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(August 31, 2020)
Before LAGOA, BRASHER, and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This case is the latest in the ongoing saga between Gustavo Abella and Officer
Juan Rodriguez. In another lawsuit between these litigants in 2013, this Court
affirmed the district court’s denial of Rodriguez’s defense of qualified immunity to
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Abella’s First Amendment retaliation claim. See Abella v. Simon, 522 F. App’x 872
(11th Cir. 2013). Now, Abella is back with a new lawsuit against Rodriguez based
on more recent, albeit similar, alleged conduct. As he did in 2013, Abella asserts that
Rodriguez retaliated against him because of his speech. And, as he did in 2013,
Rodriguez argues on appeal that he is entitled to qualified immunity to that claim.
Because the law remains clearly established that police officers may not harass or
threaten citizens with unlawful arrest for exercising their First Amendment rights,
we again affirm the district court’s order denying qualified immunity.
I.
We view the evidence in the light most favorable to Abella, as we must at this
posture. See Perez v. Suszczynski,
809 F.3d 1213, 1217 (11th. Cir. 2016).
Abella and Rodriguez have been embroiled in controversy since at least 2007.
Abella resides in the Town of Miami Lakes where Rodriguez serves as a police
officer. Abella describes himself as “quite politically active with respect to local
Miami Lakes issues.” In 2016, Abella began displaying a sign in his car’s rear
window that read: “Town of Miami Lakes TOWN MANAGER ALEX REY is
Corrupt. You TUBE: Justice 4 MEnU.”
Abella asserts that Rodriguez harassed and intimidated him and his family in
relation to this sign. He lodged formal and informal complaints with the police
department and other local officials about sixteen encounters between May 17, 2016,
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and October 4, 2018. These encounters include (1) Rodriguez appearing at Abella’s
home and following him in his police vehicle while Abella displayed a political sign
on his truck; (2) Rodriguez driving by Abella and telling him to remove the political
sign or he would issue him a citation; (3) Rodriguez telling Abella to remove the
sign or he would have Abella arrested; (4) Rodriguez driving next to or following
Abella on public roads; (5) Rodriguez’s police vehicle blocking an intersection so
that Abella could not exit his condominium complex; (6) Rodriguez following
Abella in his police vehicle and making unspecified hand gestures while Rodriguez
had political signs displayed on his truck; and (7) Rodriguez making unspecified
hand gestures toward Abella and his daughter and recording them with his cell
phone. Rodriguez has never arrested Abella and has not issued him any citations
since 2009.
II.
Abella filed his initial complaint on November 21, 2013 against the Town of
Miami Lakes, former Miami Lakes Mayor Michael Pizzi, Town Manager Alex Rey,
Miami Dade County, and Rodriguez. Abella amended that complaint on February
11, 2019. In his First Amended Complaint, Abella alleged that defendants violated
42 U.S.C. § 1983 by, acting under color of law, retaliating against him for exercising
his First Amendment rights to display political signs and file grievances against a
police officer. The district court granted in part a motion to dismiss as to all
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defendants except Rodriguez and partially dismissed Abella’s First Amendment
retaliation claims against Rodriguez for all but the sixteen encounters previously
referenced.
Rodriguez filed a motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity,
which the district court denied. The district court determined that (1) it is undisputed
that Rodriguez acted within the scope of his discretionary authority; (2) the law is
clearly established that public officials may not retaliate against private citizens for
exercising their First Amendment rights; and (3) that Abella presented sufficient
evidence to create a genuine issue of fact about whether Rodriguez’s conduct had
adversely affected his protected speech and whether there is a causal connection
between Rodriguez’s acts and Abella’s protected speech. Rodriguez now appeals
that order.
III.
We review the district court’s denial of summary judgment based on qualified
immunity de novo and view the evidence in the light most favorable to Abella as the
nonmoving party. Salvato v. Miley,
790 F.3d 1286, 1292 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing
Kesinger ex re. Estate of Kesinger v. Herrington,
381 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir.
2004)). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
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IV.
Government officials are entitled to qualified immunity for their actions in
performing discretionary functions unless the plaintiff can establish “(1) that the
defendant violated her constitutional rights, and (2) that, at the time of the violation,
those rights were clearly established in light of the specific context of the case, not
as a broad general proposition.” Gaines v. Wardynski,
871 F.3d 1203, 1208 (11th
Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). It is undisputed that Rodriguez was acting within the scope
of his discretionary authority at all times relevant to this case. As to the second
element, a plaintiff can show that his rights were clearly established in one of three
ways: (1) identifying a “materially similar case” decided before the alleged
violation; (2) pointing to “a broader, clearly established principle that should control
the novel facts of the situation;” or (3) demonstrating that the conduct at issue “so
obviously violates the constitution that prior case law is unnecessary.” Terrell v.
