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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-14416
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 6:18-cv-02110-WWB-EJK
STEVEN MANDALA,
d.b.a. JSIMPORTCO
d.b.a. www.tiregraficx.com,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
TIRE STICKERS, LLC,
a Massachusetts limited liability company,
KEITH FERRY,
Officer of Tire Stickers, LLC,
DOES 1 THROUGH 10, inclusive
JASON BUSCH,
Officer of Tire Stickers, LLC,
TOYO TIRE CORPORATION,
TOYO TIRE U.S.A. CORP.,
BLUEHOST, INC.,
DUPONT PUBLISHING, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(September 30, 2020)
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Before WILSON, BRANCH, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Steven Mandala, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal
with prejudice and denial of leave to amend his civil action against Tire Stickers,
LLC, Keith Ferry, Toyo Tire Corporation, Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp., Jason Busch,
Bluehost Inc., and Dupont Publishing Inc. After review, we affirm.
I. Background
Mandala filed a pro se action against Tire Stickers, LLC (“Tire Stickers”),
and Keith Ferry (“Ferry”), an employee of Tire Stickers, alleging violations of the
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C.
§ 1962(c); the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”), 17 U.S.C. § 512;
tortious interference and abuse of process; the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1120; and
the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (“FDUTPA”), Fla. Stat.
§ 501.201. The district court sua sponte dismissed Mandala’s complaint without
prejudice because it was an impermissible shotgun pleading. The court instructed
Mandala that he could refile an amended complaint to cure this deficiency.
Thereafter, Mandala filed his first amended complaint, which Tire Stickers
moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim and lack of personal jurisdiction.
Subsequently, Mandala filed a motion seeking leave to amend his complaint again,
asking to supplement facts, add new facts, and add new defendants. The district
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court granted Mandala’s motion for leave to amend and denied Tire Stickers’s
motion to dismiss as moot.
Mandala filed his second amended complaint (the “operative complaint”)
which added Jason Busch (“Busch”), Toyo Tire Corporation and Toyo Tire U.S.A.
Corp. (collectively “Toyo Tire”), Bluehost Inc. (“Bluehost”), and DuPont
Publishing, Inc. (“Dupont”) as defendants. The first four counts of the operative
complaint were alleged violations of RICO, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c) (Count One),
1962(a) (Count Two), 1962(b) (Count Three), and 1962(d) (Count Four). The
remaining counts alleged: violations of the DMCA (Count Five), tortious
interference and abuse of process (Count Six), violations of the Lanham Act
(Count Seven), a request for declaratory judgment under the Lanham Act (Count
Eight), and violations of the FDUTPA (Count Nine).
The complaint contained the following allegations. Mandala, a resident of
Orlando, Florida, is a small business owner who sells tire decor through online
websites. Mandala began the business under the company name
“TIREGRAFICX,” and, with “Ferry’s verbal permission,” began to resell Tire
Stickers’ products using his own logo. In May 2018, Tire Stickers officially
severed distribution ties with Mandala via a “Termination of Distributor
Agreement” letter, leading Mandala to take down all references to Tire Stickers
and its products on his website. Mandala continued to sell items similar to those
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sold previously that he alleged were his own, distinct products. In June 2018, Tire
Stickers filed a suit in federal court in California for trademark infringement and
breach of contract and received a default judgment which included a permanent
injunction against Mandala. In the underlying complaint, Mandala generally
alleged that the defendants obtained the judgment and injunction fraudulently and
that all the defendants “conspired together” to engage in a pattern of fraudulent and
racketeering activity. Specifically, he alleged that Tire Stickers, Toyo Tire, and
Ferry used Bluehost’s internet services to file false notices of trademark
infringement against Mandala with various online business platforms in a
concerted effort to drive Mandala out of business. Further, Mandala alleged that
this fraudulent scheme caused Dupont to cease advertising services for him.
