USCA11 Case: 22-11595 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 06/15/2023 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11595
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
JARETH RICHEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION,
COMMISSIONER,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
D.C. Docket No. 4:20-cv-00764-LSC
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11595
____________________
Before WILSON, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jareth Richey appeals the district court’s affirmance of the
Social Security Administration’s (“SSA”) denial of his claim for dis-
ability insurance benefits (“DIB”), under
42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Richey
argues that the administrative law judge’s (“ALJ”) decision to dis-
regard the medical opinions of Drs. Mary Arnold, Sarah Boxley,
Theodros Mengesha, and Scott Argo is not supported by substan-
tial evidence. He also contends that the ALJ erred when he failed
to include in his hypothetical to the vocational expert certain non-
exertional limitations for disorders that the ALJ found were re-
flected and supported in the record.1
We review the ALJ’s decision to determine whether it is
“supported by substantial evidence and based on proper legal
standards.” Winschel v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
631 F.3d 1176,
1178 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted). We review de
novo whether the ALJ applied the correct legal standards. Viverette
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
13 F.4th 1309, 1313-14 (11th Cir. 2021). “In
reviewing for substantial evidence, we may not decide the facts
anew, reweigh the evidence, or substitute our judgment for” the
ALJ’s.
Id. at 1314 (quotation marks omitted). Substantial evidence
1Richey initially raised a third issue on appeal but he withdrew that issue in
his reply brief, so we do not address it.
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22-11595 Opinion of the Court 3
is relevant evidence, greater than a scintilla, that “a reasonable per-
son would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Walker v.
Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm’r,
987 F.3d 1333, 1338 (11th Cir. 2021) (quo-
tation marks omitted). However, a decision is not based on sub-
stantial evidence if it focuses on one aspect of the evidence while
disregarding contrary evidence. McCruter v. Bowen,
791 F.2d 1544,
1548 (11th Cir. 1986).
In the social security context, we do not address issues not
raised to the district court. Crawford v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
363 F.3d
1155, 1161 (11th Cir. 2004); Stewart v. Dep’t. of Health & Human
Serv.,
26 F.3d 115, 115-16 (11th Cir.1994) (stating that, “[a]s a gen-
eral principle, this [C]ourt will not address an argument that has
not been raised in the district court”). Similarly, we have held “that
an appellant abandons a claim when he either makes only passing
references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without sup-
porting arguments and authority.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins.
Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). We have explained that
“[j]udicial economy is served and prejudice is avoided by binding
the parties to the facts presented and the theories argued below.”
Stewart,
26 F.3d at 115 (quotation marks omitted). Although we
may hear an issue not raised in the lower court when the proper
resolution is beyond any doubt, issues involving the resolution of
factual questions can never be beyond doubt. In re Daikin Miami
Overseas,
868 F.2d 1201, 1207 (11th Cir. 1989).
Eligibility for DIB requires that the claimant be disabled.
42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1)(E). The individual seeking social security
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4 Opinion of the Court 22-11595
disability benefits bears the burden of proving that he is disabled.
Moore v. Barnhart,
405 F.3d 1208, 1211 (11th Cir. 2005). A claimant
is disabled if he cannot engage in substantial gainful activity by rea-
son of a medically determinable impairment that can be expected
to result in death, or which has lasted or can be expected to last for
a continuous period of at least 12 months.
42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A).
When making disability determinations, the ALJ considers
medical opinions from acceptable medical sources, including phy-
sicians.
20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1502(a)(1), 404.1527(a)(1), (b). Medical
opinions are “statements from acceptable medical sources that re-
flect judgments about the nature and severity of [a claimant’s] im-
pairment(s), including [his] symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis,
what [he] can still do despite impairment(s), and [his] physical or
mental restrictions.”
Id. § 404.1527(a)(1).
