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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-15076
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cr-00010-JDW-PRL-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WILLIE LEE LEWIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(October 28, 2020)
Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
LAGOA, Circuit Judge:
Willie Lee Lewis appeals his 120-months sentence imposed for his conviction
of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1)
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and 924(e)(1). He argues that his prior cocaine-related convictions do not qualify as
serious drug offenses under § 924(e) of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”),
and that, therefore, the district court erred by enhancing his sentence under the
ACCA. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2019, Lewis was charged with and pled guilty to unlawful possession of a
firearm by a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)(1). In
preparation of Lewis’s sentencing, a probation officer prepared a presentence
investigation report (“PSI”) stating, in relevant part, that Lewis (1) was convicted in
1990 on three counts of selling cocaine, in violation of Florida Statutes
§§ 893.03(2)(a)(4) and 893.13(1)(a)(1), (2) was convicted in 1995 for possession of
cocaine with intent to sell, in violation of Florida Statutes §§ 893.03(2)(a)(4) and
893.13(1)(a)(1), and (3) was convicted in 2013 for trafficking in 28 to 200 grams of
cocaine, in violation of Florida Statutes §§ 893.135(1)(b) and 893.03(2)(a)(4). As
to the 1990 conviction, the PSI noted that the three counts pertained to three separate
drug transactions on different dates and were therefore “committed on different
occasions” for purposes of the ACCA.
As a result of his 2013 trafficking conviction, the PSI assigned Lewis a base
offense level of 20 under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). Based on his four cocaine-
related convictions in 1990 and 1995, the PSI recommended a sentence enhancement
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under the ACCA. After applying other adjustments, the PSI assigned Lewis a total
offense level of 30 and a criminal history category of IV, resulting in a guideline
range of 135 to 168 months’ imprisonment. But because §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)
carry a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence, his guideline range was
converted to 180 months of imprisonment. The PSI also noted that the district court
could depart from the sentencing range because Lewis provided substantial
assistance to the government under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1.
Lewis objected to the PSI and argued that a sentence enhancement under the
ACCA was improper because his convictions did not qualify as “serious drug
offense[s]” under § 924(e)(2)(A). According to Lewis, without the ACCA
enhancement, he should have been assigned a base offense level of 17 and a
guideline range of 37 to 46 months’ imprisonment.
At the sentencing hearing, Lewis repeated his arguments regarding the
applicability of the sentencing enhancement. And relevant to this appeal, Lewis also
raised for the first time an objection to the PSI’s finding that his 1990 conviction
counted as three separate offenses for purposes of the ACCA’s requirement of “three
previous convictions.” Lewis contended that, because the three counts underlying
the 1990 conviction pertain to monitored sales of cocaine to the same undercover
law enforcement officer, they are the product of “sentencing manipulation” and
should not be considered separate convictions.
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The district court overruled Lewis’s objections regarding the ACCA
enhancement and found that his 1990, 1995, and 2013 convictions, totaling five
offenses, each count as a “serious drug offense” under the ACCA. As to Lewis’s
argument that his 1990 conviction should be treated as one offense, the district court
found that Lewis waived that objection by failing to raise it according to the
procedures for objecting to the PSI and, in any event, the objection lacked merit.
The district court further noted that even treating Lewis’s 1990 conviction as a single
offense would not change the outcome because, with the 1995 and 2013 convictions,
Lewis would still be subject to three predicate offenses for purposes of the ACCA.
Based on the foregoing and the parties’ requested downward departure for Lewis’s
substantial assistance, the district court sentenced Lewis to 120 months’ of
imprisonment and five years of supervised release. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo whether a defendant’s prior conviction qualifies as a
serious drug offense under the ACCA. United States v. Longoria,
874 F.3d 1278,
1281 (11th Cir. 2017). We also review de novo “whether prior offenses meet the
ACCA’s different-occasions requirement.”
Id. However, when a defendant fails to
object to findings in a PSI in accordance with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
32 and the district court does not excuse the noncompliance, our review is limited to
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a plain error analysis. United States v. Aguilar-Ibarra,
740 F.3d 587, 591–92 (11th
Cir. 2014).
III. ANALYSIS
Lewis raises several arguments on appeal. First, he argues that his 1990
conviction for selling cocaine and his 1995 conviction for possessing with the intent
to sell or deliver cocaine, all in violation of Florida Statutes §§ 893.03(2)(a) and
893.13(1)(a)(1), are not serious drug offenses as defined under the ACCA because
they either occurred more than fifteen years ago or resulted in less than a year of
imprisonment. Second, Lewis claims that his 1990 conviction should not be counted
as three separate offenses because, under Florida law, they were the product of
sentencing manipulation and his underlying nolo contendere plea does not constitute
a conviction.
A. Whether Lewis’s 1990 and 1995 Convictions Qualify as ACCA
Predicate Offenses
Lewis argues that because he completed the prison sentences associated with
his 1990 and 1995 convictions over fifteen years before he was arrested in this case
and because his 1995 conviction resulted in less than twelve months of incarceration,
his 1990 and 1995 convictions should not count as predicate offenses under the
ACCA. We disagree.
Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), it is unlawful for a person who has been
convicted of a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year to
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possess a firearm. Any person who knowingly violates § 922(g) may be punished
by up to ten years in prison.
Id. § 924(a)(2). But if a person violates § 922(g) and
has three prior convictions for a “violent felony or a serious drug offense,” the
ACCA mandates a fifteen-year minimum sentence.
Id. § 924(e)(1). Of relevance
here, the term “serious drug offense” is defined as:
an offense under State law, involving manufacturing, distributing, or
possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute, a controlled
substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act
(21 U.S.C. 802)), for which a maximum term of imprisonment of ten
years or more is prescribed by law.
Id. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). Significantly, there is no temporal limitation on predicate
convictions for ACCA purposes, as the text of § 924(e) “bases the enhanced penalty
on three prior violent felony [or serious drug] convictions, without qualification.”
United States v. Green,
904 F.2d 654, 655 (11th Cir. 1990).
Despite the clear language of § 924(e)(2)(A), Lewis asserts that the definition
of “serious drug offense” was modified by section 401 of the First Step Act of 2018
(“First Step Act”), Pub. L. 115-391, § 401, 132 Stat. 5194, 5220–21, to include
requirements that “the offender served a term of imprisonment of more than 12
months” and “the offender’s release from any term of imprisonment was within 15
years of the commencement of the instant offense.” We find this argument without
merit. By its plain language, the First Step Act does not amend the definition of
“serious drug offense” under § 924(e)(2)(A) or otherwise modify the ACCA. See
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id. Instead, the text that Lewis relies upon amends only section 102 of the Controlled
Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. § 802, by adding to that act a definition for “serious drug
felony” as follows:
(57) The term “serious drug felony” means an offense described in
section 924(e)(2) of title 18, United States Code, for which—
(A) the offender served a term of imprisonment of more than 12
months; and
(B) the offender’s release from any term of imprisonment was
within 15 years of the commencement of the instant offense.
First Step Act § 401(a)(1). As such, the First Step Act merely created a new term
for the Controlled Substances Act by borrowing the definition of “serious drug
offense” from the ACCA and adding some additional qualifiers to it. Nowhere does
the First Step Act suggest a modification to the text of § 924(e)(2) itself.
Based on the plain and unambiguous language of the First Step Act and of §
924(e)(2)(A), we reject Lewis’s argument and we decline to address Lewis’s
interpretation issues based on the “cross-referencing” of the Controlled Substances
Act and the ACCA. See Robinson v. Shell Oil Co.,
519 U.S. 337, 340 (1997) (“Our
first step in interpreting a statute is to determine whether the language at issue has a
plain and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case.
Our inquiry must cease if the statutory language is unambiguous and ‘the statutory
scheme is coherent and consistent.’” (quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc.,
489 U.S. 235, 240 (1989))). The ACCA does not impose a temporal requirement on
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predicate offenses or require that the predicate offenses result in at least twelve
months’ imprisonment.
Additionally, applying the plain language of § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii) to Lewis’s
1990 and 1995 convictions here, we find that each conviction constitutes a “serious
drug offense.” Each conviction was based on violations of Florida Statutes §§
893.13(1)(a)(1) and 893.03(2)(a). Section 893.13(1)(a)(1) provides that a person
who sells, manufactures, delivers, or possesses with intent to sell, manufacture, or
deliver a controlled substance—including cocaine—commits a felony in the second
degree punishable under Florida Statutes § 775.082. In turn, section 775.082(d)
provides that such a second-degree felony is punishable “by a term of imprisonment
not exceeding 15 years.” And cocaine falls within the definition of a “controlled
substance” of the Controlled Substances Act. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6),
812(c)(Schedule II)(a)(4). The district court therefore did not err by finding that
Lewis’s 1990 and 1995 convictions qualify as predicate offenses under the ACCA.
B. Whether Lewis’s 1990 Conviction Counts as Three Separate
ACCA Predicate Offenses
We next consider Lewis’s argument that his 1990 conviction should not be
treated as three separate offenses for purposes of the ACCA because he pled nolo
contendere to those charges and because they result from sentencing manipulation.
We review this issue for plain error because, as Lewis concedes, he failed to timely
raise this argument and the district court did not excuse his noncompliance with Rule
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32. See
Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d at 591–92. “Plain error occurs ‘if (1) there was
error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4)
that seriously affected the “fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.”’”
Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281 (quoting United States v. Wright,
607
F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir. 2010)).
As discussed above, the ACCA enhances the sentence of a defendant
convicted under § 922(g) if the defendant “has three previous convictions . . . for a
violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different
from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). To determine whether the prior
convictions were “committed on occasions different from one another,” courts must
look to the timing and circumstances of each conviction. See
Longoria, 874 F.3d at
1281–82 (quoting § 924(e)(1)). To satisfy the “different-occasions requirement,”
the convictions “must have arisen from ‘separate and distinct criminal episode[s]’
and be for ‘crimes that are temporally distinct.’”
