Desarrolladora Farallon, S. De R.L. De C v. v. Cargill Financial Services International, Inc. , 666 F. App'x 17 ( 2016 )

15-4164
Desarrolladora Farallon S. de R.L. de C.V. v. Cargill Financial Services International, Inc., et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A
COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
8th day of November, two thousand sixteen.
Present:
DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.
Circuit Judges,
JED S. RAKOFF,
District Judge.*
_____________________________________
DESARROLLADORA FARALLON S. DE R.L. DE C.V.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. 15-4164-cv
CARGILL FINANCIAL SERVICES INTERNATIONAL,
INC., CARVAL INVESTORS, LLC, RAMSFIELD
HOSPITALITY FINANCE, LLC, MATTHEW BOGART,
THOMAS HUETTNER,
Defendants-Appellees.
CARGILL, INC.,
Defendant.**
*
Judge Jed S. Rakoff, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting
by designation.
**
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption in this case to conform with the
caption above.
1
_____________________________________
For Plaintiff-Appellant: JOHN G. BALESTRIERE, Balestriere Fariello, New York,
NY (Jillian L. McNeil, Paul M. Tarr, on the brief)
For Defendants-Appellees: MICHAEL I. VERDE, Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP,
New York, NY (Philip A. Nemecek, Tenley
Mochizuki, on the brief)
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Scheindlin, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff-Appellant Desarrolladora Farallon, S. de R.L. de C.V. (“Farallon”) appeals from
a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Scheindlin, J.) granting the motion to dismiss by Defendants-Appellees Cargill Financial
Services International, Inc. (“Cargill Financial”), CarVal Investors, LLC (“CarVal,” and,
together with Cargill Financial, “Cargill”), Ramsfield Hospitality Finance, LLC (“Ramsfield”),
Matthew Bogart, and Thomas Huettner. Farallon argues that the district court erred (1) in
applying New York, rather than Mexican, law in adjudicating the motion to dismiss Farallon’s
commercial tort and contract claims; (2) even assuming New York law applies, in its application
of New York law; and (3) in denying Farallon’s motion for post-judgment relief. We assume
the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the
issues on appeal. Because there is no actual conflict between the relevant laws of New York
and Mexico, and because the district court correctly applied this law, we affirm the judgment of
the district court.
2
I. Background1
This case concerns the fallout from a real estate venture in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico,
which Farallon, a Mexican limited liability partnership, and Mexvalo S. de R.L. de C.V.
(“Mexvalo”), a Mexican subsidiary of Cargill Financial, are jointly developing into a high-end
resort property. In the middle of the last decade, Farallon, then the owner of the Cabo San
Lucas property (“the Property”), sought equity investment to help fund development. This
search identified Cargill as a potential source of capital.
Discussions about the size and structure of the investment led to a preliminary
Contribution Agreement, entered into between, as relevant here, Farallon and Cargill Financial
(the “Contribution Agreement”). The Contribution Agreement lays out the basic design of the
project and the parties’ respective investments. The Property would be held by a fideicomiso, a
trust-like entity under Mexican law often used to facilitate foreign investment. The
Contribution Agreement slated the parties thereto to be beneficiaries of the fideicomiso (the
“Trust”), with the Trust itself to be governed by the terms of an agreement that the parties agreed
to enter into simultaneously with the establishment of the Trust.
Continuing negotiations concluded with the signing, on May 17, 2006, of the CP Project
Trust Governance Agreement (the “TGA”). The TGA differed from the Contribution
Agreement in several significant ways, including by substituting Mexvalo for Cargill Financial
as both settlor and beneficiary of the Trust. The TGA dictated that the Trust would be managed
by a technical committee (the “Technical Committee”), with one member appointed by each of
Farallon and Mexvalo. The TGA also included an expansive integration clause terminating all
1
In the posture of this case, we take as true the facts alleged in Farallon’s complaint and the affidavits
and agreements referenced therein.