For claims filed before March 27, 2017, 2 the ALJ must give a
treating physician’s opinion “substantial or considerable weight un-
less there is good cause to discount [it].” Simon v. Comm’r, SSA,
7 F.4th 1094, 1104 (11th Cir. 2021) (quotation marks omitted). A
“treating source” is a physician or other medical source who has
provided the claimant with medical treatment and has, or previ-
ously had, an ongoing treatment relationship with the claimant.
20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(2). The weight to be given to a physician’s
2 For claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, the SSA does not give “any spe-
cific evidentiary weight” to any medical opinion. See
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c.
For claims filed before March 27, 2017, however, the rule regarding treating
physicians’ opinions still applies. See
id. § 404.1527.
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22-11595 Opinion of the Court 5
opinion depends on several factors, including: (1) the length of
treatment and frequency of evaluation; (2) the nature and extent of
the treatment relationship; (3) the medical evidence supporting the
opinions; (4) its consistency with the record as a whole; (5) whether
there is specialization in the medical area at issue; and (6) any other
factors tending to support or contradict the opinion. See id.
§ 404.1527(c); see also Schink v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
935 F.3d 1245,
1260 (11th Cir. 2019). The ALJ may give less weight to any medical
opinion when the opinion is conclusory or inconsistent with the
doctor’s medical records, it is inconsistent with the record, or the
evidence supports a contrary finding.
20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c);
Schink,
935 F.3d at 1259.
In Schink, we held that opinions from treating physicians
should be considered in light of their treatment notes.
935 F.3d at
1262. We explained that “a medical opinion’s failure to address all
possible functional limitations is not a logical reason to discount
what it says about the limitations that it does address,” and we re-
jected the notion that the use of a check-box form, per se, warranted
discounting the opinion as conclusory.
Id. We noted that the doc-
tors’ treatment notes fleshed out and were consistent with their
conclusions regarding the claimant’s mental health, and while
some of the claimant’s mental status examinations were better
than others, it was insufficient for the ALJ to point to positive or
neutral observations that created, at most, trivial and indirect ten-
sions with the treating physician’s opinion by showing that the
claimant’s impairments were merely not all-encompassing.
Id. at
1262-63. We held that the ALJ, in failing to even “hint at any real
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6 Opinion of the Court 22-11595
inconsistency” between the doctors’ treatment notes and their
opinions, failed to show good cause for discounting their opinions.
Id. at 1263-64. Further, we noted that, while the ALJ expressed a
belief that the claimant could participate in “normal activities of
daily living,” the daily activities on which the ALJ relied were
mostly solitary activities that did not discount the treating physi-
cians’ opinions that the claimant suffered significantly from mental
impairments, particularly when interacting with others.
Id. at
1264 (quotation marks omitted).
In Simon, we held that the ALJ erred in rejecting a treating
physician’s opinions based on inconsistencies with the physician’s
treatment notes because the ALJ only listed relatively minor symp-
toms while omitting any mention of the serious symptoms identi-
fied by the doctor. Simon, 7 F.4th at 1105-06. We also held that it
was error to conclude that a treating physician’s references to the
claimant being stable on medication were inconsistent with a find-
ing of debilitating mental illness. Id. at 1106. We reasoned that
“[m]any mental disorders—and bipolar disorder in particular—are
characterized by the unpredictable fluctuation of their symptoms,
and thus it is not surprising that even a highly unstable patient will
have good days or possibly good months.” Id. We stated that,
when a claimant has been diagnosed with a mental disorder,
“highly generalized statements that the claimant was ‘cooperative’
during examination, that he exhibited ‘organized speech’ and ‘rel-
evant thought content,’ or that he showed ‘fair insight’ and ‘intact
cognition,’ ordinarily will not be an adequate basis to reject a treat-
ing physician’s opinions.” Id. at 1107. Further, an ALJ must
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22-11595 Opinion of the Court 7
account for the differences between a clinic setting and more stress-
ful work setting. Id. at 1107-08. We similarly concluded that a
claimant being able to eat, put on clothes in the morning, and pur-
chase basic necessities does not “say much about whether a person
can function in a work environment—with all of its pressures and
obligations—on a sustained basis.” Id. at 1108.
