Weinong Lin v. Holder , 763 F.3d 244 ( 2014 )

12-179-ag
Lin v. Holder
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2013
(Argued: February 6, 2014 Decided: August 19, 2014)
Docket No. 12-179-ag
WEINONG LIN,
Petitioner,
– v. –
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States Attorney General,
Respondent,
Before: JACOBS, CALABRESI and POOLER, Circuit Judges.
Appeal from a Board of Immigration Appeals decision affirming an Immigration
Judge’s declaration that, inter alia, Petitioner’s application for asylum was untimely.
Petitioner argued that his recent turn to public political activism had produced “changed
circumstances” that excused untimeliness pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D), but the
Immigration Judge held that because Petitioner’s activism reflected views he had when he
emigrated, the activism did not constitute “changed circumstances.” We conclude that this
decision was erroneous, and we REMAND for reconsideration.
GARY J. YERMAN, New York, NY, for Petitioner.
MARGARET KUEHNE TAYLOR (Stuart Delery and
David V. Bernal, on the brief ), United States Department
of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
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CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:
This case concerns whether political activity first undertaken in the United
States amounts to “changed circumstances” for purposes of the asylum provision of
the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1158. Weinong Lin, a
native and citizen of China who entered the United States as a non-immigrant in
1999, avows that he fled China because of his experience with “autocracy and
corruption” there, Appellant’s Br. at 5, that he harbored private anti-communist
political beliefs when he left China, but that he did not publicly express those views
until December 2007, when he joined the China Democratic Party World Union
(“CDPWU”), wrote essays for the CDPWU website criticizing the Chinese
Communist Party, and began attending group protests at the Chinese Consulate
General’s Office in New York City and at the Chinese Embassy in Washington.
2
I
On May 20, 2008, Lin petitioned for (i) asylum under § 208 of the INA, 8
U.S.C. § 1158, (ii) withholding of removal under § 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. §
1231(b)(3), and (iii) protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”)
pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). The Department of Homeland Security
responded by charging Lin with the very removability that he had preemptively
asked the government not to prosecute. After a hearing in October 2009,
Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Alan Vomacka denied Lin’s application for relief and
declared him removable. The IJ acknowledged that Lin’s membership in and his
activities with the CDPWU, and the publicity concerning those activities, “are new
facts” and “new activity,” but ruled as “a question of legal interpretation” that these
new facts were not “a new reason to apply for asylum, but another aspect of the
same reason that the applicant always had to apply for asylum.” Certified
Administrative Record (“CAR”) in A089-266-864, at 79. Having made that ruling,
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which precluded relief, the IJ went on to see no “probability of persecution or
torture” because the activities are far removed from China, entailed no destruction of
property that might provoke an interest in persecution, involved critical articles that
were nevertheless “relatively calm and based in reasoned criticism,” would be
unlikely to attract the notice of Chinese authorities, and involved protest
photographs from which identification of Lin “might be possible” but “would not be
easy.” Id. at 83, 84. Further, the IJ expressed the view, based on the scrupulous
photographic records that the CDPWU made of its protest activities, that the group
seems more devoted to documenting its activity than on having an effect. The IJ
found “no evidence of an actual link” between the CDPWU and the Chinese
Democratic Party (“CDP”) group that was oppressed in China, id. at 87, or that any
member of the CDPWU “has ever been persecuted or prosecuted in China,” id.
As to Lin’s credibility, the IJ found there was “an issue” that was, however,
“difficult to resolve in a comprehensive way,” id. at 88, even though there seemed to
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be no “major discrepancies or inconsistencies in [Lin’s] testimony concerning his
activities with the [CDPWU],” id. at 89, and “his answers on that subject appear[ed]
to be consistent,” id. In the end, the IJ did not resolve competing insights and made
no credibility finding. The “real weakness” of Lin’s case was found to be lack of
corroboration “concerning events in China,” which is not a ruling that bears on
issues of law concerning Lin’s claimed vulnerability for acts done in this country. Id.
at 90.
In affirming, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) agreed with the IJ on
the point of law. The BIA went on to rule that, “[e]ven assuming for the sake of
argument that the respondent established changed circumstances, upon our de novo
review,” Lin did not show a well-founded fear of persecution on an enumerated
ground. Id. at 3. However, in agreeing with the IJ, the BIA drew inferences that the
IJ did not draw concerning the likelihood that the Chinese government would know
or care about Lin’s activity in the United States.