Smith,
668 F.3d 1244, 1255–56 (11th Cir. 2012) (cleaned up).
To succeed on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must establish
“that (1) he engaged in protected speech; (2) the defendant’s conduct adversely
affected the protected speech; and (3) a causal connection exists between the speech
and the defendant’s retaliatory actions.” Bailey v. Wheeler,
843 F.3d 473, 480 (11th
Cir. 2016) (citing Smith v. Mosely,
532 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2008); Bennett v.
Hendrix,
423 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2005)).
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Rodriguez erroneously argues that the district court should be reversed
because it (1) defined Abella’s clearly established rights too generally; and (2)
mistakenly found that a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding the causation
element of Abella’s First Amendment retaliation claim. In response, Abella argues
that (1) this Court lacks jurisdiction over Rodriguez’s appeal; (2) Rodriguez violated
Abella’s First Amendment Rights with “obvious clarity;” and (3) the district court
properly considered the causation element and found sufficient conflicting facts to
send that issue to a jury. As an initial matter, this Court has jurisdiction over
Rodriguez’s appeal because he raises “a legal question concerning a clearly
established federal right that can be decided apart from considering sufficiency of
the evidence relative to the correctness of the plaintiff’s alleged facts.” Koch v. Rugg,
221 F.3d 1283, 1294 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing Johnson v. Jones,
414 U.S. 304, 312
(1995); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). We address the remaining arguments in turn.
First, Rodriguez argues that the district court committed an error by invoking
broadly defined, generalized principles of First Amendment rights instead of looking
for cases more clearly on point. We disagree.
This Court’s precedent clearly establishes the contours of the right at issue.
Rodriguez has not attempted to justify his alleged conduct by reference to reasonable
suspicion, probable cause, or any other law enforcement purpose. And it is clearly
established that a police officer cannot harass or threaten unlawful arrest and citation
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because of a person’s protected speech. See NAACP v. Button,
371 U.S. 415, 433
(1963) (“The threat of sanctions may deter [the exercise of First Amendment
freedoms] almost as potently as the actual application of sanctions.”); see also Cate
v. Oldham,
707 F.2d 1176, 1189 (11th Cir. 1983) (“direct retaliation by the state for
having exercised First Amendment freedoms in the past is particularly proscribed by
the First Amendment”); see also Bennett v. Hendrix,
423 F.3d 1247, 1255-56 (11th.
Cir. 2005) (collecting cases).
In Bennett, this Court held that police officers violated the First Amendment
when they “followed, pulled over, cited, intimidated, or otherwise harassed the
plaintiffs” because of their speech.
Id. at 1254. Of course, the alleged conduct here
is not as extensive in scope as it was in Bennett. There, the officers were accused of
“a prolonged and organized campaign of harassment,” which included an “attempt[]
to obtain arrest warrants against the plaintiffs without probable cause.”
Id. Here,
Abella alleges that Rodriguez threatened to arrest him twice, blocked his car, and
followed him around town in an intimidating manner. But the differences between
this case and Bennett are a matter of degree, not of kind. Bennett gives “fair and clear
notice” to police officers that harassing and threatening a private citizen with
unlawful arrest and citation for political speech is unconstitutional. See generally
Marsh v. Butler Cnty.,
268 F.3d 1014, 1031 (11th Cir. 2001) (en banc) (“fair and
clear notice to government officials is the cornerstone of qualified immunity”),
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abrogated in part by Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 561–63 (2007). To
succeed at trial, Abella will have to establish that Rodriguez’s alleged conduct
deterred or chilled his expression in violation of the First Amendment.
Second, the district court did not err in finding a genuine issue of material fact
regarding the causation element of Abella’s First Amendment retaliation claim. It is
undisputed that Abella engaged in constitutionally protected speech and acts when
he displayed a political sign and filed complaints against Rodriguez. The only
question is whether Abella presented sufficient evidence that Rodriguez took the
alleged actions because of Abella’s speech. Rodriguez argues that the district court
erred by “collapse[ing] the causation prong of the retaliation analysis into the
adverse conduct prong” by merely restating the alleged adverse conduct. We
disagree.
A district court’s role at the summary judgment stage is to determine, viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, whether a genuine issue
of material fact exists.
Salvato, 790 F.3d at 1292. As the district court emphasized,
Abella testified that Rodriguez threatened him with citation and arrest if he did not
remove a political sign from his vehicle on two occasions. On Abella’s version of
the facts, Rodriguez expressly linked his threats to the sign and had no probable
cause to arrest or cite Abella on either occasion. Abella further alleged that
Rodriguez followed him around town, blocked his vehicle, shouted at him, and made
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hand gestures at him while Abella displayed a political sign on his truck and
immediately after Abella had filed numerous grievances against Rodriguez. Abella’s
testimony would support a finding that his display of a political sign and filing of
grievances caused Rodriguez’s conduct. Therefore, the district court was correct in
holding that the question of causation should be resolved by a jury.
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of summary
judgment.
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