United States v. Stewart ( 2021 )

20-1678-cr
United States v. Stewart
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A
PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED
BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 27th day of April, two thousand twenty-one.
PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
DENNY CHIN,
Circuit Judges,
PAUL A. ENGELMAYER,
District Judge. *
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
-v- 20-1678-cr
KOREY STEWART, AKA COREY ADAMS, AKA
CORETHIOUS PATRICK BRYANT, AKA KEITH
YOUNG, AKA STEVEN ALLEN, AKA SKIP, AKA
GUTTA, AKA SLIM, AKA DASH,
* Judge Paul A. Engelmayer, of the United States District Court for the Southern District
of New York, sitting by designation.
Defendant-Appellant. ∗∗
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FOR APPELLEE: SPENCER WILLIG, Assistant United States
Attorney (Gregory L. Waples, Assistant United
States Attorney, on the brief), for Jonathan A.
Ophardt, United States Attorney for the
District of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: CLINTON W. CALHOUN III, Calhoun &
Lawrence, LLP, White Plains, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Vermont
(Reiss, J.).
UPON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Korey Stewart appeals the district court's judgment
entered May 26, 2020, convicting him of conspiracy to distribute heroin, fentanyl,
cocaine, and cocaine base and conspiracy to commit money laundering, and sentencing
him principally to a term of 110 months' imprisonment. Stewart pleaded guilty to the
two charges, but he reserved his right to appeal the district court's February 8, 2019
opinion and order denying his motion to suppress evidence and its November 20, 2019
opinion and order denying his motion to suppress evidence and dismiss the relevant
∗∗
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption to conform
to the above.
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indictment. On appeal, Stewart argues that the district court erred in (1) denying his
motion to suppress evidence relating to his arrest because Drug Enforcement
Administration ("DEA") agents lacked probable cause to arrest him, (2) denying his
motion to dismiss the indictment and suppress evidence because of the delay between
his arrest and being charged presented in court, and (3) assigning him to Criminal
History Category VI for purposes of sentencing. We assume the parties' familiarity
with the underlying facts, procedural history of the case, and issues on appeal.
I. The Motion to Suppress for Lack of Probable Cause
"In reviewing a district court's ruling on a suppression motion, we review
factual findings for clear error and questions of law de novo." United States v. Reyes, 353
F.3d 148, 151 (2d Cir. 2003).
Stewart argues that the district court erred in finding that his arrest was
supported by probable cause, and therefore the arrest and evidence seized as a result
should have been suppressed. We disagree.
An informant provided a detailed description of a man named "T," and
she explained that T and another black male from out of state named "Skip" often came
to her apartment to collect money derived from the informant's drug sales. The
informant also explained that she paid a woman named "Amber" in connection with the
drug-dealing business, and, during a lawful search of the informant's apartment, agents
found a TD Bank receipt from a deposit into Amber's account. Contemporaneous with
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the search of the informant's apartment, a DEA agent observed a Volvo matching the
unique description that the informant provided for T's vehicle -- a white Volvo missing
a front license plate and having an out-of-state rear license plate -- drive down a dead-
end street and park in a half-full, twenty-car parking lot at the informant's apartment
complex. Less than two minutes later, and before the Volvo could park, a Nissan drove
down the same dead-end street and parked two-car widths away from the Volvo.
Those were the only two cars that drove toward the dead-end or parked in that lot
while the agents were on the scene, and Stewart, a black male who was in the second
car with a woman, acknowledged that the Volvo and Nissan were "traveling together."
App'x at 322. For approximately two to three minutes, the cars sat idling in the parking
lot with their headlights on, and no one exited either car. The agent outside of the
informant's building who had seen the cars approach and park relayed his observations
to the agents inside of the informant's building, and those agents put on their tactical
gear and approached the cars with their guns drawn. The agents ordered the driver of
the Nissan out of the car, and within twenty seconds, she identified herself as "Amber."
The agents also arrested Stewart at that time, who was seated in the front passenger's
seat of the Nissan. Taking these facts together, we agree with the district court that the
agents had probable cause to arrest Stewart. See United States v. Delossantos, 536 F.3d
155, 158 (2d Cir. 2008) ("Probable cause exists where the arresting officer has knowledge
or reasonably trustworthy information of facts and circumstances that are sufficient to
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warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the person to be arrested has
committed or is committing a crime." (internal quotation marks omitted)). We are not
persuaded by Stewart's argument that his presence could have easily been explained as
that of an innocent passenger. It is unlikely that "Amber," accompanied by "T" in the
white Volvo, would have brought along a complete stranger to the conspiracy during
the commission of that crime rather than a trusted co-conspirator.
