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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-11069
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 7:09-cr-00004-HL-TQL-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
FREDERICK TYRONE CALHOUN,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
________________________
(April 9, 2019)
Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Frederick Calhoun challenges on appeal the revocation of his supervised
release and the 48-month sentence the district court imposed upon revocation. He
argues that the district court erred when, in determining whether he violated the
conditions of his supervised release, it considered an Alford1 plea taken in Georgia
superior court. He further contends that the sentence the district court imposed
upon revocation was procedurally and substantively unreasonable.
We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in revoking
Calhoun’s supervised release because a preponderance of the evidence supported a
finding that Calhoun violated the conditions of his supervised release. Nor was the
sentence imposed upon revocation unreasonable. Calhoun’s sentence was
procedurally reasonable because the district court adequately explained the reasons
for imposing that sentence. It was also substantively reasonable because the
district court committed no clear error of judgment in weighing the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors in arriving at that sentence. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Frederick Calhoun pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute
cocaine base and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
The district court ultimately sentenced Calhoun to 120 months’ imprisonment,
followed by 60 months of supervised release.
1
North Carolina v. Alford,
400 U.S. 25 (1970).
2
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Calhoun served his term of imprisonment. Just over a year into his
supervised release, the United States Probation Office alleged that Calhoun had
violated the conditions of his supervised release: first, by committing aggravated
assault (“Violation 1”), and second, by possessing a firearm (“Violation 2”).
Calhoun was arrested and detained so that the district court could decide whether
to revoke his supervised release.
In preparation for the revocation hearing, the probation officer categorized
each of Calhoun’s alleged violations as Grade A; the district court was required to
revoke for Grade A violations. Taking Calhoun’s criminal history Category of I
and the Grade A violations into account, the probation officer recommended 24 to
30 months’ imprisonment.
At the revocation hearing, the government sought to introduce into evidence
an Alford plea Calhoun made in the Superior Court of Lanier County, Georgia, to
the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Calhoun objected,
arguing that because the superior court had failed to establish a factual basis for the
Alford plea, the plea was invalid. The district court overruled Calhoun’s objection
and admitted the Alford plea as evidence of Violation 2. That was the only
evidence of Violation 2 the district court considered.
As for Violation 1, the United States presented the testimony of Georgia
Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Cyrus Purdiman, while Calhoun presented
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the testimony of former Lakeland Police Department Officer Justice Jones.
Purdiman and Jones investigated the shootings of Lewis Geddie and Willie
Flintroyal—two of Calhoun’s relatives—which occurred on the same night, blocks
apart.
Purdiman testified that Geddie admitted having shot Flintroyal and accused
Calhoun of shooting him. When Purdiman later asked Calhoun whether he shot
Geddie, Calhoun said yes, but in self-defense. Purdiman testified that he found
five shell casings from a .45 caliber gun near where Geddie was shot. He also
testified that Flintroyal was shot with a .40 caliber gun and that a .40 caliber gun
was found hidden under a car near where Geddie was shot.
Jones, meanwhile, testified that while investigating the Flintroyal shooting,
he heard three shots, followed by five more. Upon investigation, he found Geddie,
shot, lying on the ground. Geddie said that Calhoun had shot him. When Jones
later asked Calhoun what had happened, Calhoun told Jones he had shot Geddie in
self-defense. Calhoun said that there were so many gunshots because he and
Geddie struggled for the gun, he ran off, and Geddie shot at his back as he ran.
While Geddie was in jail on charges of murdering Flintroyal, Geddie twice
told others that he shot Flintroyal with a .45 caliber gun. Purdiman testified that he
believed Geddie was confused about the caliber of the gun used to shoot Flintroyal.
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The district court determined by a preponderance of the evidence that
Calhoun committed Violations 1 and 2. The court revoked Calhoun’s supervised
release and acknowledged the advisory guidelines range of 24 to 30 months.
Arguing that the shooting was in self-defense, Calhoun asked for a sentence below
the guidelines range.
The district court did not grant that request. Instead, finding the guidelines
range inadequate, the court imposed a sentence of 48 months’ imprisonment. The
court considered the fact that Calhoun had “just been released from prison” after
serving a sentence for a drug and firearm offense when this offense, which also
involved a firearm, occurred. Doc. 202 at 100-01.2 The court explained that it
chose this sentence “[t]o reflect the seriousness of the violations, to promote
respect for the law, to provide just punishment for the violations, and to afford
adequate deterrence to criminal conduct and to protect the public.” Doc. 202 at
102. The court described the term of imprisonment as “an appropriate sentence,
[which] complies with the factors which are to be considered and referenced in 18
U.S.C. [§] 3583(e), and adequately addresses the totality of the circumstances.”
Id.
Calhoun objected to the sentence as “outside the guideline range of 24 to 30
months, and the conduct that was considered in the revocation report.”
Id. at 103.
Calhoun appealed and filed a motion to discharge counsel.