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II
Under the INA, an immigrant must apply for asylum within one year of
arriving in the United States, or must show either “changed circumstances which
materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum” or “extraordinary
circumstances” that prevented him from applying. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).
Importantly, the “changed circumstances” standard is more expansive than the
standard applicable in cases involving motions to reopen, where only a change in
“country conditions” will suffice to allow reopening. See Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d
138, 146-48, 169 (2d Cir. 2008); Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143, 151 (2d Cir. 2008)
(“Unlike in the case of a successive asylum application filed under 8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)(2)(D), changed personal circumstances are insufficient to excuse an alien
from the procedural requirements of a motion to reopen”).
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Both the IJ and the BIA rejected Lin’s contention that his CDPWU activism
constituted “changed circumstances” that would increase his risk of persecution back
in China. The BIA wrote: “[Lin’s] joining the CDPWU party is a continuation of the
same reason that [he] left China, and we therefore agree with the Immigration Judge
that [Lin] failed to show that his joining the CDPWU . . . constituted changed
circumstances excusing the delay in filing his application.” CAR at 3-4. Because this
position is in tension with Department of Justice (“DOJ”) regulations and prior BIA
opinions, we grant Lin’s petition for review and remand the BIA’s judgment for
reconsideration.
We decline to review the fact issues that bear on whether Lin should be
granted asylum. While the BIA (expanding on largely inchoate and speculative
comments by the IJ) purported to find facts that might have been decisive if found by
the IJ, the BIA has no power to find facts. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i). To the
extent, therefore, that the BIA’s alternate holding is based on its fact-finding, that
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constitutes reversible error. To the extent, instead, that the alternate holding might be
based on fact-finding by the IJ, we note that when there is an error of law (or as here
a substantial and potentially decisive question of law) “that might have colored the
findings of fact,” it is permissible for us to remand. Acharya v. Holder, No. 11-4362-ag,
2014 WL 3821132, at *9-10 (2d Cir. Aug. 5, 2014) (remanding because “the IJ
committed numerous ‘combined legal and factual errors’ in evaluating Acharya’s
claim that he was persecuted on the basis of his political belief . . . [that] were not
corrected on appeal before the BIA”). We do so here.
III
Contrary to the government’s threshold argument, we plainly have jurisdiction
to consider Lin’s argument about “changed circumstances.” Though 8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)(3) strips this Court of jurisdiction to review agency determinations of fact in
asylum cases, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) makes clear that we retain jurisdiction to
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review “constitutional claims” and “issues of law.” See, e.g., Liu v. INS, 508 F.3d 716,
720-22 (2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam). Here, Lin is disputing the BIA’s conclusion that
his public political activity could not produce changed circumstances because it
constituted a “continuation of the same reason” he left China. This argument
concerns the meaning of “changed circumstances” under the INA. Because
interpretive questions are “questions of law,” we have jurisdiction under §
1252(a)(2)(D) to consider Lin’s argument. See, e.g., Shi Jie Ga v. Holder, 588 F.3d 90,
94-95 (2d Cir. 2009).
To be clear, if Lin were arguing about how many times he protested outside
the Chinese Embassy, or about whether the Chinese authorities were capable of
accessing the pro-democracy articles he published online, then 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3)
might divest us of jurisdiction. But Lin is not challenging a finding of fact here;
rather, he is challenging the BIA’s categorical holding that, even if the facts about a
person’s objective circumstances change, when they are altered by actions driven by
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“the same reason” that led to a decision to emigrate, they cannot constitute changed
circumstances. And that is manifestly a question of law. The IJ in this case
acknowledged as much when he characterized the issue as “a question of legal
interpretation.” CAR at 117. In 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), Congress recognized our
appellate jurisdiction over that kind of question.
IV
The INA’s asylum provision states that an otherwise untimely asylum
application “may be considered . . . if the alien demonstrates . . . the existence of
changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility.” 8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)(2)(D). To be eligible for asylum, an immigrant must show either that she
suffered past persecution on the basis of “race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion,” or that she has a “well-founded fear of
persecution” on one of those bases in her home country. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). In
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Lin’s case, eligibility for asylum turns on whether he has a “well-founded fear” of
political persecution. Thus, his application’s untimeliness can be excused if he has
demonstrated that “changed circumstances . . . materially affect” the chances that he
would suffer political persecution in China. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).