Stewart also challenges the reliability of the informant, but that argument
is rejected. The informant told agents that she had drugs and evidence of her
involvement in drug dealing in her home, which the agents found after conducting a
search of her apartment. Even though the informant had not previously provided
information to the agents, she had many of the hallmarks of reliability. See United States
v. Gagnon, 373 F.3d 230, 235 (2d Cir. 2004) (in determining reliability, courts can
consider whether informant provided information that is independently corroborated);
United States v. Rowell, 903 F.2d 899, 903 (2d Cir. 1990) (informant's reliability is
buttressed by a statement against penal interest); see also United States v. Salazar, 945 F.2d
47, 50-51 (2d Cir. 1991) ("[T]hough the informant in the present case had not previously
been relied on by the officers, a face-to-face informant must, as a general matter, be
thought more reliable than an anonymous telephone tipster, for the former runs the
greater risk that [she] may be held accountable if [her] information proves false.");
United States v. Gaviria, 805 F.2d 1108, 1115 (2d Cir. 1986) ("[A] witness to a crime need
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not be shown to have been previously reliable before the authorities may rely on [her]
statements." (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Accordingly, because the district court did not clearly err in concluding
that the informant was reliable and that the agents had probable cause to arrest Stewart
based on information provided by the informant as well as their own observations, we
affirm the district court's denial of Stewart's motion to suppress.
II. The Motions Based on Delay
Stewart, pro se, moved to dismiss his indictment on timeliness grounds
pursuant to Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 5 and 48(b) and pursuant to the
Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161 et seq. We review the district court's denial of
Stewart's Rule 48(b) motion for abuse of discretion, see United States v. Lane, 561 F.2d
1075, 1078 (2d Cir. 1977), and we review de novo Stewart's Rule 5 and Speedy Trial Act
claims, see United States v. Rojas, 617 F.3d 669, 677 (2d Cir. 2010); United States v. Paredes-
Batista, 140 F.3d 367, 374 (2d Cir. 1998).
For substantially the reasons set forth by the district court, we agree that
Stewart's pro se motions lacked merit. Stewart was arrested on August 27, 2015, and
released approximately two hours later. No charges were brought against him until
March 2018, and he argues that the government unnecessarily delayed charging him,
and thus the district court should have dismissed his indictment under Rule 48(b). But
"prosecutors are under no duty to file charges as soon as probable cause exists but
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before they are satisfied they will be able to establish the suspect's guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt." United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783, 791 (1977). Further, "there is an
absence of prejudice [on account of the delay] shown by this record," United States v.
Feinberg, 383 F.2d 60, 67 (2d Cir. 1967); see Lovasco, 431 U.S. at 796 ("[T]o prosecute a
defendant following investigative delay does not deprive him of due process, even if his
defense might have been somewhat prejudiced by the lapse of time."). Accordingly, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to dismiss Stewart's indictment
pursuant to Rule 48(b).
Next, we reject Stewart's argument that his rights under the Speedy Trial
Act were violated by the months-long delay between his arrest and being charged.
While the Speedy Trial Act requires that "[a]ny information or indictment charging an
individual with the commission of an offense shall be filed within thirty days from the
date on which such individual was arrested," 18 U.S.C. § 3161(b), we have held that
"when an individual is promptly released from federal custody without the
Government filing formal charges, there is no 'arrest' within the meaning of [§] 3161(b)."
United States v. Bloom, 865 F.2d 485, 490 (2d Cir. 1989) (alteration and internal quotation
marks omitted). Accordingly, the district court properly denied Stewart's Speedy Trial
Act claim.
Finally, the district court properly rejected Stewart's argument that the
delay between his arrest and being charged violated Federal Rule of Criminal
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Procedure 5(a) and (b). Because Stewart was released shortly after his arrest and not
charged with any crime, Rule 5 does not apply here. See United States v. Gowadia, 760
F.3d 989, 994 (9th Cir. 2014) ("[T]he only persons required to be brought before the
magistrate judge are those charged with offenses against the laws of the United
States . . . . " (internal quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Jones, 676 F.2d 327, 331
(8th Cir. 1982) ("Nothing in rule 5, however, precludes the outright release of a person
shortly after the arrest as was the case here."). Further, because Stewart failed to make a
showing that there was any "evidence illegally obtained as a result of the [Rule 5]
violation," beyond his conclusory assertions to that end, even if his procedural rights
were violated, that violation was harmless. United States v. Peeples, 962 F.3d 677, 686 (2d
Cir. 2020).
III. Stewart's Challenge to His Sentence
We review Stewart's unpreserved challenge to the procedural
reasonableness of his sentence for plain error. United States v. Reyes, 691 F.3d 453, 457
(2d Cir. 2012). Stewart argues that the district court erred in calculating his criminal
history category. We disagree.
Stewart acknowledges that he is a "Career Offender" under U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(a). But he argues that section 4B1.1(b) does not apply to him. This argument is
rejected, as that provision unambiguously provides that "[a] career offender's criminal
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history category in every case under this subsection shall be Category VI." U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(b).
* * *
We have considered Stewart's remaining arguments and conclude they
are without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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