3
prior agreements, including, but not limited to, the Contribution Agreement, and requiring that
all collateral agreements affecting the TGA be entered into in writing. Disputes relating to the
TGA are specifically governed by a choice of law and binding arbitration clause.
To finance construction of the Property, the Trust secured a $65 million construction loan
from WestLB, a German bank. Construction delays initially plagued the project and the parties
sought further debt financing, but, as a result of the financial crisis, WestLB was unable to fund a
scheduled second tranche of the construction loan. Cargill encouraged the Trust to borrow
from Ramsfield, in which CarVal has an equity stake, as an alternative to WestLB. Ramsfield
would later also be retained to manage part of the development project, again at the
encouragement of Cargill.
As construction delays continued, the Trust sought several extensions on the WestLB
construction loan. By January 7, 2011, however, the process had dragged on long enough that
WestLB gave notice that it was holding the Trust in default. WestLB agreed to forbear from
foreclosure as the Trust sought substitute financing to enable it to pay off and replace the
Construction Loan. During this period, defendant Thomas Huettner sat on the Trust’s
governing committee as the Mexvalo representative. Farallon alleges that Huettner told
Farallon that Cargill intended to oppose any replacement funding for the Construction Loan that
permitted Farallon to retain control over the project, and Cargill allegedly refused to support a
replacement financing package put together by Farallon. Ultimately, a Cargill affiliate, Cargill
Soluciones Empresariales, S.A. de C.V., SOFOM, E.N.R. (“Cargill SOFOM”), purchased the
construction loan from WestLB.
After purchasing the loan, Cargill SOFOM allegedly began to exercise its creditor rights
far more aggressively than WestLB had. It allegedly excluded Farallon from the books and
4
records of the Trust and Farallon representatives from the premises and removed Farallon’s
representative from the Trust’s governing committee. Farallon alleges that Cargill SOFOM
also exercised its rights under the loan agreement to hold the Trust in default, permitting it to
accrue interest at the higher default rate and extract resources from the Trust to the detriment of
Farallon.
Farallon also claims that Matthew Bogart, the Mexvalo representative on the Trust’s
governing committee replacing Huettner, improperly exercised his limited authority by replacing
the resort manager that had been jointly selected by Farallon and Mexvalo with a new manager
allegedly serving at the behest of Cargill. Finally, Farallon claims that Cargill used its position
of control to interfere with Farallon’s business relationships, including by using its influence to
disrupt Farallon’s attempt to reach out to WestLB and by interfering separately with Farallon’s
relationship with a foundation with which it had a long-term investment relationship.
Farallon filed the complaint initiating this case on January 23, 2015. On April 22 of that
year, Mexvalo – not a defendant here – commenced arbitration against Farallon under the TGA.2
The arbitration hearing was ultimately scheduled for the following March.
On October 2, 2015, Farallon filed an amended complaint. Farallon’s amended
complaint alleged that it had entered into a parallel implied joint venture agreement with Cargill
that predated the TGA, that this agreement was enforceable under Mexican law, and that, by its
actions, Cargill breached that agreement and the good faith and fiduciary duties imposed by
Mexican law in connection with the parties’ commercial and contractual relationships. Farallon
also argued that Cargill’s alleged meddling in Farallon’s business relationships gives rise to a
2
Although not necessary to our decision today, selections from the testimony in the parallel arbitration
proceeding introduced into the record before us suggest that Farallon did, in fact, litigate many of these
issues in arbitration.
5
tortious interference claim.3 The defendants thereafter filed a motion to dismiss, which the
district court granted on December 3, 2015.
In advance of their scheduled arbitration hearing, Mexvalo and Farallon exchanged
witness and expert statements regarding the parties’ claims. On March 4, 2016, Farallon filed a
motion for post-judgment relief with the district court pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 59(e) and 60(b), arguing that certain of these witness statements supported its claims
in the action now before this Court. Farallon subsequently was granted leave to withdraw and
refile, and, on April 8, 2016, Farallon did so, including in its new motion other testimony from
the arbitration and asking, in addition, for leave to amend its complaint pursuant to Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). On April 29, 2016, the district court denied Farallon’s motion in
its entirety. Farallon timely appealed.
