Ricky Giddens v. Brooks County, Georgia ( 2022 )

USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 1 of 17
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11755
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
RICKY GIDDENS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
BROOKS COUNTY, GEORGIA,
BROOKS COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS,
SHERIFF MIKE DEWEY,
OFFICER FRYE,
TERRY GRIFFIN, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 2 of 17
2 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 7:19-cv-00140-LAG
____________________
Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and EDMONDSON, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Ricky Giddens, a non-prisoner proceeding pro se, 1
appeals the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s civil action against
two officers with the Sheriff’s Department in Brooks County,
Georgia.2 In his amended complaint, Plaintiff asserted against Of-
ficers Frye and Brown claims for violations of the Fourth Amend-
ment and Georgia law. Reversible error has been shown; we affirm
in part and vacate in part the order of dismissal, and remand for
further proceedings.
1 We read liberally briefs filed by pro se litigants. See Timson v. Sampson, 518
F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).
2 Plaintiff also named as defendants Brooks County, Georgia, the Brooks
County Board of Commissioners, Sheriff Mike Dewey, and Captain Terry
Griffin. Plaintiff raises no challenge to the district court’s sua sponte dismissal
of these defendants. Plaintiff’s claims against these defendants are thus not
before us on appeal.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 3 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 3
I.
In August 2019, Plaintiff filed pro se this civil action in the
district court. Plaintiff also moved for leave to proceed in forma
pauperis (“IFP”) under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. The district court granted
Plaintiff’s IFP motion upon review of Plaintiff’s financial situation.
The district court then looked at the complaint under section
1915(e)(2) and dismissed Plaintiff’s complaint for failure to state a
claim.
In October 2019, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint: the
operative complaint in this appeal. Plaintiff’s claims arise from a
traffic stop that occurred around midnight on 18 March 2019. Con-
strued liberally, Plaintiff’s amended complaint alleges these facts.
As Plaintiff was driving home “on a lonely highway,” Plaintiff
drove past Officer Frye, who was traveling in the opposite direc-
tion. Shortly after the cars passed each other, Officer Frye made a
U-turn, activated his blue lights, and followed Plaintiff “with a high
rate of speed.” Officer Frye stopped Plaintiff’s vehicle in front of
Plaintiff’s driveway.
Officer Frye asked Plaintiff “in a hostile manner” for Plain-
tiff’s license and registration. Plaintiff asked why he had been
stopped. Officer Frye first told Plaintiff that Plaintiff’s tag light was
broken but then conceded that Plaintiff’s tag light was in fact then
working. Plaintiff accused Officer Frye of lying, and the two men
argued “back and forth” about the tag light and about Officer Frye’s
real reason for stopping Plaintiff.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 4 of 17
4 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
During this exchange, Officer Frye said that Plaintiff had also
been speeding. Plaintiff responded, “You can’t be serious man.”
Plaintiff then argued with Officer Frye about whether Plaintiff had
been speeding and about why Officer Frye had failed initially to
mention a speeding violation. At some point, Officer Frye took
Plaintiff’s license and registration and returned to his patrol vehicle,
which was a K-9 Unit: a police dog was present.
Between ten and fifteen minutes later, Officer Brown ar-
rived at the scene. Officer Frye then walked his dog around the
outside of Plaintiff’s car. Officer Frye told Plaintiff that the dog had
alerted to possible contraband and instructed Plaintiff to step out
of his car.
After Plaintiff exited his car, both Officers Frye and Brown
conducted a pat-down search of Plaintiff’s person. Officer Frye
then searched Plaintiff’s car and found no contraband. During the
search process, Plaintiff continued to assert that his tag light was in
fact working, accused Officer Frye of fabricating a traffic stop, and
advised the officers that he intended to file a complaint.
Officer Frye issued Plaintiff two traffic tickets: one for a tag-
light violation and one for speeding. The tag-light violation was
later dismissed.
Plaintiff’s amended complaint lists twelve counts against de-
fendants for violations of the Fourth Amendment and Georgia law,
including unreasonable search and seizure, unlawful detention,
false imprisonment, and failure to intervene.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 5 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 5
The district court construed Plaintiff’s amended complaint
as a motion for leave to amend: a motion that the district court
granted in part and denied in part. The district court concluded
that Plaintiff had alleged sufficient facts to show that Officer Frye
lacked probable cause and reasonable suspicion to stop Plaintiff’s
vehicle. As a result -- for purposes of section 1915(e)(2) -- the dis-
trict court concluded that Plaintiff had stated sufficiently against
Officer Frye claims for unreasonable search and seizure and for un-
lawful detention under the Fourth Amendment and for false im-
prisonment under Georgia law. The district court ordered that ser-
vice be made on Officer Frye.