The Commissioner, not a claimant’s physician, is responsi-
ble for determining whether the claimant is statutorily disabled.
20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(1). A medical source’s opinion that a claim-
ant is “disabled” or “unable to work” is not dispositive of a disability
claim because the determination is reserved to an ALJ acting on
behalf of the Commissioner. Id.; Walker, 987 F.3d at 1339. Alt-
hough a claimant may provide a statement containing a physician’s
opinion of his remaining capabilities, the ALJ evaluates such a state-
ment in light of the other evidence presented. See 20 C.F.R
§§ 404.1527(d), 404.1545(a)(3).
Here, as an initial matter, Richey did not raise before the dis-
trict court the issues that he now raises on appeal relating to the
ALJ’s consideration of Dr. Arnold’s opinion, so we do not address
those arguments.
The ALJ’s decision to give Dr. Mengesha’s and Dr. Argo’s
opinions little weight is supported by substantial evidence. Nota-
bly, the forms that Dr. Mengesha completed regarding Richey’s
headaches and seizures were inconsistent with his extensive treat-
ment records of Richey. As to Dr. Argo, the ALJ provided specific
examples of the inconsistencies between Dr. Argo’s opinions and
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8 Opinion of the Court 22-11595
his treatment notes and the other medical evidence in the record,
and Dr. Argo’s opinions regarding the amount of work that Richey
would miss was not supported by any objective medical findings.
However, the ALJ’s decision is not supported by substantial
evidence as to Dr. Boxley because he did not identify good cause
to discount her opinions. Simon, 7 F.4th at 1104-05. Dr. Boxley was
one of Richey’s treating physicians and treated him on dozens of
occasions over several years, so the ALJ had to consider those fac-
tors when deciding how much weight to give her opinions.
20
C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(2). However, it appears that the ALJ disre-
garded Dr. Boxley’s opinion based on observations such as normal
thought content, eurythmic mood, and logical thought process,
and his improvements on medications, which this Court has stated
is an insufficient basis to reject a treating physician’s opinions in an
analogous context. Simon, 7 F.4th at 1105-06. Similarly, although
Richey’s record evidence indicated that he could interact with his
grandparents, attend church, play video games, and occasionally
shop, those daily situations did not provide a basis upon which the
ALJ could determine whether Richey could function in a work en-
vironment on a sustained basis. Id. at 1107-08.
Although the ALJ stated that Richey’s video gaming evi-
denced his ability to navigate the complexities of the different lev-
els of the game and be responsive to instruction, the ALJ did not
explain how Richey’s ability to play video games at home by him-
self undermined Dr. Boxley’s opinions that he would have diffi-
culty interacting with coworkers and supervisors because of his
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22-11595 Opinion of the Court 9
Asperger’s syndrome and anxiety or maintaining socially appropri-
ate behavior and adhering to basic standards of neatness. Schink,
935 F.3d at 1264. The ALJ specifically mentioned Richey’s video
game habits as a basis for rejecting Dr. Boxley’s opinions, but the
ALJ failed to explain how or why playing video games evidenced
Richey’s ability to interact with coworkers and supervisors in a
work environment. Because the ALJ did not provide a sufficient
basis for affording Dr. Boxley’s opinion such little weight, the ALJ’s
finding is not supported by substantial evidence.
20 C.F.R. §
404.1527(c); Schink,
935 F.3d at 1262 64; Simon, 7 F.4th at 1105 06.
Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand
to the district court with instructions to vacate the Commissioner’s
decision and to remand to the Commissioner for further proceed-
ings consistent with this opinion. Based on our decision as to this
issue, we do not reach Richey’s second issue regarding the hypo-
thetical to the vocational expert, which did not include the limita-
tions supported by Dr. Boxley’s opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, and
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