II. Discussion
A. Motion to Dismiss
Our review of a district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim is de novo, and we
accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in
plaintiffs’ favor. Freidus v. Barclays Bank PLC, 734 F.3d 132, 137 (2d Cir. 2013). To
survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must include sufficient facts which, accepted as true,
would state a facially plausible claim for relief. Id. We also review a district court’s choice of
3
Specifically, Farallon alleged: (1) breach of implied contract; (2) violation of the duty of good faith; (3)
aiding and abetting violation of duty of good faith; (4) violation of duty to avoid conflicts of interest; (5)
aiding and abetting violation of duty to avoid conflicts of interest; (6) breach of fiduciary duty; (7) aiding
and abetting breach of fiduciary duty; (8) tortious interference; (9) unjust enrichment; and (10) a claim for
an accounting. Farallon’s complaint identified only certain of these claims as being brought under
Mexican law, but in its memorandum of law before the district court and brief on appeal it characterizes
all of these claims as Mexican law-based commercial tort or contract claims.
6
law determination – fundamentally, a question of law – de novo. Curley v. AMR Corp., 153
F.3d 5, 11 (2d Cir. 1998).
Farallon argues that New York’s choice of law rules, which are controlling here, Md.
Cas. Co. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 332 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir. 2003), dictate that we apply Mexican,
rather than New York, law in evaluating the viability of its claims. However, “[t]he first step in
any case presenting a potential choice of law issue is to determine whether there is an actual
conflict between the laws of the jurisdictions involved.” Matter of Allstate Ins. Co.
(Stolarz-N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co.), 81 N.Y.2d 219, 223 (1993).
The question whether the laws of two jurisdictions are in actual conflict turns on whether
there is any substantive difference between the jurisdictions’ law that is potentially relevant to
the disposition of the case before the court. “To find that there is an ‘actual conflict,’ the laws
in question must provide different substantive rules in each jurisdiction that are ‘relevant’ to the
issue at hand and have a ‘significant possible effect on the outcome . . . .’” Elmaliach v. Bank
of China Ltd., 110 A.D.3d 192, 200 (1st Dep’t 2013) (quoting Fin. One Pub. Co. v. Lehman
Bros. Special Fin., Inc. (“Finance One”), 414 F.3d 325, 331 (2d Cir. 2005)). So long as there is
no relevant conflict, the fact that two jurisdictions might have different theoretical approaches to
some substantive area of law is immaterial to the conflicts of law issue.
As the district court recognized, the effect of the TGA’s integration clause under each of
New York and Mexican law is central to the viability of Farallon’s claims. If, under the law of
both jurisdictions, the TGA is the sole controlling agreement by virtue of the integration clause,
Farallon’s claims in this action would be barred. The TGA’s integration clause specifically
terminates all prior agreements, including those agreements between Farallon and Cargill entities
other than Mexvalo, such as the Contribution Agreement. It is therefore drafted broadly enough
7
to capture the implied joint venture agreement with Cargill which, Farallon alleges, predated the
TGA, such that any alleged breaches of that agreement would not be actionable. The
integration clause also makes the TGA the exclusive agreement governing the development of
the Property and so forecloses any of Farallon’s claims that are predicated on collateral
agreements pertaining to the resort’s development. Moreover, if the TGA is the exclusive
agreement relating to the Property, Farallon would be barred from bringing the vast majority of
its claims against Cargill or any Cargill-related entity other than Mexvalo, the sole
Cargill-related entity party to the TGA, and would also, by the TGA’s binding arbitration clause,
be precluded from bringing these claims in this forum. Thus, the relevant question for the
conflicts of law analysis is whether there are substantive differences between Mexican and New
York law that would materially impact our interpretation of the TGA’s integration clause.