About Plaintiff’s remaining claims, the district court said
Plaintiff asserted only legal conclusions or recited the elements of
the causes of action. The district court thus determined that Plain-
tiff had failed to allege facts sufficient to state a claim for relief
against the remaining defendants and dismissed without prejudice
those claims.
On 19 May 2020, Plaintiff filed a USM 285 form directing the
United States Marshals Service (“USMS”) to serve Officer Frye at
the address for the Brooks County Sheriff’s Department in Quit-
man, Georgia. The form identified Officer Frye’s badge number,
but not his first name. The USMS mailed a process receipt and re-
turn to Officer Frye at the address provided by Plaintiff. The forms
were later returned as unexecuted with a note that Officer Frye no
longer worked at the Sheriff’s Department.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 6 of 17
6 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
On 28 September 2020, Plaintiff moved for an extension of
time to complete service of process and moved for an order author-
izing the USMS to serve Officer Frye. In his motion, Plaintiff pro-
vided Officer Frye’s full name but said he had been unable to locate
Officer Frye’s current address through social media or public rec-
ords. Plaintiff asserted that he should not be penalized for failure
to effect service when service was provided to Officer Frye’s last
known address.
On 29 October 2020, the district court granted Plaintiff a 45-
day extension to complete service. The district court, however,
declined to direct service on Officer Frye, explaining that the USMS
could not serve Officer Frye until Plaintiff provided a proper ad-
dress. The district court ordered Plaintiff to complete a new USM
285 form that included an address where Officer Frye could be
served. The district court warned that failure to provide a valid
address could result in dismissal of Plaintiff’s case. Plaintiff later
filed a new USM 285 form which again listed Officer Frye’s address
as the Sheriff’s Department in Quitman, Georgia.
On 20 April 2021, the district court dismissed without preju-
dice Plaintiff’s civil action for failure to effect service of process.
The district court explained that the time to perfect service had ex-
pired and that Plaintiff had failed to provide a valid address for Of-
ficer Frye. The district court found no good cause existed for the
untimely service and, thus, that dismissal was required under Fed.
R. Civ. P. 4(m).
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 7 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 7
II.
A.
We first address Plaintiff’s challenge to the district court’s
dismissal of his claims against Officer Brown. We review de novo
a district court’s sua sponte dismissal -- pursuant to section
1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) -- for failure to state a claim, and we view the fac-
tual allegations in the complaint as true. See Evans v. Ga. Reg’l
Hosp., 850 F.3d 1248, 1253 (11th Cir. 2017).
A court “shall dismiss” a case filed in forma pauperis if the
court determines, among other things, that the complaint “is friv-
olous or malicious” or “fails to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). The district court dismissed
as frivolous Plaintiff’s claims against Officer Brown because Plain-
tiff failed “to state a claim for which relief can be granted.” In re-
viewing a dismissal for failure to state a claim under section
1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), we apply the same standard that applies to dismis-
sals under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See Evans, 850 F.3d at 1253.
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “a complaint
must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plain-
tiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reason-
able inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct al-
leged.” Id. “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to
relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 8 of 17
8 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
U.S. 544, 555 (2007). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a
cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not
suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “A district court may dismiss a
complaint for failure to state a claim if an affirmative defense ap-
pears on the face of the complaint.” Murphy v. DCI Biologicals
Orlando, LLC, 797 F.3d 1302, 1305 (11th Cir. 2015).
A complaint filed by a pro se litigant is construed more lib-
erally than a formal pleading drafted by a lawyer. Powell v. Len-
non, 914 F.2d 1459, 1463 (11th Cir. 1990). Despite this leniency to-
ward pro se litigants, however, courts may not step into the role of
de facto counsel or “rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in or-
der to sustain an action.” GJR Invs. v. Cty. of Escambia, 132 F.3d
1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998).
The district court committed no error in dismissing -- for
failure to state a claim -- Plaintiff’s claims against Officer Brown.