2
All citations in the form “Doc. #” refer to numbered entries on the district court docket.
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the district court’s conclusion that that a defendant violated the
conditions of supervised release for abuse of discretion. United States v.
Copeland,
20 F.3d 412, 413 (11th Cir. 1994). We review the district court’s
factual findings for clear error. United States v. Reese,
775 F.3d 1327, 1329 (11th
Cir. 2015).
We review the sentence imposed upon the revocation of supervised release
for reasonableness. United States v. Vandergrift,
754 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir.
2014). We look to both the procedural and substantive reasonableness of the
sentence. See Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). “The party
challenging a sentence has the burden of showing that the sentence is unreasonable
in light of the entire record, the § 3553(a) factors, and the substantial deference
afforded sentencing courts.” United States v. Rosales-Bruno,
789 F.3d 1249, 1256
(11th Cir. 2015).
III. ANALYSIS
A. The District Court Correctly Considered Calhoun’s Alford Plea in
Deciding Whether Calhoun Violated a Condition of his Supervised
Release.
Calhoun argues that his Alford plea for possession of a firearm entered in the
Superior Court of Lanier County, Georgia was invalid. Because the Alford plea
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was invalid, Calhoun asserts, the district court could not rely on it in determining
whether he possessed a firearm in violation of his supervised release.
A court may revoke a term of supervised release if it finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that the defendant violated a condition of the
supervised release. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). “A certified copy of a conviction is
proper evidence that a defendant . . . violated a condition of his or her supervised
release.” United States v. Hofierka,
83 F.3d 357, 363 (11th Cir. 1996).
Some convictions are obtained by way of Alford pleas. An Alford plea is a
guilty plea entered by a defendant who simultaneously asserts innocence. North
Carolina v. Alford,
400 U.S. 25, 31-39 (1970). In order to accept an Alford plea, a
trial court must determine there is a factual basis to support the plea. Stano v.
Dugger,
921 F.2d 1125, 1140 (11th Cir. 1991). Georgia law recognizes Alford
pleas. See Morrell v. State,
677 S.E.2d 771, 773 n.3 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009)
(describing an Alford plea as “a guilty plea [that] places the defendant in the same
position as if there had been a trial and conviction by a jury” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
Calhoun argues that the Georgia superior court failed to ensure that there
was a proper factual basis before accepting his Alford plea and that this failure
rendered the Alford plea invalid. In support of his argument, he cites to Willett v.
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Georgia,
608 F.2d 538 (1979).3 There, the Fifth Circuit held that “when a
defendant pleads guilty while claiming his or her innocence, the court commits
constitutional error in accepting the plea unless the plea is shown to have a factual
basis.”
Id. at 540.
Calhoun may be correct that his Alford plea is deficient, but revocation
proceedings are “not the proper forum in which to attack a conviction giving rise to
the revocation.”
Hofierka, 83 F.3d at 363. For our purposes, Calhoun’s conviction
is presumed valid.
Id. at 364 (holding that “[t]he sentence in this case will be
presumed valid until it is vacated on direct review or in an appropriate collateral
proceeding.”). Nothing in the record indicates, nor has Calhoun claimed, that he
successfully appealed or collaterally attacked his state conviction for unlawful
possession of a firearm. It was therefore not error for the district court to consider
the Alford plea in deciding whether Calhoun violated a condition of his supervised
release. See
id. at 363-64.
B. Calhoun’s Sentence was Reasonable.
If a district court finds that a defendant violated a condition of his supervised
release, the court may revoke the supervised release and impose a prison term.
18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). In so doing, the district court must consider the factors set
3
Decisions rendered by the former Fifth Circuit before close of business on September
30, 1981 are precedential in the Eleventh Circuit. See Bonner v. City of Prichard,
661 F.2d
1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
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forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See United States v. Sweeting,
437 F.3d 1105, 1107
(11th Cir. 2006). These factors include: the nature and circumstances of the
offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, the need to deter criminal
conduct and protect the public, the kinds of sentences available, the applicable
guidelines range, the pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission,
the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, and the need to provide
restitution to victims. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
We conduct a two-step inquiry into the reasonableness of the sentence
imposed after the revocation of supervised release. United States v. Trailer,
827
F.3d 933, 935-36 (11th Cir. 2016). At the first step, we “look to whether the
district court committed any significant procedural error, such as . . . failing to
adequately explain the chosen sentence,”
id. at 936, or failing to include “an
explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range,”
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. At
the second step, “we examine whether the sentence is substantively reasonable in
light of the totality of the circumstances and the § 3553(a) factors.”
Trailer, 827
F.3d at 935-36. When a sentence is outside the guidelines range, we “may
consider the deviation, but must give due deference to the district court’s decision
that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance.” United
States v. Williams,
526 F.3d 1312, 1322 (11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We vacate a sentence as substantively unreasonable only if we “are left
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with the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error
of judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies
outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” United
States v. Irey,
612 F.3d 1160, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Calhoun argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the
district court failed to sufficiently consider the § 3553(a) factors, apply those
factors to the facts of his case, or adequately explain its basis for imposing an
upward variance and substantively unreasonable because the sentence was
arbitrary and based on erroneous facts. We disagree.
