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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-10667
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GEORGE POULO,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 6:20-cr-00050-PGB-DCI-1
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-10667
Before WILSON, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
LAGOA, Circuit Judge:
This appeal has been consolidated with United States v.
Dawson, No. 21-11425. Like Dawson, this appeal asks us to deter-
mine whether an adult who films himself exposing his genitals and
masturbating in the presence of a child where the child is the object
of sexual desire in the film “uses” that child to engage in sexually
explicit conduct for purposes of
18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). For the rea-
sons discussed in Dawson, we hold that the above conduct fits
squarely within the language of the statute.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Underlying Facts
In June 2020, a federal grand jury issued a superseding indict-
ment, charging Poulo with five counts of sexual exploitation of a
minor, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) 1 and (e) (“Counts One
1 Section 2251(a) provides:
(a) Any person who employs, uses, persuades, induces, entices,
or coerces any minor to engage in, or who has a minor assist
any other person to engage in, or who transports any minor in
or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or in any Terri-
tory or Possession of the United States, with the intent that
such minor engage in, any sexually explicit conduct for the
purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct or
for the purpose of transmitting a live visual depiction of such
conduct, shall be punished as provided under subsection (e), if
such person knows or has reason to know that such visual de-
piction will be transported or transmitted using any means or
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21-10667 Opinion of the Court 3
through Five”), and one count of distribution of child pornography,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2) and (b)(1) (“Count Six”).
Poulo pleaded not guilty and waived his right to a jury trial.
Before the bench trial, the parties stipulated to the following
facts. On February 3, 2020, Investigator Michael Sewall, an under-
cover sheriff’s office investigator in Wisconsin, observed Poulo and
others conversing on Kik—an online social media application—in
a chat room called “breeding no age limits.” There, Poulo told the
group that he had let a five-year-old girl come into his bedroom
and touch his penis while he pretended to be asleep. At that point,
Investigator Sewall and Poulo started chatting via private message
on Kik, and Poulo told Investigator Sewall that he could get the girl
to “jerk him off” and that he planned to masturbate after the
woman living with him left the house.
A couple minutes later, Poulo sent Investigator Sewall a
photo of his erect penis. He later sent Investigator Sewall two
more photos of his erect penis with what appeared to be ejacula-
tory fluid on it. The two photos depicted a fully clothed girl who
facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting in-
terstate or foreign commerce or mailed, if that visual depiction
was produced or transmitted using materials that have been
mailed, shipped, or transported in or affecting interstate or for-
eign commerce by any means, including by computer, or if
such visual depiction has actually been transported or trans-
mitted using any means or facility of interstate or foreign com-
merce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or
mailed.
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-10667
was about five years old and standing in the doorway of the room
looking at Poulo as he lay naked on a bed with his penis erect.
Those photos were the basis for Counts One and Two.
Later that day, Poulo sent Investigator Sewall three photos
of himself masturbating while the same fully clothed, five-year-old
girl watched from the doorway of the room. The first photo
showed the girl with her back to Poulo but appearing to look over
her shoulder toward him. In the other two photos, the girl was
directly looking at Poulo while he masturbated. Those three im-
ages were the basis for Counts Three through Five.
After these conversations, FBI agents searched Poulo’s
home and interviewed him. Poulo admitted during the interview
that he had used the Kik application and had used his cellphone to
take the five photos as the five-year-old girl stood “in the doorway
watching him.” He also explained that he had taken the photos to
“impress guys on the internet” and admitted that he “took the pic-
tures of the five-year-old appearing to watch him masturbate be-
cause it was arousing to him and it was arousing to him to send
them to other people.” He admitted that he was sexually attracted
to the five-year-old girl.
In the joint stipulation, the parties agreed that the photos are
visual depictions of Poulo with an actual minor while he engaged
in self-masturbation, which constituted sexually explicit conduct
and lascivious exhibition of his genitals. Poulo took the five photos
“for the purpose of photographing” the five-year-old girl. Poulo
actually shipped, transported, and transmitted the photos using a
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21-10667 Opinion of the Court 5
means and facility of interstate and foreign commerce, specifically
via the Internet using the Kik application on his iPhone.
B. Procedural History
At the bench trial, the government and Poulo advanced es-
sentially the same arguments as the parties in Dawson.2 The gov-
ernment argued that the district court should find Poulo guilty of
Counts One through Five because he violated § 2251(a) by using
the child to engage in sexually explicit conduct in order to create a
visual depiction of that conduct. The government argued that
Poulo “used” the child to engage in sexually explicit conduct since
he created the images and engaged in the masturbation only be-
cause of the child’s presence. It further argued that Poulo’s use of
the child satisfied the expansive definition of the word “use” in the
context of § 2251(a) as found by the Third and Eighth Circuits. See
United States v. Lohse,
797 F.3d 515 (8th Cir. 2015); United States
v. Finley,
726 F.3d 483 (3d Cir. 2013).
Poulo, on the other hand, asserted that the five images con-
stituting the basis of Counts One through Five were legally
2This case has been consolidated with United States v. Dawson, No. 21-11425
for purposes of oral argument. Dawson raises the same issue of statutory in-
terpretation, namely, whether a defendant “uses” a minor to engage in sex-
ually explicit conduct for the purposes of
18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) when the defend-
ant makes a visual depiction of himself engaging in sexually explicit conduct
nearby a fully clothed minor. The district court in that case, like the district
court here, concluded that § 2251(a) criminalizes visual depictions of sexually
explicit conduct where the minor is a passive participant.
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-10667
insufficient to sustain convictions on those counts under § 2251(a).