Mandala further alleged that he received ten trademark infringement
complaints through his eBay store that were signed and verified by Ferry, with
each complaint causing lost sales and temporarily shutting down Mandala’s
business. Additionally, in November 2018, a trademark infringement complaint
was filed against Mandala’s Instagram account and Amazon Seller’s Account,
leading to a revocation of these accounts and financial loss. At the same time,
similar complaints were filed with Mandala’s other web store providers, leading to
takedowns of these sites as well. For each of the preceding allegations, Mandala
generally alleged that the defendants used “the same fraudulent schemes and
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racketeering activities, including but not limited to: wire fraud and conspiracy to
commit fraud.” And he generally asserted that these fraudulently filed trademark
infringement complaints demonstrated a “pattern of racketeering.” Mandala also
alleged that “Defendants” filed “fraudulent” notice of copyright infringement
reports claiming to own the rights of “Toyo Tire & Rubber Co.” One of these
fraudulent reports “materially and tortuously [sic]” misrepresented the nature of
the injunction against Mandala.
In response, Tire Stickers, Ferry, and Busch filed a motion to dismiss the
operative complaint for failure to state a claim and lack of personal jurisdiction
over Ferry and Busch. Toyo Tire and Bluehost also each filed separate motions to
dismiss the operative complaint for failure to state a claim.
Mandala filed response briefs that opposed the motions to dismiss and
asserted that the operative complaint “should be upheld in its entirety, or with
leave to amend,” but he did not attach or discuss the substance of a proposed third
amended complaint. Similarly, he did not file any motion seeking leave to amend
the complaint for a third time.
The district court issued an order that granted the motions to dismiss the
operative complaint with prejudice and closed the case. Specifically, the district
court dismissed all claims against Ferry and Busch for failure to establish personal
jurisdiction under Florida’s long-arm statue. The district court dismissed the RICO
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counts against the remaining defendants for failure to allege essential elements. 1
The district court dismissed Count Five because the DMCA applies only to
copyright violations, not trademark violations like those alleged in the complaint.
Count Six was dismissed because it impermissibly contained two claims for
relief—tortious interference and abuse of process. Counts Seven and Eight were
dismissed because the operative complaint failed to allege fraudulent conduct or
representations made to secure a trademark registration and failed to plead that
damages were proximately caused by the alleged false registration. Finally, Count
Nine was dismissed because Mandala’s claims under the FDUTPA relied on the
preceding RICO, DMCA, and Lanham Act claims, which all failed to state a claim.
Additionally, the district court denied Mandala leave to amend, noting that
Mandala was given three prior opportunities to plead his claims properly and yet
he continued to make vague and conclusory allegations. Accordingly, the district
court dismissed the case with prejudice. This appeal followed.
1
Specifically, Count One failed to establish that an enterprise existed for purposes of
RICO, alleged only parallel conduct between the defendants, and lacked any allegations of
knowledge and intent to defraud. Count Two failed to allege that Mandala suffered injury from
the use or reinvestment of the income from the alleged racketeering. Count Three failed to
allege how or when the defendants took ownership or control of Mandala’s business and only
alleged damage from the predicate acts, not from the takeover. Count Four, conspiracy to violate
RICO, failed because he failed to allege a claim in Counts One, Two, and Three.
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II. Standard of Review
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Am. Dental
Ass’n v. Cigna Corp.,
605 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010). We accept the
allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to
the plaintiff.
Id. “A pro se pleading is held to a less stringent standard than a
pleading drafted by an attorney and is liberally construed.” Waldman v. Conway,
871 F.3d 1283, 1289 (11th Cir. 2017). We may affirm the district court’s
judgment on any basis supported by the record.
Id.