Construed liberally, Plaintiff’s complaint purports to assert against
Officer Brown claims for conspiracy to violate Plaintiff’s Fourth
Amendment rights, failure to intervene, and for an unconstitu-
tional pat-down search. About Plaintiff’s conspiracy claims, Plain-
tiff alleged no facts supporting his conclusory allegations that Of-
ficer Brown conspired with Officer Frye (1) to conduct an unlawful
pretextual traffic stop unsupported by reasonable suspicion; (2) to
prolong unlawfully the duration of the traffic stop by conducting a
dog sniff; and (3) to deprive Plaintiff of his right to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures. These conclusory allegations
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 9 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 9
are insufficient to state a claim for relief and merit no further dis-
cussion. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
1. Failure to Intervene
Plaintiff contends that Officer Brown failed to intervene in
the purportedly unlawful traffic stop and dog sniff: violations Plain-
tiff says Officer Brown could have prevented by informing Officer
Frye that Plaintiff’s tag lights were operational.
We have recognized a cause of action for failure-to-inter-
vene in cases involving claims of excessive force and false arrest.
We have said that “[a]n officer who is present at the scene and who
fails to take reasonable steps to protect the victim of another of-
ficer’s use of excessive force can be liable for failing to intervene, so
long as he was in a position to intervene yet failed to do so.” See
Alston v. Swarbrick, 954 F.3d 1312, 1321 (11th Cir. 2020) (quota-
tions omitted). We have also determined that a non-arresting of-
ficer may be liable for failing to intervene in an unlawful arrest “if
he knew the arrest lacked any constitutional basis and yet partici-
pated in some way.” See Wilkerson v. Seymour, 736 F.3d 974, 980
(11th Cir. 2013).
Even assuming (without deciding) that our failure-to-inter-
vene precedent would extend to an unlawful traffic stop, Plaintiff
has failed to allege facts sufficient to show that Officer Brown
would be liable for failing to intervene under the circumstances of
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 10 of 17
10 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
this case. 3 By the time Officer Brown arrived, Plaintiff had already
been stopped for more than 10 or 15 minutes. Plaintiff has alleged
no facts from which we can infer plausibly that Officer Brown par-
ticipated in -- or was in a position to intervene in -- Officer Frye’s
decision to initiate the traffic stop.
Nor can we infer that Officer Brown was on sufficient notice
that the ongoing traffic stop was unlawful. Although Plaintiff’s tag
lights were working when Officer Brown arrived, Plaintiff never
alleged that Officer Brown knew or had reason to know that Of-
ficer Frye’s second stated reason for pulling Plaintiff over (speed-
ing) was untrue. See Wilkerson, 736 F.3d at 980 (concluding an
officer was not liable for failing to intervene in a false arrest when
the officer arrived after plaintiff was under arrest, relied reasonably
upon the arresting officer’s account of events, and when plaintiff
voiced no challenge to a basis of her arrest).
Plaintiff also alleged no facts showing that Officer Brown
had “the requisite information to put him on notice” that the dura-
tion of the traffic stop had been or was being unduly prolonged.
See id. Plaintiff never alleged that Officer Brown knew when Plain-
tiff was stopped. Nor has Plaintiff alleged facts from which we
might infer that Officer Brown knew -- when Officer Frye
3 In dismissing Plaintiff’s claims against Officer Brown, the district court did
not rely upon the potential affirmative defense of qualified immunity. For
purposes of this appeal, we do not either. But we do not rule out that qualified
immunity might play a legitimate role in this case if the case were to be liti-
gated further.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 11 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 11
conducted the dog sniff -- that the “ordinary inquiries incident” to
the traffic stop had already been completed. See Rodriguez v.
United States, 575 U.S. 348, 355 (2015) (“Ordinary inquiries incident
to” a traffic stop often include “checking the driver’s license, deter-
mining whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver,
and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insur-
ance.”). A dog sniff is permissible under the Fourth Amendment
as long as it is conducted within “the time reasonably required to
complete the mission of issuing a ticket for the [traffic] violation.”
See id. at 350 (quotation and alteration omitted); Illinois v. Ca-
balles, 543 U.S. 405, 407-08 (2005) (concluding that a dog sniff con-
ducted during an otherwise lawful traffic stop constituted no
Fourth Amendment violation when the “duration of the stop . . .
was entirely justified by the traffic offense and the ordinary inquir-
ies incident to such a stop”). Because a dog sniff does not inher-
ently and unlawfully prolong a traffic stop, just seeing the dog sniff
in this case would not have been sufficient to put Officer Brown on
notice that the duration of the traffic stop was at the time unlawful.