In doing so, he summarized the Seventh Circuit’s holding in United
States v. Howard,
968 F.3d 717, 718 (7th Cir. 2020), that a defendant
who had made visual depictions of himself masturbating next to a
fully clothed and sleeping child had not violated § 2251(a). Poulo
argued that, based on the “striking similarity” between the stipu-
lated facts and the facts in Howard, he had not violated § 2251(a)
by creating the five photos in this case. During the bench trial,
Poulo moved for a judgment of acquittal on Counts One through
Five, which the government opposed.
The district court issued a memorandum opinion and order
on the merits that adjudicated Poulo guilty of all six counts. The
district court first noted that this Court had not yet been con-
fronted with the specific issue of whether criminal liability under
§ 2251(a) requires the child to have been actively engaged in the
sexually explicit conduct. The district court then summarized the
cases from the Third, Seventh, and Eighth Circuits that address the
meaning of “use” in § 2251. Thereafter, the district court explained
that it was declining to follow the Seventh Circuit because its anal-
ysis in Howard “fails to accord the plain meaning to [the word]
‘uses’ and fails to properly construe the textual import of the words
‘to engage in.’”
The district court began its own analysis by considering the
comprehensive scheme that Congress created to combat child por-
nography and child exploitation. The district court determined
that the absence of any requirement in § 2251(a) that the minor
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21-10667 Opinion of the Court 7
actively perform a sexually explicit act reflected an intentional leg-
islative decision to broadly cover instances of child sexual exploita-
tion, including conduct that falls short of the traditional notion of
child pornography.
The district court then narrowed in on the language of
§ 2251(a). Relying on the plain meaning of the verb “use”—which
it understood as being “to put into action or service: avail oneself
of: employ . . . to carry out a purpose or action by means of”—the
district court determined that a defendant “uses” a minor to engage
in sexually explicit conduct under § 2251(a) “by employing the mi-
nor as a prop or an object of desire while [the defendant] is engaged
in sexually explicit conduct.”
The district court also reasoned that, if Congress had wanted
to limit § 2251(a)’s reach to require a minor’s active participation in
the sexually explicit conduct, it would have “proscribed the use of
a minor ‘engaging in’—active participation—instead of use of a mi-
nor ‘to engage in’—passive participation—sexually explicit con-
duct.” The district court similarly reasoned that Congress could
have borrowed language from other statutes to proscribe the use
of a minor with knowledge that the minor would be portrayed en-
gaging in sexually explicit conduct. Because Congress had done
neither, the district court declined to construe § 2251(a) to disre-
gard the plain meaning of “use.”
The district court further noted that, because Congress had
created other laws that criminalized conduct involving visual de-
pictions of minors actively engaging in sexually explicit conduct, it
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-10667
was unsurprising that § 2251(a) criminalized “a host of other means
by which a minor is sexually exploited short of active participation
in the proscribed sex acts.”
For these reasons, the district court found Poulo guilty of all
counts and denied his motion for a judgment of acquittal. The dis-
trict court sentenced Poulo to a 2,040-month total sentence, con-
sisting of 360 months on each of Counts One through Five and 240
months on Count Six, all running consecutively, to be followed by
a life term of supervised release.
Poulo timely appealed his convictions for Counts One
through Five.3
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo both the interpretation of a criminal
statute as well as the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal
based on the sufficiency of the evidence. United States. v. Pirela
Pirela,
809 F.3d 1195, 1198 (11th Cir. 2015).
III. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Poulo argues that he did not violate § 2251(a) be-
cause the images at issue depict an adult engaging in solo, adult-
only sexually explicit conduct near a fully clothed minor who was
not the focal point of the images, depicted as a sexual object, or
3 Poulo did not contest below, and does not challenge on appeal, his convic-
tion for Count Six under § 2252A(a)(2) and (b)(1) for distribution of child por-
nography.
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21-10667 Opinion of the Court 9
otherwise involved in the sexual act. Poulo contends that the key
phrases “uses” and “to engage in,” as relied on by the district court
to convict him under § 2251(a), require some sort of “action involv-
ing a minor (uses) with some logical relationship to the minor’s
participation (to engage in) in sexually explicit conduct.” Those el-
ements, according to Poulo, are not met here. We disagree.
Section 2251(a) makes it illegal for “[a]ny person who em-
ploys, uses, persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any minor to
engage in . . . any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of pro-
ducing any visual depiction of such conduct or for the purpose of
transmitting a live visual depiction of such conduct . . . .”
Poulo’s interpretation of § 2251(a) to require the active par-
ticipation of the child in the sexually explicit conduct for criminal
liability is now foreclosed by this Court’s decision in United States
v. Dawson, No. 21-11425, at 15–22 (11th Cir. Apr. 5, 2023). There,
we concluded that a minor does not need to be the one engaging
in the sexually explicit conduct in order to be “used” under the
plain meaning of the statute. Rather, an adult can “use” a child as
the object of sexual desire while he records himself engaging in sex-
ually explicit conduct, like masturbating to the child while in the
child’s presence. In light of that decision, Poulo’s interpretive ar-
gument fails.
As a final matter, we note that Poulo has requested for the
first time on appeal that we apply the rule of lenity to read § 2251(a)
to exclude his conduct. But, as this Court concluded in Dawson,
the rule of lenity does not apply to § 2251(a) because “the
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-10667
traditional tools of statutory interpretation provide sufficient clar-
ity on the meaning of § 2251(a).” Dawson, No. 21-11425, at 24.
Therefore, Poulo’s rule of lenity argument similarly fails.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons expressed in Dawson, Poulo’s conduct falls
squarely within the scope of the conduct prohibited by
18 U.S.C.
§ 2251(a). Poulo used a child to engage in sexually explicit conduct
for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of the conduct. We
therefore affirm his convictions for sexual exploitation of a minor
in violation of § 2251(a).
AFFIRMED.