We review a district court’s denial of a motion to amend for abuse of
discretion. Bryant v. Dupree,
252 F.3d 1161, 1163 (11th Cir. 2001).
III. Discussion
A. The District Court Did Not Err in Dismissing All Nine Counts of
Mandala’s Complaint
On appeal, Mandala argues that the district court erred in dismissing the
operative complaint because the pleading standard is “exceedingly low,” and the
district court ignored the facts, evidence, and legal precedent presented in the
operative complaint.2 To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, the facts as
2
We note that, because Mandala does not brief or address the district court’s decision to
dismiss all claims against Ferry and Busch for lack of personal jurisdiction, he has abandoned
that issue. See Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (explaining that we
liberally interpret briefs filed by pro se litigants; however, issues the pro se litigant fails to brief
on appeal are deemed abandoned and are not considered). Mandala similarly failed to address
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pleaded in a complaint must “state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff
pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Id. A plaintiff must plead
“more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a
cause of action will not do.”
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “Conclusory allegations,
unwarranted deductions of facts or legal conclusions masquerading as facts will
not prevent dismissal.” Jackson v. BellSouth Telecomms.,
372 F.3d 1250, 1262
(11th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). In considering a motion to dismiss, a court
should first “eliminate any allegations in the complaint that are merely legal
conclusions,” and then “where there are well-pleaded factual allegations, ‘assume
their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement
to relief.’” Am.
Dental, 605 F.3d at 1290 (quoting
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
Further, any allegations based in fraud must comply with the heightened pleading
standard in Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which requires
and therefore has abandoned any challenge to the district court’s dismissal of Count Six. Id.; see
also Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 680–81 (11th Cir. 2014) (explaining
that a pro se litigant also abandons a claim on appeal “when he either makes only passing
references to it, or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and
authority.”). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of all claims against Ferry and
Busch, as well as the district court’s dismissal of Count Six.
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parties alleging fraud or mistake to “state with particularity the circumstances
constituting fraud or mistake.”
Id. at 1291 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b)).
1. The RICO and Lantham Act claims were subject to dismissal under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)
Because Mandala’s RICO claims are predicated on wire fraud, they are
subject to the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b). See Am.
Dental, 605
F.3d at 1291. Similarly, Mandala’s claims under the Lantham Act—which
provides that “[a]ny person who shall procure registration in the Patent and
Trademark Office of a mark by a false or fraudulent declaration or representation,
oral or in writing, or by any false means, shall be liable in a civil action by any
person injured thereby for any damages sustained in consequence thereof”—also
sound in fraud and must comply with the heightened pleading standard. 15 U.S.C.
§ 1120 (emphasis added); see also Citibank, N.A. v. Citibanc Grp., Inc.,
724 F.2d
1540, 1544 (11th Cir. 1984) (explaining that a false or fraudulent statement is a
necessary element of a Lanham Act trademark violation).
“In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the
circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9. Rule 9(b) requires
a plaintiff to plead more than conclusory allegations that certain statements were
fraudulent; a complaint must allege facts giving rise to an inference of fraud. See
United States ex rel. Clausen v. Lab. Corp. of Am., Inc.,
290 F.3d 1301, 1313 (11th
Cir. 2002) (“If Rule 9(b) is to carry any water, it must mean that an essential
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allegation and circumstance of fraudulent conduct cannot be alleged in . . .
conclusory fashion.”).
Here, the district court did not err in dismissing the RICO claims because
Mandala failed to allege sufficiently the particular circumstances constituting
fraud. See Am.
Dental, 605 F.3d at 1291. Other than bare assertions that the
notices of copyright infringements filed by the defendants were “fraudulent,”
Mandala did not allege in his complaint any set of facts to demonstrate what was
fraudulent about the notices. Simply providing examples of the alleged fraudulent
conduct is not enough, as we held in American Dental:
Though the complaint sets out at least six examples of e-mail and
letter communications between Defendants and Plaintiffs . . .
Plaintiffs do not point to a single specific misrepresentation by
Defendants regarding how Plaintiffs would be compensated in any of
these communications, nor do they allege the manner in which they
were misled by the documents, as they are required to do under Rule
9(b). We have held that a plaintiff must allege that some kind of
deceptive conduct occurred in order to plead a RICO violation
predicated on . . . fraud.