Lin argues that his new CDPWU membership and his criticism of the Chinese
Communist Party, made on the CDPWU website and in public spaces, has produced
just such changed circumstances because (he contends) officials in China can see his
public words and affiliations, and they may persecute him for them. The BIA and IJ
rejected this contention. They concluded that political activism undertaken in the
United States based on beliefs that motivated the decision to emigrate do not, as a
matter of law, produce a change in circumstances.
The IJ, while acknowledging that Lin had engaged in “new activity” that was
relevant, focused inquiry on the fact that Lin’s activity was “motivated by the same
general dislike, dissatisfaction, and unwillingness to put up with the government of
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China” that he left unexpressed in China, but that motivated him to emigrate in the
first place. CAR at 117. The IJ conceded that he was “not positive that the analysis
[he] set out is correct”—perhaps an invitation to the BIA to clarify matters for future
cases. Id. at 118. But the BIA adopted the IJ’s analysis in a one-judge, non-
precedential decision.
In weighing Lin’s petition for review, “[w]e examine de novo questions of law
and applications of law to undisputed fact.” Mahmood v. Holder, 570 F.3d 466, 469
(2d Cir. 2009). Because the BIA has “adopt[ed] the [IJ’s] reasoning and offer[ed]
additional commentary, we review the decision of the IJ as supplemented by the
BIA.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
For a number of reasons, the IJ and BIA seem to us to have committed an
error of law on the changed circumstances question. First, their conclusion is in
tension with a controlling DOJ regulatory interpretation of the asylum provision.
Second, their decision constitutes an unexplained, and therefore impermissible,
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departure from prior agency precedent. See New York Pub. Interest Research Grp., Inc. v.
Johnson, 427 F.3d 172, 182 (2d Cir. 2005).
The statute states that an otherwise untimely asylum application “may be
considered . . . if the alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General . .
. the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s
eligibility.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158. While this language might admit of a range of
permissible interpretations, cf. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc.,
467 U.S. 837 (1984), the DOJ regulations interpret it to say that changed
circumstances include “activities the [asylum] applicant becomes involved in outside
the country of feared persecution that place the applicant at risk,” 8 C.F.R. §
1208.4(a)(4)(i)(B). Neither the BIA nor the IJ mentioned this regulation when
considering Lin’s case. More significantly, this regulation—indicating as it does that
an applicant’s activities might spur an increased risk that constitutes changed
circumstances—calls into question the categorical ruling in Lin’s case. The opinions
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of the IJ and BIA state that the consistency of Lin’s anti-communist beliefs
(unexpressed in China but potentially manifested in the United States) precludes him
from arguing that his new actions provoked “changed circumstances.” In doing so,
the IJ and BIA fail to consider whether, in a given case, a change in activity has
increased the petitioner’s risk profile.
In this respect, the opinions of the IJ and BIA decision mark an unexplained
departure from prior BIA decisions. See New York Pub. Interest Research Grp., Inc., 427
F.3d at 182. Most directly, in In re Jin Wei Gao, an unpublished (and therefore non-
precedential) decision, the BIA stated that “the fact that the respondent may now be
active in the CDP in the United States is a change in personal circumstances.”1 A079
692 001, 2008 WL 5025147, at *1 (BIA, Oct. 29, 2008). That non-precedential
opinion lacks the weight of a published opinion, see Rotimi v. Gonzalez, 473 F.3d 55,
1
The CDP, a political organization that “used to exist” in China and whose
members were targeted by the Chinese government, is distinct from the CDPWU.
CAR at 87. The IJ expressed deep skepticism that the CDPWU has ever had any
relationship at all with any former members of the CDP. Id. There is also a “Chinese
Democratic Party” active in the United States, but there is no evidence in the record
“about how people involved in this group were treated if they returned to China.” Id.
at 4.14
57 (2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam), but its conclusion regarding CDP activity seems to
follow directly from principles expressed in In re C-W-L-, which explained that
“changed circumstances” under § 1158(a)(2)(D) refers to “changes in objective
circumstances relating to the applicant,” 24 I. & N. Dec. 346, 352 n.9 (BIA 2007)
(emphasis added); cf. Shi Jie Ge, 588 F.3d at 94-96 (holding that the BIA
impermissibly considered the timeliness of an asylum application in relation to the
applicant’s date of joining the CDP, rather than his date of public action, which might
have put him at risk of persecution). This interpretation of “changed circumstances,”
alongside the regulation, makes the IJ’s and BIA’s categorical rejection of Lin’s
petition due to his unchanging subjective antipathy towards the Chinese Communist
Party untenable under existing BIA rulings. There may be ways to read the statute to
support a subjective inquiry, but the BIA has not presented us with them, so we
express no view. See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947).2
2
The
BIA’s treatment of so-called “second child” cases also undercuts the decision in
the case before us. In those cases, the BIA has concluded that the birth of a second
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The IJ drew an analogy between Lin’s situation and a situation in which an
applicant points to “each new battle” in a civil war as evidence of changed country
conditions. CAR at 118. Just as every individual battle does not amount to changed
country conditions, every decision made by Lin does not, according to the IJ,
produce changed personal circumstances. The analogy is, however, flawed. While
Lin’s reasons for action stem from beliefs that have persisted over years, his actions
themselves were new.3
We invite precedential BIA consideration of various unresolved issues that
inhere in this case. See Liu v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 455 F.3d 106, 116 (2d Cir. 2006).
