Cordova-Garcia v. Garland ( 2021 )

19-217
Cordova-Garcia v. Garland
BIA
Ruehle, IJ
A202 074 464/465/466, 206 198 152
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION
TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED
AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS
COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT
FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX
OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A
PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY
NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals
2 for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall
3 United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
4 New York, on the 19th day of May, two thousand twenty-one.
5
6 PRESENT:
7 JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
8 WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
9 STEVEN J. MENASHI,
10 Circuit Judges.
11 _____________________________________
12
13 VEDA RAQUEL CORDOVA-GARCIA,
14 VIVIAN ARACELY MILIAN-CORDOVA,
15 KEILIN RAQUEL CORDOVA,
16 EDIN ORLANDO GONZALEZ-GARCIA,
17 Petitioners,
18
19 v. 19-217
20 NAC
21 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED
22 STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
23 Respondent.
24 _____________________________________
25
1 FOR PETITIONERS: Jose Perez, Esq., Law Offices of
2 Jose Perez, P.C., Syracuse, NY.
3
4 FOR RESPONDENT: Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney
5 General; M. Jocelyn Lopez Wright,
6 Senior Litigation Counsel; Jacob
7 A. Bashyrov, Trial Attorney,
8 Office of Immigration Litigation,
9 United States Department of
10 Justice, Washington, DC.
11 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a
12 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby
13 ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition for review
14 is DENIED.
15 Petitioners Veda Raquel Cordova-Garcia (“Cordova-
16 Garcia”), Vivian Aracely Milian-Cordova, Keilin Raquel
17 Cordova, and Edin Orlando Gonzalez-Garcia, natives and
18 citizens of Guatemala, seek review of a December 21, 2018,
19 decision of the BIA affirming an October 20, 2017, decision
20 of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying Cordova-Garcia’s
21 application for asylum, withholding of removal, and
22 protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In
23 re Veda Raquel Cordova-Garcia, et al., No. A 202 074
24 464/465/466, 206 198 152 (B.I.A. Dec. 21, 2018), aff’g No. A
25 202 074 464/465/466, 206 198 152 (Immig. Ct. Buffalo Oct. 20,
2
1 2017). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the
2 underlying facts and procedural history.
3 We have reviewed both the BIA’s and IJ’s decisions for
4 the “sake of completeness.” Wangchuck v. Dep’t of Homeland
5 Sec., 448 F.3d 524, 528 (2d Cir. 2006). The applicable
6 standards of review are well established. See Yanqin Weng
7 v. Holder, 562 F.3d 510, 513 (2d Cir. 2009) (reviewing factual
8 findings for substantial evidence and questions of law and
9 application of law to facts de novo). “[T]he administrative
10 findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable
11 adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”
12 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
13 To obtain asylum or withholding of removal, an applicant
14 must establish past persecution or a fear of future
15 persecution and that “race, religion, nationality, membership
16 in a particular social group, or political opinion was or
17 will be at least one central reason for persecuting the
18 applicant.” Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); see also id.
19 § 1231(b)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.13(b), 1208.16(b)(1), (2).
20 Cordova-Garcia has waived any challenge to the agency’s
21 dispositive finding that she failed to show a connection
3
1 between her alleged past harm (her abuse by her former partner
2 and her daughter’s rape) or her fear of future harm (gang
3 violence) and any protected ground. “Issues not sufficiently
4 argued in the briefs are considered waived and normally will
5 not be addressed on appeal.” Norton v. Sam’s Club, 145 F.3d
6 114, 117 (2d Cir. 1998).
7 Were we to reach the grounds identified by the agency
8 for the denial of relief we would find no error. First, the
9 agency’s determination that Cordova-Garcia failed to show a
10 nexus to a protected ground is supported by substantial
11 evidence. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992)
12 (requiring “some evidence” of motive, “direct or
13 circumstantial”). Cordova-Garcia asserted membership in a
14 particular social group of “indigenous women in Guatemala
15 whose spouses are not physically present in the country of
16 Guatemala.” But the record does not show a nexus between the
17 harm she suffered at the hands of her former partner and this
18 group, particularly as Cordova-Garcia was able to leave that
19 former relationship and she did not allege that her partner
20 abused her because she was indigenous. Matter of A-B-, 27
21 I. & N. Dec. 316, 338–39 (A.G. 2018) (“When private actors
4
1 inflict violence based on a personal relationship with a
2 victim, then the victim’s membership in a larger group may
3 well not be ‘one central reason’ for the abuse.”); Matter of
4 A-R-C-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 388, 392–93 (B.I.A. 2014) (holding
5 that applicant may be able to show domestic violence
6 constituted persecution on a protected ground if, inter alia,
7 she was unable to leave relationship), overruled by Matter of
8 A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 316. Moreover, any presumption of
9 future persecution on this basis was rebutted by the fact
10 that Cordova-Garcia left her former partner in 1999 or 2000
11 and was not harmed or threatened by him again. See 8 C.F.R.
12 §§ 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A) (asylum will be denied where “[t]here
13 has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the
14 applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution”),
15 1208.16(b)(1)(i)(A) (same as to withholding of removal).
16 Second, Cordova-Garcia did not establish eligibility for
17 asylum and withholding of removal based on her daughter’s
18 rape. She did not corroborate that claim with a letter from
19 her daughter who remained in Guatemala, 8 U.S.C.
20 § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii) (agency may require corroboration of
21 testimony even if credible), and asylum is available only for
5
1 harm an individual has personally suffered or will suffer.
2 Tao Jiang v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 137, 141 (2d Cir. 2007) (“As
3 a general principle, an asylum applicant cannot claim past
4 persecution based solely on harm that was inflicted on a
5 family member on account of that family member’s political
6 opinion or other protected characteristic.”).
7 Third, the agency reasonably found Cordova-Garcia’s fear
8 of general gang violence insufficient to support her claim
9 for relief. Melgar de Torres v. Reno, 191 F.3d 307, 313–14
10 (2d Cir. 1999) (“general crime conditions” and “random
11 violence” cannot support a claim to asylum). Accordingly,
12 because Cordova Garcia failed to demonstrate a nexus between
13 the harm she suffered or feared and a protected ground, the
14 agency did not err in denying asylum or withholding of
15 removal. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), 1231(b)(3)(A).
16 Finally, Cordova-Garcia waived any challenge to the
17 agency’s denial of CAT relief because she does not argue it
18 with particularity in her brief. See Yueqing Zhang v.
19 Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540, 545 n.7 (2d Cir. 2005) (deeming claim
20 abandoned where brief contained only “single conclusory
21 sentence” to an argument).
6
1 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is
2 DENIED. All pending motions and applications are DENIED and
3 stays VACATED.
4 FOR THE COURT:
5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,
6 Clerk of Court
7