Given the clear terms of the TGA’s integration clause, we find no reason to distinguish
between the effect of the TGA under either New York or Mexican law. New York law holds
that “a written agreement that is complete, clear and unambiguous on its face must be enforced
according to the plain meaning of its terms.” Greenfield v. Philles Records, Inc., 98 N.Y.2d
562, 569 (2002). The effect New York law gives to an integration clause is a special instance
of this general rule: by the mechanism of an integration clause the parties make explicit their
intent to have the current agreement be exclusive with respect to the object of their contract and
to bar either party from introducing evidence of a collateral agreement. Schron v. Troutman
Sanders LLP, 20 N.Y.3d 430, 436-37 (2013); Town New Dev. Sales & Mktg. LLC v. Price, 127
A.D.3d 549, 549 (1st Dep’t 2015).
We do not find Mexican law any different on this point. Article 1851 of the Federal
Civil Code of Mexico – the primary source of contract law in Mexico, a civil law jurisdiction –
8
provides that “[i]f the terms of a contract are clear and leave no doubt about the intention of the
parties, [the contract] will be subject to the literal meaning of its provisions.” Código Civil
Federal [CC] [Federal Civil Code] (“Mexican Federal Civil Code”), Art. 1851, Diario Oficial de
la Federación [DO], 24 de Diciembre de 2013. Here, the literal meaning of the TGA’s
integration clause is clear. The clause specifically terminates all prior agreements and bars
evidence of collateral agreements by requiring that all modifications to the TGA be made in
writing and signed by the parties to the TGA.
Moreover, by entering into the TGA, inclusive of its integration clause, Farallon
demonstrated its consent to the termination of all collateral agreements and to making the TGA
the sole operative document. As under New York law, Mexican law binds parties who have
exhibited consent to the substance of their agreement. Mexican Federal Civil Code, Art. 1796
(“Contracts are perfected by the mere consent of the parties . . . [and] bind the parties . . . to the
fulfillment of their express agreement . . . [and] also to the consequences that, pursuant to their
nature, derive from good faith . . . or from the law.”).4 In the circumstances of this case, that
principle requires us to enforce the TGA’s integration clause as written.
The TGA’s clear integration clause undercuts Farallon’s claims. Farallon’s complaint
repeatedly alleges that it entered into an implied joint venture agreement predating the TGA with
Cargill. Even taking this allegation as true, that agreement would have been terminated by the
TGA’s integration clause. Thus, Farallon’s claims for breach of implied contract were properly
dismissed.
4
The expert testimony Farallon submitted in support of its Mexican law claims is not to the contrary and,
in fact, confirms the fundamental principle of both New York and Mexican law that parties to a contract
are bound by the express terms of their agreement.
9
Farallon also argues that, separate from either the alleged implied joint venture agreement
or the TGA, Cargill breached the duty of good faith it owed to its commercial partner, Farallon,
under Mexican law and that the good faith duties imposed by Mexican law are more expansive
than any imposed under New York law. As a civil law jurisdiction, Mexican tort law is
governed by the generalized and broad statutory duty of “good customs.” See Curley, 153 F.3d
at 14 (citing Mexican Federal Civil Code art. 1910). We have recognized that a conflict of
Mexican and New York tort law may very well arise in the personal injury context. See id. at
14-15. But after an independent review of Mexican law, we are unable to discern (and Farallon
has not provided) any authority for Farallon’s central claim that Mexican tort law imposes
good-faith obligations on business associates who are not in privity with each other.
As even the expert affidavits Farallon submitted in support of its claim make clear, the
good faith duties Farallon argues apply under Mexican law are structured by the parties’
contractual relationships. See Mexican Federal Civil Code, Art. 1796 (providing that contracts
bind the parties “to the fulfillment of their express agreement . . . [and] also to the consequences
that, pursuant to their nature, derive from good faith”). The affidavit submitted by Dr. Claus
von Wobeser, an expert on Mexican law, expressed the duty of good faith as “requir[ing] that in
the negotiations of a contract, parties act with honesty, inform their counterparties of the
essential elements of the contract, and [] not let their counterparty remain in error or mistake.”