They are: When a petitioner initiates or intensifies public opposition to the home
regime for the first time after arrival in the United States, what principles govern the
child constitutes a relevant change in personal circumstances when it increases the
likelihood that an asylum applicant will be persecuted under Chinese family
planning laws. See In re T-M-H- & S-W-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 193 (BIA 2010). The key
thing in the second child cases is not any change in the parent’s intentions or beliefs,
but rather the objective event that has led to an increased likelihood that the
applicant now possesses a “well-founded fear of prosecution.”
3
Indeed, he filed for asylum “five or six months” after becoming politically active.
CAR at 114.
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availability of a claim for asylum, what is an appropriate assessment of credibility as
to such a claim, and what should guide us in determining the risk of persecution if
such a claim is denied? To what extent if at all is the asylum statute concerned with
sincerity in situations like these? If sincerity is relevant, is there a presumption one
way or another? We note that when considering motions to reopen, any and all
arguments regarding changed personal circumstances are insufficient. See, e.g., Yuen
Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143, 151-52 (2d Cir. 2008). We also note that claims of
latter-day political awakening resemble those of newfound religious conscience,
which can be “easy to manufacture.” Y.C. v. Holder, 741 F.3d 324, 338 (2d Cir. 2013).
But the sincerity problem has not been a reason to disregard or discount all (or even
most) religious conscience claims. See, e.g., Ehlert v. United States, 402 U.S. 99, 103
(1971) (stating that “those whose views are late in crystallizing” cannot be “deprived
of a full and fair opportunity to present the merits of their conscientious objector
claims”).
17
While some immigrants who espouse pro-democracy views may be making a
bid to stay in the country for economic or family reasons, others may be sincerely
“respond[ing] . . . to an inward mentor.” United States v. Kauten, 133 F.2d 703, 708
(2d Cir. 1943) (discussing conscientious objection). And, significantly, motivations
may well be mixed. As to such circumstances too, guidance by the BIA, in a careful
precedential opinion, would be extremely helpful.
The same is true in assessing the relationship of sincerity to the risk of
persecution if claims of this sort are denied. Here, too, the BIA may do well to look
to the types of considerations that have shaped its (and our) jurisprudence regarding
changed country conditions. In that area of inquiry, individualized assessment takes
on a central role, and has tended to favor investigation of the “objective[]
reasonable[ness]” of an applicant’s fear of future persecution based on changed
country conditions, not his sincerity. Lecaj v. Holder, 616 F.3d 111, 117 (2d Cir. 2010)
(stating that “speculative anxiety, however sincere,” did not count as well-founded
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fear). Additionally, the role of fact-development is central to that inquiry, as it
undoubtedly is to this one. See Shou Yung Guo v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 109, 114-15 (2d
Cir. 2006).
Synthesizing the complex strains that go into interpreting the statutory words
“changed circumstances” is anything but easy. And the BIA is best-situated to do so
in the first instance, keeping the regulatory goals of the DOJ in mind. See Gonzales v.
Thomas, 547 U.S. 183 (2006) (per curiam) (discussing ordinary remand rule); INS v.
Ventura, 537 U.S. 12 (2002) (per curiam) (same). For this reason, after correcting the
IJ and BIA error as to whether Lin’s pro-democracy activism was something new,
we remand the question of whether Lin adequately demonstrated, to the satisfaction
of the Attorney General, and in accordance with regulation and precedent, that
changed circumstances have resulted in an increase in his well-founded fear of
persecution based on political opinion in China. And we encourage the BIA to set
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forth, with the benefit of its institutional expertise, some guidelines on how to judge
similar cases in the future.
CONCLUSION
We GRANT the petition for review and REMAND the judgment to the BIA
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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