Id. (alteration in original) (quoting
United States v. Sneed,
600 F.3d 1326, 1329 (11th Cir. 2010)). “Distinctions in time
and place are usually sufficient to separate criminal episodes from one another even
when the gaps are small.” United States v. Pope,
132 F.3d 684, 690 (11th Cir. 1998).
Here, as to Lewis’s argument that he pleaded nolo contendere to the three
1990 charges for selling cocaine, that plea still resulted in an adjudication of guilt by
the Florida court. And under our precedent, pleas—including nolo contendere
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pleas—that result in adjudications of guilt constitute convictions for purposes of the
ACCA. United States v. Drayton,
113 F.3d 1191, 1193 (11th Cir. 1997) (“We
therefore hold that a nolo contendere plea where adjudication is not withheld or
where there is subsequently an adjudication of guilt is a conviction under Florida
law which satisfies the requirement of the Armed Career Criminal statute.”); accord
United States v. Gandy,
917 F.3d 1333, 1342 (11th Cir. 2019) (“[W]e have
repeatedly explained that we treat Florida nolo convictions no differently than
convictions based on guilty pleas or verdicts of guilt for purposes of the Sentencing
Guidelines.”). While Lewis argues that a nolo contendere plea is not a confession
of guilt but instead a consent to be convicted and punished, his argument misses the
point. The Florida court adjudicated him guilty and sentenced him based on his plea.
As such, for purposes of sentencing, his conviction is no different from a conviction
resulting from a guilty plea or guilty verdict.1 See
Drayton, 113 F.3d at 1193. We
find no error—and therefore no plain error—in the district court’s treatment of the
1990 conviction as predicate offenses under the ACCA.
1
Indeed, in Drayton, we emphasized that the critical factor in determining whether a nolo
contendere plea can be counted as a conviction is whether the Florida court entered or withheld an
adjudication of guilt following the plea.
See 113 F.3d at 1193. We distinguished United States v.
Willis,
106 F.3d 966 (11th Cir. 1997), because in Willis, the Florida court withheld an adjudication
of guilt following the nolo contendere plea, thereby making the plea insufficient to establish a
conviction for purposes of a § 922(g)(1) violation. See
Drayton, 113 F.3d at 1192–93; cf. United
States v. Santiago,
601 F.3d 1241, 1245–47 (11th Cir. 2010) (holding that a guilty plea followed
by a sentence and a withholding of adjudication constitutes a conviction under Florida law for
purposes of the ACCA).
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Turning to Lewis’s argument about the number of offenses resulting from his
1990 conviction, we note that each charge was based on separate cocaine
transactions. Per the charging document, count one relates to a sale of cocaine on
September 18, 1990, count two relates to a sale of cocaine on September 14, 1990,
and count three relates to a sale of cocaine on August 31, 1990. Because each count
relates to a separate, successive act that was temporally distinct from the others, the
three charges constitute separate, predicate offenses for purposes of the ACCA. See
Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281.
Lewis does not contest these facts nor ask us to ignore them. Instead, he
argues that, because each sale of cocaine was to the same confidential source
monitored by the same law enforcement official and based on the same “buyer-seller
relationship,” the resulting convictions should not be counted separately. Lewis
notes that Florida courts are permitted to vary downward in sentencing defendants
if they find “sentence manipulation,” i.e., when it is shown that law enforcement
continued sting operations against a defendant solely to enhance the defendant’s
sentence. See, e.g., State v. Steadman,
827 So. 2d 1022, 1024–25 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
2002). While, arguably, the Florida court in 1990 could have reduced Lewis’s
sentence upon a finding of sentence manipulation, this does not change the fact that
Lewis was charged with, and then adjudicated guilty of, three separate offenses and
that no such finding of sentence manipulation or resulting downward departure was
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made. And Lewis provides no authority suggesting that a Florida doctrine
permitting discretionary sentence reductions overrides our precedent construing the
ACCA, and we have found none. See United States v. Braun,
801 F.3d 1301, 1303
(11th Cir. 2015) (“We are bound by federal law when we interpret terms in the
ACCA, and we are bound by state law when we interpret the elements of state-law
crimes.”). We therefore reject his argument based on sentence manipulation and find
that the district court did not err—plainly or otherwise—in counting Lewis’s 1990
conviction as three separate predicate offenses for purposes of the ACCA.
IV. CONCLUSION
Because Lewis’s 1990 and 1995 convictions constituted four separate
predicate offenses under the ACCA, the district court did not err in applying the
sentence enhancement under the ACCA.2 We therefore affirm the district court’s
judgment and Lewis’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.
2
Lewis’s final argument is that his 2013 conviction for cocaine trafficking under Florida
Statutes § 893.135 should not qualify as a “serious drug offense” under the ACCA. This remains
an open question in this Circuit. See United States v. Conage, No. 17-13975,
2020 WL 5814501,
at *2 (11th Cir. Sept. 30, 2020). But because his 1990 and 1995 convictions total four predicate
offenses with sufficient temporal distinction under the ACCA, we need not address this final
argument as the ACCA requires only three predicate offenses to warrant imposition of the sentence
enhancement. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) (requiring “three previous convictions . . . for a violent
felony or a serious drug offense”). Whether his 2013 conviction is a predicate offense is therefore
immaterial to the present appeal, and we decline to address it here.
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