By the way, the complaint never alleges the total duration of the
stop and the complaint never alleges how long Officer Brown was
on the scene altogether.
2. Pat-Down Search
We evaluate the reasonableness of a search under an objec-
tive standard, assessing whether the facts known to the officers at
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 12 of 17
12 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
the time of the search would cause a reasonable officer under the
circumstances to believe that the search was constitutional. See
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968).
An officer may conduct a pat-down search of a driver or a
passenger during a lawful traffic stop when the officer “harbor[s]
reasonable suspicion that the person subjected to the frisk is armed
and dangerous.” Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 327 (2009). Rea-
sonable suspicion does exist when “a reasonably prudent man in
the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety
or that of others was in danger.” See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. “To
determine whether suspicion was reasonable, we evaluate the to-
tality of the circumstances surrounding the stop, including the col-
lective knowledge of all officers involved in the stop.” United
States v. Bishop, 940 F.3d 1242, 1249 (11th Cir. 2019) (concluding
that reasonable suspicion existed to conduct a pat-down search of
a passenger based upon the collective knowledge of the officers in-
volved in the traffic stop). We have concluded that reasonable sus-
picion exists to support a pat-down search of a driver during a traf-
fic stop when (1) officers smelled marijuana and alcohol coming
from the car and (2) “the driver argued with [the officer] at the ini-
tiation of the stop.” See United States v. Knight, 562 F.3d 1314,
1327 (11th Cir. 2009) (involving a traffic stop for failure to wear a
seatbelt).
In this case, Plaintiff alleges that he was stopped on a not-
well-traveled road around midnight in front of Plaintiff’s home.
From the moment Officer Frye first approached Plaintiff’s car,
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 13 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 13
Plaintiff was argumentative with Officer Frye, including accusing
Officer Frye of lying. Officer Frye’s dog later alerted to the pres-
ence of possible contraband inside Plaintiff’s car, at which point Of-
ficer Frye ordered Plaintiff to exit the car and both officers are said
to have conducted a pat-down search.
The circumstances within the collective knowledge of the
officers -- Plaintiff’s immediate argumentativeness, the officers’ de-
tection of the odor of possible contraband emanating from Plain-
tiff’s car, that the traffic stop occurred at night in an isolated loca-
tion, and that Plaintiff was on his home ground -- are objectively
dangerous circumstances the totality of which would give rise to
reasonable suspicion that Plaintiff might be armed and dangerous.
Under these circumstances, an officer in Officer Brown’s place
could have believed reasonably that his safety or that of others was
in danger and that a pat-down search was warranted. Given the
facts alleged in Plaintiff’s complaint (and guided by our decision in
Knight), we cannot draw a reasonable inference that the pat-down
search in this case violated a constitutional right. Plaintiff’s claim
was thus dismissed properly for failure to state a claim.
We affirm the district court’s dismissal -- under section
1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) -- of Plaintiff’s claims against Officer Brown.
B.
Plaintiff next challenges the district court’s dismissal of his
claims against Officer Frye for failure to effect service of process.
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 14 of 17
14 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s sua
sponte dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) for failure to effect ser-
vice. See Rance v. Rocksolid Granit USA, Inc., 583 F.3d 1284, 1286
(11th Cir. 2009). Under this standard, we will “affirm unless we
find that the district court has made a clear error of judgment, or
has applied the wrong legal standard.” Id.Under Rule 4(m), “[i]f a defendant is not served within 90
days after the complaint is filed, the court . . . must dismiss the ac-
tion without prejudice against that defendant or order that service
be made within a specified time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). If the plain-
tiff shows good cause for failing to effect timely service, the district
court must extend the time for service. Id. “Good cause exists only
when some outside factor, such as reliance on faulty advice, rather
than inadvertence or negligence, prevented service.” Lepone-
Dempsey v. Carroll Cty. Comm’rs, 476 F.3d 1277, 1281 (11th Cir.
2007) (quotations and alteration omitted).
When a plaintiff is proceeding IFP under section 1915, the
district court must order the USMS to effectuate service upon de-
fendants, provided that the plaintiff has made reasonable efforts to
identify the defendants to be served. Rance, 583 F.3d at 1286. A
failure by the USMS to effect proper service on behalf of a plaintiff
proceeding IFP and “through no fault of that plaintiff” constitutes
“good cause” under Rule 4(m). Id. at 1288.
