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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-14863
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 2:17-cv-00225-ALB-SMD
TIFFANY HUGHES,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
WAL-MART STORES EAST, LP,
MICHAEL R. HARRIS,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
________________________
(February 24, 2021)
Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Tiffany Hughes appeals from the district court’s order granting Walmart
Stores and Michael Harris summary judgment in her action, in which she asserted
that the defendants—her former employers—had retaliated against her in violation
of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),
42 U.S.C. § 12101, and defamed her
in violation of Alabama law. As to her retaliation claim, she argues that the district
court erred in granting summary judgment because she established a causal
connection between several attempts to receive an accommodation for her disability
and her eventual suspension and termination. As to her defamation claim, she argues
that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because the allegedly
defamatory statement that she was “unfit” to continue working at a Walmart
pharmacy on July 6, 2016, was not a mere opinion.
For reasons explained further below, we conclude that the district court did
not err in granting summary judgment on Mrs. Hughes’ retaliation and defamation
claims. We therefore affirm.
I
Mrs. Hughes has been diagnosed with several medical disorders which limit
her fine motor skills and ability to stand for long periods of time. See D.E. 85-15 at
2. These ailments include Lupus, Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (hypermobility
syndrome), joint subluxation, muscle spasms, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative
disk disease, unclassified connective tissue disorder, and fibromyalgia. See
id. Mrs.
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Hughes first made her supervisor, Mr. Harris, aware of these conditions during a
conversation with him in February of 2015 about her potential inability to comply
with a new Walmart policy requiring certification to deliver injections by syringe
due to her medical disabilities. Mrs. Hughes alleges that this disclosure was the first
domino in a series of protected activities followed by retaliation which has led to the
current suit. See Appellant’s Brief at 4.
The second domino to fall, according to Mrs. Hughes, occurred four months
later when Mr. Harris gave her a “heads up” that she might lose her benefits because
she had been incorrectly categorized as a full-time employee. See
id. In July, Mrs.
Hughes complained to Mr. Harris’ supervisor, Mr. Souers, who confirmed that she
needed more hours to retain her benefits. See
id. at 5. Ms. Harris ultimately was
recategorized as part time and lost a “substantial array” of benefits. See
id.
The next wave of dominos was set in motion in August of 2015, when Mrs.
Hughes complained to Mr. Harris about her change in employment status. See
id.
Mr. Harris subsequently emailed Mr. Azarello, Mrs. Hughes’ pharmacy manager,
directing him to remove a stool which had been in the pharmacy for years and was
frequently used by the employees, including Mrs. Hughes. See
id. Mrs. Hughes
asked Mr. Harris to reconsider and keep the stool because it helped her manage the
pain from her medical conditions. See
id. Despite having the authority to allow “job
aids,” Mr. Harris declined to accommodate the request and directed Mrs. Hughes to
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make a formal request with Walmart for reasonable accommodation under the ADA.
See
id. at 4–5.
Mrs. Hughes submitted a formal request for a stool on October 16, 2015.
Despite her request being approved on November 5, an OSHA—approved stool
wasn’t ordered until February of 2016, although she was allowed to use the other
stool. See
id. at 6–7. In response to this delay, Mrs. Hughes lodged a complaint of
discrimination with Walmart’s Global Ethics Hotline against Mr. Harris. See
id. at
6. Mr. Harris became aware of the complaint and subsequently ordered another
employee, Mr. Azarello, to write up Mrs. Hughes for failing to properly complete a
hazardous waste label. See
id. Despite Mr. Azarello admitting that he had
prematurely placed the label, he received no discipline while Mrs. Hughes was
written up, resulting in an elevation of her discipline status and paid remedial
training. See
id. at 7.
On January 7, 2016, Mrs. Hughes filed a charge of discrimination and
retaliation with the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission, which Mr. Harris
and Souers both learned of. See
id. at 7–8. This was followed by a four-month respite
until, on May 17, 2016, Walmart Compliance contacted Mrs. Hughes to alert her
that she had yet to compete the conflict of interest form required of all pharmacy
employees. See
id. at 8. Mrs. Hughes expressed reservations about her ability to
accurately complete the form and on May 25 was told by a Walmart Compliance
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representative, Ms. McCool, that she would consult with her team and get back to
Mrs. Hughes with additional instructions. See
id. Unfortunately, such guidance never
arrived, and Mrs. Hughes never heard from Ms. McCool again. See
id. Mr. Harris
and Souers were aware of Mrs. Hughes’ lack of compliance and exchanged several
emails with Walmart Compliance before ultimately being told on June 23 that “until
guidance is provided, no employment action related to the COI survey can be taken
against Hughes.” See
id. at 9.