App’x 163.8. Similarly, the judicial thesis cited by Farallon’s other Mexican law expert, José
Victor Torres Gómez, articulates the duty of good faith under Mexican law as arising in
connection with the parties’ contract.5 Because the TGA’s integration clause makes it the sole
5
Though a thesis is not a binding interpretation of Mexican law, it is indicative of the way Mexican
courts understand the law.
10
surviving contract pertaining to the development of the Property, any claims Farallon has for
breach of good faith must be brought in arbitration pursuant to the dispute resolution provision of
that agreement.6
Farallon also alleges that, by acting pursuant to their own interests with respect to the
development of the Property, Cargill Financial and CarVal breached their Mexican law duties to
avoid conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties to Farallon. But these allegations
are similarly inseparable from the TGA. As both Farallon’s experts note, there is no law in
Mexico that specifically lays out the relevant fiduciary duties applicable here. Any fiduciary
duties Mexican law might impose on settlors or beneficiaries of the Trust would be derived by
analogy to the corporate context and from the Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles, Mexico’s
statutory source of corporate law. But the fiduciary duties imposed by that law – including the
duties to avoid conflicts of interest – are applicable only to the shareholders in, or directors of,
the corporation, here, by analogy, Mexvalo and Mexvalo’s representative on the Trust’s
governing committee. See, e.g., Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles [LGSM] [General Law
for Commercial Corporations], Arts. 156, 196, Diario Oficial de la Federación [DO], 15 de
Diciembre de 2011. Because the legal basis for these allegations depends on the Trust’s
corporate-like structure, they effectively allege a violation of the TGA, to which neither Cargill
Financial nor CarVal are parties and which claims, in any case, must be brought pursuant to the
TGA’s binding arbitration provision. Thus, those of Farallon’s claims predicated on Cargill’s
6
The same holds true with respect to Farallon’s claim for an accounting. Since the TGA is the parties’
surviving agreement, Farallon’s claims for an accounting are linked to that agreement and, to the extent
they are viable, Farallon is bound to arbitrate them.
11
and Cargill’s representatives’ alleged breach of fiduciary duties and conflicts of interest were
properly dismissed as well.7
Farallon’s complaint also alleged that Cargill had tortiously interfered with Farallon’s
business relationships, including a family with whom Farallon’s owners had a long-standing
business relationship. The district court took Farallon’s tortious interference claim to have been
pled under New York law, and conducted no conflicts of law analysis with respect to this claim.
This was objectively reasonable: Farallon’s complaint did not refer to Mexican law when
discussing its tortious interference claim. Moreover, neither of Farallon’s experts discussed the
implications of Mexican law for that claim. However, Farallon now argues, as it did in passing
in its memorandum of law before the district court, that its tortious interference claim was
intended to invoke Mexican law.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 44.1 requires parties “who intend[] to raise an issue
about a foreign country’s law [to] give notice by a pleading or other writing.” Rule 44.1’s
notice requirement is highly flexible – for instance, a party need not necessarily provide notice in
its initial filing before the court and need only give sufficient notice to “avoid unfair surprise,”
Rationis Enters. Inc. of Panama v. Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., 426 F.3d 580, 585 (2d Cir.
2005) – but it is not without some outer limit. “Though [] Rule 44.1 establishes that courts
may, in their discretion, examine foreign legal sources independently, it does not require them to
do so in the absence of any suggestion that such a course will be fruitful or any help from the
parties.” Bartsch v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 391 F.2d 150, 155 n.3 (2d Cir. 1968) (citing
Arthur Miller, Federal Rule 44.1 and the “Fact” Approach to Determining Foreign Law: Death
7
As with Farallon’s claims for breach of good faith duties, this includes Farallon’s aiding and abetting
claims against Ramsfield, which are not independent from Farallon’s claims against Cargill itself.