Id. at 1291–92. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the RICO
claims (Counts One, Two, Three, and Four).
For similar reasons, the district court did not err in dismissing Mandala’s
claims under the Lanham Act. Mandala’s operative complaint did not meet the
heightened pleading standard because it failed to allege any intent or knowledge of
a false representation made by Tire Stickers. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).
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Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of all claims under the
Lanham Act (Counts Seven and Eight).
2. The DMCA claim fails because Mandala alleges trademark, not
copyright, violations
Section 512(f) of the DMCA provides that a person who
knowingly materially misrepresents under this section . . . that [a]
material or activity is infringing . . . shall be liable for any damages
. . . incurred by the alleged infringer . . . who is injured by such
misrepresentation, as a result of the service provider relying on such
misrepresentation in removing or disabling access to the material or
activity claimed to be infringing.
17 U.S.C. § 512(f). By requiring that any misrepresentation be “under this
section,” which deals exclusively with copyright infringement, the statute applies
only to copyright infringement. See
id. Thus, the district court did not err in
dismissing the claims under the DMCA because Mandala alleged the defendants
filed false notices of trademark infringement. He did not allege any violations
concerning copyright infringement. See
id. Accordingly, we affirm the district
court’s dismissal of Mandala’s claim under the DMCA (Count Five).
3. The FDUTPA claim fails because the predicate claims fail
In order to state a claim under the FDUTPA, a plaintiff “must allege (1) a
deceptive act or unfair trade practice; (2) causation; and (3) actual damages.”
Dolphin LLC v. WCI Cmtys., Inc.,
715 F.3d 1243, 1250 (11th Cir. 2013).
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Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Mandala’s claims under the
FDUPTA because his claims relied on the aforementioned RICO, DMCA, and
Lanham Act claims that also failed to state a claim. Without any surviving
predicate acts, the claims under the FDUPTA were rightfully dismissed for failure
to state a claim. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of all claims
under the FDUPTA (Count Nine).
B. The District Court Did Not Err in Dismissing the Complaint Without
Leave to Amend
Mandala argues on appeal that the district court erred in denying him leave
to amend because he had not been given a chance to amend his complaint to fix the
pleading deficiencies identified by the district court in its dismissal order. He
further contends that he would fix the deficiencies if given a chance and granting
leave to amend would not prejudice the defendants.
“Filing a motion is the proper method to request leave to amend a
complaint.” Long v. Satz,
181 F.3d 1275, 1279 (11th Cir. 1999) (citing Fed. R.
Civ. P. 7(b)(1)). A proper motion for leave to amend requires that a movant either
(1) set forth the substance of the proposed amendment, or (2) attach a copy of the
proposed amendment to the motion. Id.; see also United States ex rel. Atkins v.
McInteer,
470 F.3d 1350, 1362 (11th Cir. 2006) (explaining that a plaintiff “should
not be allowed to amend [his] complaint without showing how the complaint could
be amended to save the meritless claim.” (alteration in original)). Here, Mandala
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never filed a motion for leave to amend his second amended complaint, despite
knowing how to file such a request as evidenced by the fact that he filed one
previously in the litigation. And although, in his response to the motions to
dismiss, he mentioned in passing that leave to amend should be granted, he failed
either to set forth the substance of a proposed amended complaint or attach a
proposed amended complaint. Moreover, Mandala was granted previously two
opportunities to amend the complaint and cure any pleading deficiencies, yet he
failed to do so. “A district court need not . . . allow an amendment . . . where there
has been . . . repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously
allowed. See
Bryant, 252 F.3d at 1163 (citing Foman v. Davis,
371 U.S. 178
(1962)). Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Mandala leave to amend his complaint a third time. Id.;
Long, 181 F.3d at 1279.
AFFIRMED.
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