Calhoun first asserts that the court failed to adequately consider the
§ 3553(a) factors. A district court is generally “not required to state on the record
that it has explicitly considered each of the § 3553(a) factors or to discuss each of
the § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Sanchez,
586 F.3d 918, 936 (11th Cir.
2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). We do require the district court,
however, to “set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that [it] has considered
the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising [its] own legal
decisionmaking authority.” United States v. Agbai,
497 F.3d 1226, 1230 (11th Cir.
2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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After reviewing the record, we are convinced that the district court
considered the relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. The court conducted a two-
day hearing in which it heard evidence from two different officers involved in the
Geddie shooting, entertained arguments from both parties as to their views of the
evidence, considered testimony about Calhoun’s personal circumstances, and
listened to Calhoun himself. In imposing the sentence, the district court listed
specific § 3553(a) factors and stated that the sentence complied with those factors.
The court explained that the sentence was intended “[t]o reflect the seriousness of
the violations, to promote respect for the law, to provide just punishment for the
violations, and to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct and to protect the
public.” Doc. 202 at 102. The court also stated that the sentence imposed was “an
appropriate sentence, complie[d] with the factors which are to be considered and
referenced in 18 U.S.C. 3583(c), and adequately address[ed] the totality of the
circumstances.”
Id. This satisfied the district court’s obligations to consider the
§ 3553(a) factors.
Calhoun further argues that the district court failed to explain the basis for its
upward variance. The district court must adequately explain its basis for deviation
from the guideline range. See
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. Here, we are satisfied that the
district court adequately explained the reasons for its upward variance. The court
stated that it had considered the guideline range but found it “inadequate.” Doc.
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202 at 102. The court explained that the variance was justified under the relevant
§ 3553(a) factors. Specifically, the court said that the sentence reflected the
seriousness of the violation, promoted respect for the law, provided just
punishment, afforded adequate deterrence, and protected the public. Because the
district court considered the relevant § 3553(a) factors, adequately explained its
reasons for imposing the 48-month sentence, and justified the reasons for and the
degree of the variance, we conclude that the sentence was procedurally
reasonable.4
Regarding substantive reasonableness, Calhoun contends his sentence was
unreasonable because the district’s court sentence was arbitrary. A “sentence may
be substantively unreasonable when the district court selects the sentence
arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors or fails to consider
pertinent [§] 3553(a) factors.” See United States v. Pugh,
515 F.3d 1179, 1192
(11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations adopted). We
conclude the imposition of an upward variance was reasonable, particularly
considering the court’s decision to give weight to the fact that Calhoun was
4
Calhoun also argues that the district court abused its discretion by failing to give notice
before imposing an upward departure. But the court imposed a variance, not a departure. The
court was permitted to impose an above-guideline sentence without prior notice because the
sentence was below the statutory maximum and upward deviations do not constitute a departure
when the sentence is imposed upon revocation of supervised release. See
Hofierka, 83 F.3d at
362-63; see also 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)(1).
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arrested on a drug and firearm offense shortly after completing a ten-year sentence
for a substantively similar offense. The district court thus committed no clear error
of judgment in weighing the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors in arriving at Calhoun’s
sentence.
Calhoun further argues that his sentence was unreasonable because the
sentence was based on erroneous facts. Specifically, he contends the district court
failed to consider Special Agent Purdiman’s testimony that Geddie made
inconsistent statements regarding the type of gun he had with him on the night of
the shooting and whether Geddie himself was at Flintroyal’s home when Flintroyal
was shot. A district court’s failure to comment on arguably mitigating evidence at
sentencing does not give rise to a presumption “that the court erroneously ignored
or failed to consider this evidence in determining [a defendant’s] sentence.”
United States v. Amedeo,
487 F.3d 823, 833 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations
omitted). Because the court was not required to explicitly address potentially
exculpatory or mitigating evidence at the sentencing phase, Calhoun failed to
demonstrate that his sentence was substantively unreasonable.
C. Calhoun’s Motion to Discharge Counsel is Denied.
Finally, we deny Calhoun’s motion to discharge counsel because he has not
demonstrated a “conflict of interest, a complete breakdown in communication[,] or
an irreconcilable conflict” that would justify the relief of court-appointed counsel.
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United States v. Garey,
540 F.3d 1253, 1263 (11th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quoting
United States v. Young,
482 F.2d 993, 995 (5th Cir. 1973)).
IV. CONCLUSION
Calhoun has failed to demonstrate that the district court abused its discretion
in revoking his supervised release. He has also failed to show that his sentence is
procedurally or substantively unreasonable. We therefore affirm the district court.
AFFIRMED.
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