Even absent a showing of good cause, the district court
maintains discretion under Rule 4(m) to extend the time for ser-
vice. Lepone-Dempsey, 476 F.3d at 1282. And we have said that,
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 15 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 15
when a district court finds a plaintiff has demonstrated no good
cause under Rule 4(m), “the district court must still consider
whether any other circumstances warrant an extension of time
based on the facts of the case.” Id. “Only after considering whether
any such factors exist may the district court exercise its discretion
and either dismiss the case without prejudice or direct that service
be effected within a specified time.” Id.; see Bilal v. Geo Care, LLC,
981 F.3d 903, 919 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[A] district court’s dismissal of
a case under Rule 4(m) after finding that the plaintiff did not
demonstrate good cause but before considering whether the facts
of the case justify a permissive extension of the service period is
‘premature.’”). Circumstances that might warrant an extension of
time include when the statute of limitations would prevent refiling
or when the defendant evades service. Lepone-Dempsey, 476 F.3d
at 1282.
The district court properly exercised discretion in finding no
“good cause” for an additional extension of time to serve Officer
Frye. The district court had already granted Plaintiff a 45-day ex-
tension and advised Plaintiff that the USMS could not execute ser-
vice until Plaintiff provided a valid address for Officer Frye. Instead
of providing a current address (or moving for another extension),
Plaintiff merely filed a second USM 285 form with the same out-
dated address for Officer Frye.
We have said -- in the different context of prisoner litigants
proceeding pro se and IFP -- that such plaintiffs need not “provide
the current addresses of prison-guard defendants who no longer
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 16 of 17
16 Opinion of the Court 21-11755
work at the prison.” See Richardson v. Johnson, 598 F.3d 734, 739-
40 (11th Cir. 2010) (noting the security concerns inherent in provid-
ing prisoners access to prison guards’ home addresses, the likeli-
hood that the USMS already has access to federal prison guards’
contact information, and the logistical hurdles often encountered
by prisoner-litigants). In those cases, “as long as the court-ap-
pointed agent can locate the prison-guard defendant with reasona-
ble effort, prisoner-litigants who provide enough information to
identify the prison-guard defendant have established good cause
for Rule 4(m) purposes.” Id. at 740.
On appeal, Plaintiff contends -- in reliance on our decision in
Richardson -- that he provided adequate information for the USMS
to locate and to serve Officer Frye. We have not, however, ex-
tended the rule announced in Richardson to cases like this one in
which a non-prisoner litigant is suing a non-prison guard. Given
the existing law and under the circumstances of this case, we can-
not conclude that the district court abused its discretion in finding
no “good cause” existed to excuse Plaintiff’s failure to effect timely
service.
The district court, however, did err in failing to show that it
considered whether other circumstances might exist that would
warrant a permissive extension of time to serve Officer Frye. Of
particular concern, we note that -- when the district court issued its
dismissal order on 20 April 2021 -- the record made obvious that
the applicable statutes of limitation for Plaintiff’s claims had already
USCA11 Case: 21-11755 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 17 of 17
21-11755 Opinion of the Court 17
run. 4 Although the district court is not required to grant an exten-
sion even if it concludes that Plaintiff is now barred from refiling
his claims, “it was incumbent upon the district court to at least con-
sider this factor.” See Lepone-Dempsey, 476 F.3d at 1282 (revers-
ing the district court’s dismissal for failure to effect timely service
when the district court failed to consider that the statute of limita-
tions had already expired).
We vacate the district court’s 20 April 2021 order of dismis-
sal and remand for the district court to consider explicitly whether
other circumstances (including the running of the applicable stat-
utes of limitation) would warrant a permissive extension of time to
serve Officer Frye.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND
REMANDED.
4 Plaintiff’s federal and state-law claims against Officer Frye are subject to a
two-year statute of limitations. See O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33 (providing a two-year
limitations period for personal-injury actions); Rozar v. Mullis, 85 F.3d 556,
561 (11th Cir. 1996) (stating that 42 U.S.C. § 1983 actions are governed by the
pertinent state’s limitation period for personal-injury actions); Reese v. Clay-
ton Cty., 185 Ga. App. 207, 208 (Ga. Ct. App. 1987) (claims for false imprison-
ment must be brought within two years, pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33).
Plaintiff’s claims accrued -- and the limitations period began to run -- when the
alleged unlawful traffic stop occurred on or about 18 March 2019. The limita-
tions period thus expired on or about 18 March 2021: a month before the dis-
trict court’s 20 April 2021 order of dismissal.