The next confrontation occurred one week later when Mr. Harris and Souers
decided to tour Store #483, the Walmart store at which Mrs. Hughes worked, and on
a day she was scheduled to work. Apparently having noticed Mrs. Hughes’ open-
toed shoes during the tour, Mr. Harris texted Mrs. Hughes the morning of her next
scheduled day of work and instructed her to wear close-toed shoes in compliance
with his interpretation of the Walmart dress code policy. See
id. at 11. Despite
having worn open-toed shoes in the pharmacy for years, Mrs. Hughes complied and
changed into her husband’s dress shoes. See
id. Unfortunately, however, the saga
did not end there, and Mr. Harris and Mrs. Hughes had a series of three escalating
confrontations over the dress code and conflict of interest form. See
id. at 11–14.
The last confrontation ended with Mr. Harris telling Mrs. Hughes that she was “unfit,
“no longer in a frame of mind to safely fill prescriptions that day,” and “was going
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to be relieved of her duties for the day so that she could get into a better frame of
mind.”
Id. at 13–14.
Walmart subsequently suspended Mrs. Hughes and conditioned her
reinstatement on completion and return of the conflict of interest form before July
31. See
id. at 15. Walmart later added that Mrs. Hughes had to meet with Mr. Harris
or another member of leadership before returning to work or could find another
position in a different market. See
id. at 15–16. Walmart formally terminated Mrs.
Hughes on September 26, 2016. Mrs. Hughes sued, resulting in the present case.
II
We review a district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo,
“viewing all evidence, and drawing all reasonable inferences, in favor of the
non-moving party.” Vessels v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys.,
408 F.3d 763, 767 (11th Cir.
2005). A party is entitled to summary judgment if it can show “that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and [it] is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A district court, like this Court, must view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Sun Life Assurance Co. of
Can. v. Imperial Premium Fin., LLC,
904 F.3d 1197, 1207 (11th Cir. 2018).
III
Title I of the ADA prohibits discrimination against an individual on the basis
that the individual “opposed any act or practice made unlawful by [the ADA]” or
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“made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation,
proceeding or hearing” conducted under the statute.
42 U.S.C. § 12203(a). We
assess ADA retaliation claims under the same framework as retaliation claims under
Title VII. See Standard v. A.B.E.L. Servs., Inc.,
161 F.3d 1318, 1328 (11th Cir.
1998). Thus, when a plaintiff alleges retaliation under the ADA without direct
evidence of the employer’s retaliatory intent, we apply the burden-shifting
framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
411 U.S. 792 (1973).
See Batson v. Salvation Army,
897 F.3d 1320, 1328–29 (11th Cir. 2018).
Under this framework, the plaintiff has the initial burden to establish a prima
facie case of retaliation, and once she does, “the burden shifts to the employer to
articulate a nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action.”
Id. at 1329. “If the
employer does so, the burden shifts back to the employee to demonstrate that the
employer’s proffered reason was pretextual by presenting evidence sufficient to
permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the reasons given by the employer
were not the real reasons for the adverse employment decision.”
Id. (quotations
marks omitted).
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, the plaintiff must show that
(1) she engaged in a statutorily protected expression, (2) she suffered an adverse
employment action, and (3) there was a causal connection between the two. See
id.
at 1328. To establish the first element, “it is sufficient that an employee have a good
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faith, objectively reasonable belief that [her] activity is protected by the [ADA].”
Standard, 161 F.3d at 1328. An employee participates in a protected activity when
she makes “a request for a reasonable accommodation.” Frazier-White v. Gee,
818
F.3d 1249, 1258 (11th Cir. 2016).
As to the causal connection requirement, a plaintiff need only demonstrate
“that the protected activity and the adverse action were not wholly unrelated.” Shotz
v. City of Plantation, Fla.,
344 F.3d 1161, 1180 n.30 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation
marks omitted, and emphasis in original). One way that a plaintiff can do so is by
providing sufficient evidence that a decision-maker was aware of the protected
activity, and that there was a close temporal proximity between this awareness and
the adverse action. See
id. Absent any other evidence tending to show causation, a
claim of retaliation fails as a matter of law “[i]f there is a substantial delay between
the protected expression and the adverse action.” Higdon v. Jackson,
393 F.3d 1211,
1220 (11th Cir. 2004).
We have determined that a time interval of three to four months between the
protected activity and termination is too attenuated, as a matter of law, to satisfy the
causation element of a retaliation claim. See Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc.,
506
F.3d 1361, 1364 (11th Cir. 2007). Regardless, the plaintiff must prove “that the
desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged employment action.” See
Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar,
570 U.S. 338, 352 (2013).
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Mrs. Hughes cannot rely on temporal proximity to create a jury issue on
causation because nearly six months passed between her EEOC complaint on
January 7, 2016, and the alleged retaliatory action—her suspension—on July 6,
2016. There was no other protected activity between January and July to show or
permit a finding of causation.