12
Knell for a Die-Hard Doctrine, 65 MICH. L. REV. 613, 692–702 (1967)). This rule is a function
of Rule 44.1’s notice requirement: where the only hint that foreign law might apply comes from
a court’s attempt to draw reasonable inferences from the facts in a plaintiff’s complaint, without
any guidance from the plaintiff as to the nature of the foreign law claim, the plaintiff has
provided insufficient notice of the potential application of foreign law that Rule 44.1 requires.
Here, though Farallon argues that its tortious interference claim is based on Mexican law,
it points to no support for that proposition. As the author of the treatise Farallon repeatedly
cites to, Jorge Vargas, has observed, tortious interference “may be considered a true legal
construct of U.S. law.” Jorge Vargas, Mexican Law in California and Texas Courts and the
(Lack of) Application of Foreign Law in Mexican Courts, 2 MEX. L. REV. 45, 60 (2009). And
as the Ninth Circuit has noted, “New York recognizes a claim for tortious interference, whereas
Mexico does not.” Coufal Abogados v. AT&T, Inc., 223 F.3d 932, 935 (9th Cir. 2000); see also
Panel Discussion: International Tort Litigation Involving the United States and Mexico, 13
U.S.-MEX. L.J. 111, 111 (2005) (“Mexico’s courts do not recognize the concept of tortious
interference”). Put another way, the conflicts of law analysis that Farallon would have us
conduct would undercut its claim, as its tortious interference claim is not cognizable under the
law of Mexico, and Farallon advocates application of Mexican law. Thus, Farallon’s tortious
interference claim, like each of its other claims, was properly dismissed as well.8
8
Though Farallon’s brief passingly notes an unjust enrichment claim, it offers no supporting
argumentation that would distinguish that claim – which it merely includes in a list of alleged contract
claims under Mexican law – from the analysis applicable to any of the other contract law claims. To the
extent any such argument might exist, the absence of any discussion of that argument in Farallon’s brief
renders it waived. Tolbert v. Queens Coll., 242 F.3d 58, 75 (2d Cir. 2001).
13
B. Rule 59 and 60 Motions
We review Farallon’s appeal of the district court’s denial of its motion for
reconsideration under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 60(b) for abuse of discretion.
Lora v. O’Heaney, 602 F.3d 106, 111 (2d Cir. 2010). To ground a motion for reconsideration
on the basis of newly discovered evidence, “[t]he movant must demonstrate that (1) the newly
discovered evidence was of facts that existed at the time of trial or other dispositive proceeding,
(2) the movant must have been justifiably ignorant of them despite due diligence, (3) the
evidence must be admissible and of such importance that it probably would have changed the
outcome, and (4) the evidence must not be merely cumulative or impeaching.” United States v.
Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 247 F.3d 370, 392 (2d Cir. 2001). Farallon’s motion was based on
certain witness testimony from the parallel arbitration proceeding between Farallon and
Mexvalo.
At most, this new evidence amounts to testimony by certain individuals working for
Cargill that they referred to the Trust – an business structure unfamiliar to people used to
operating in a U.S. corporate law system – as a “joint venture.” The testimony also suggests
that the businesspeople involved in Cargill’s Mexican investments often used legally imprecise
language; rather than referring directly to Mexvalo, the holding company used for the equity
investment in the Property, they often referred more generally to Cargill Financial and CarVal.
But none of this testimony suggests a joint venture agreement separate from the TGA, and as a
result, there was no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to deny Farallon’s Rule 59
and Rule 60 motions. And because Farallon’s Rule 59 and Rule 60 motions were properly
denied, its accompanying motion to amend its complaint was properly denied as well. See
Ruotolo v. City of New York, 514 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that a party seeking to
14
amend pursuant to a Rule 59 or Rule 60 motion “must first have the judgment vacated or set
aside” under those Rules).
III. Conclusion
We have considered Farallon’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
15