Temporal proximity, however, is not the only way to prove causation, and
Mrs. Hughes argues that a pattern of protected activity followed by retaliation
establishes the causation element. See Appellant’s Brief at 37–38; Goldsmith v.
Bagby Elevator Company, Inc.,
513 F.3d 1261, 1277–78 (11th Cir. 2008). The
problem with this theory of causation is that the retaliation she points to falls short
of the second element of a prima facie case of retaliation. In the context of Title VII,
the Supreme Court has held that “a plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee
would have found the challenged action materially adverse, which in this context
means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting
a charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White,
548 U.S.
53, 68 (2006) (quotation marks omitted). Nonetheless, “[a]n employee’s decision to
report discriminatory behavior cannot immunize that employee from those petty
slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work and that all employees
experience.”
Id.
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As the district court pointed out, Mrs. Hughes cannot point to any retaliation
that does not hinge on the application of a workplace rule that applies to all. See
D.E. 100 at 13. This includes the initial denial of the request for a stool and
subsequent delay, as well as other sanctions for the mislabeling of waste containers,
dress code violations, and insubordination. See Appellant’s Brief at 13–21. Although
Mrs. Hughes argues that each rule was unfairly or wrongly applied to her, the uneven
application and minimal consequences pled does not rise above the “petty slights
and minor annoyances that often take place at work.” See Burlington,
548 U.S. at
68. A pattern of the enforcement of universally applicable rules is insufficient to
show that Walmart’s proffered reasoning for her firing—her insubordination—was
pretextual and therefore fails to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. See
D.E. 100 at 14. 1
In sum, the district court did not err in granting the defendants’ summary
judgement motion as to the retaliation claim because Mrs. Hughes failed to establish
a causal connection between any protected activity and an adverse action.
Accordingly, we affirm as to the retaliation claim.
1
The defendants also argue that the mislabeling of the waste container incident cannot be
considered because it was forfeited when Mrs. Hughes failed to exhaust her administrative by not
including it in her EEOC complaint. See Appellee’s Brief at 28–29. Although we do not need
address this argument, we have considered the incident as part of the theory of causation based on
a pattern of retaliation.
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IV
To establish a prima facie case of defamation under Alabama law, a plaintiff
must show that “[1] that the defendant was at least negligent [2] in publishing [3] a
false and defamatory statement to another [4] concerning the plaintiff, [5] which is
either actionable without having to prove special harm (actionable per se) or
actionable upon allegations and proof of special harm (actionable per quod).” Ex
parte Crawford Broad. Co.,
904 So. 2d 221, 225 (Ala. 2004) (alteration in original).
The district court granted summary judgment against Mrs. Hughes,
concluding that Mr. Harris’ statements—describing Mrs. Hughes as “unfit” and “no
longer in a frame of mind to safely fill prescriptions that day,” and saying that she
“was going to be relieved of her duties for the day so that she could get into a better
frame of mind”—were statements of opinion accompanied by disclosed facts and so
could not constitute defamation. See D.E. 100 at 15–17; Sanders v. Smitherman,
776
So. 2d 68, 74 (Ala. 2000).
Mrs. Hughes makes a strong argument that the district court may have erred
in finding that Mr. Harris’ statements were accompanied by disclosed facts and so
should not fall under the opinion exception. See Sanders,
776 So. 2d at 74. It strikes
us as unlikely, and at a minimum a factual question, whether a bystander overhearing
these statements would be aware of the contextualizing nondefamatory facts the
district court relied on—that Mrs. Hughes had failed to complete a COI form, refused
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to leave the pharmacy, and raised her voice so that people could hear the argument.
See D.E. 100 at 17.
Although we do not necessarily agree with the district court as to the presence
of disclosed facts, we agree with the defendants that the claim alleges defamation
per quod without any special damages being proved, and that this deficiency is
sufficient to grant summary judgment. See Appellee’s Brief at 23–24. Slander per
quod is “slander founded on oral malicious defamation subjecting the plaintiff to
disgrace, ridicule, odium, or contempt,” and requires a plaintiff to allege and prove
special damages. See Delta Health Group, Inc. v. Stafford,
887 So. 2d 887, 896-97
(Ala. 2004). Viewing the well-pled facts in the light most favorable to Mrs. Hughes,
the alleged defamatory statement would not be slander per se under Alabama law,
and Mrs. Hughes has made no showing of special damages to support a slander per
quod claim. See Hayes v. Wal-Mart Stores,
953 F. Supp. 1334, 1343 (M.D. Ala.
1996). The district court did not err in granting summary judgment on the defamation
claim because Mrs. Hughes failed to present the required evidence of special
damages.
V
We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
defendants on both the ADA retaliation and defamation claims.
AFFIRMED.
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