Lawyer v. Cota ( 2019 )

18-1136
Lawyer v. Cota
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the
3 2nd day of April, two thousand nineteen.
4
5 Present: ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
6 DENNY CHIN,
7 Circuit Judges,
8 ERIC N. VITALIANO,1
9 District Judge.
10
11 _____________________________________________________
12
13 RYAN LAWYER,
14
15 Plaintiff-Appellant,
16
17 v. 18-1136-cv
18
19 DREW COTA, in his individual capacity as a Trooper for the Vermont
20 State Police, BEN PATNODE, in his individual capacity as a Trooper
21 for the Vermont State Police, DEREK ROLANDINI, in his individual
22 capacity as a Trooper for the Vermont State Police,
23
24 Defendants-Appellees.2
25 _____________________________________________________
26
27 Appearing for Appellant: Paul S. Volk, Blodgett, Watts & Volk, P.C., Burlington, VT.
1
Judge Eric N. Vitaliano, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York,
sitting by designation.
2
The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as above.
1
2 Appearing for Appellees: Bartholomew J. Gengler, Assistant Attorney General for the State
3 of Vermont, Montpelier, VT.
4
5 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont
6 (Crawford, C.J.).
7
8 ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
9 AND DECREED that the judgment of said District Court be and it hereby is AFFIRMED.
10
11 Plaintiff-Appellant Ryan Lawyer appeals from the April 4, 2018, judgment of the United
12 States District Court for the District of Vermont (Crawford, C.J.) granting Defendants-
13 Appellees’ motion for reconsideration and dismissing Lawyer’s complaint alleging that he was
14 improperly held on felony drug possession charges in its entirety. We assume the parties’
15 familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for review.
16
17 Trooper Drew Cota arrested and detained Lawyer, who was intoxicated at the time, for
18 impeding a public officer and disorderly conduct. After troopers left Lawyer in a holding cell
19 unattended, Lawyer used his foot to dislodge an object that was hidden in the cell’s sink, the
20 object split open, and approximately 100 bags of heroin spilled onto the floor. He fell asleep with
21 his shoes off and the bags of heroin still scattered on the floor. When Cota and fellow troopers
22 Derek Rolandini and Ben Patnode returned to the cell and discovered the heroin, they held
23 Lawyer on felony charges for possession of heroin. Lawyer claims that the affidavit of probable
24 cause that Cota swore in order to detain Lawyer falsely stated that the cell was clean before
25 Lawyer was detained there and that Lawyer had advised Rolandini that Lawyer had taken the
26 heroin packages from his shoe.3
27
28 Lawyer subsequently brought an action alleging various claims related to his unlawful
29 detention against Cota, Rolandini, and Patnode. The district court, then Judge J. Garvan Murtha
30 presiding, dismissed all of Lawyer’s claims against Rolandini and Patnode but allowed some of
31 Lawyer’s claims to proceed against Cota because it was Cota’s “fabricated and false statements
32 in the affidavit of probable cause” that led to Lawyer’s unlawful seizure and detention. Lawyer v.
33 Cota, No. 1:16-cv-62-jgm, 2017 WL 2572372, at *5 (D. Vt. June 14, 2017). Thereafter,
34 Defendants-Appellees moved for clarification and reconsideration of the district court’s decision
35 on qualified immunity. While the motion was pending, Judge Murtha took inactive status, and
36 the case was reassigned to Chief Judge Geoffrey W. Crawford. Chief Judge Crawford granted
37 Defendants-Appellees’ motion for reconsideration and held that all three troopers were entitled
38 to qualified immunity. Lawyer v. Cota, No. 5:16-cv-62-gwc, 2018 WL 1635237, at *3 (D. Vt.
39 Apr. 3, 2018).
40
41 Lawyer argues on appeal that Chief Judge Crawford lacked grounds to grant Defendants-
42 Appellees’ motion for reconsideration, violated the law of the case, and improperly granted Cota
43 qualified immunity as a matter of law. We review a district court’s decision to grant or deny a
44 motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. See Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d
45 255, 257 (2d Cir. 1995). “[W]e review a district court’s application of the law of the case
3
The charges against Lawyer were dropped two weeks after his arrest. App’x at 6, ¶ 28.
2
1 doctrine for abuse of discretion . . . .” Devilla v. Schriver, 245 F.3d 192, 198 (2d Cir. 2001).
2 Finally, we review a district court’s decision regarding qualified immunity on a motion to
3 dismiss de novo and accept the facts in the complaint as true, drawing all reasonable inferences
4 in Lawyer’s favor. Garcia v. Does, 779 F.3d 84, 91 (2d Cir. 2015).
5
6 A motion for reconsideration “will generally be denied unless the moving party can point
7 to controlling decisions or data that the court overlooked.” Shrader, 70 F.3d at 257. Defendants-
8 Appellees argued below that the district court was bound by Second Circuit precedent to apply
9 the corrected affidavit doctrine and determine whether Cota’s probable cause affidavit still
10 supported a finding of probable cause when the false statements were removed from the
11 affidavit.4 But the district court did not apply the corrected affidavit doctrine in adjudicating
12 Defendants-Appellees’ motion to dismiss. See Lawyer, 2017 WL 2572372, at *5. The district
13 court therefore overlooked controlling precedent, giving Chief Judge Crawford grounds to grant
14 the motion for reconsideration. See Shrader, 70 F.3d at 257.
15
16 Lawyer’s claim that the district court failed to apply the law of the case stumbles at the
17 gate. A motion for reconsideration under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) necessarily asks
18 a district court to reconsider the law of the case. While a motion for reconsideration is pending,
19 the law of case is therefore in flux because Rule 60(b) expressly permits the court to “relieve a
20 party . . . from a final judgment.” Because the district court properly granted the motion for
21 reconsideration, it properly reconsidered the law of the case.
22
23 Lastly, we affirm the district court’s conclusion on reconsideration that Cota is entitled to
24 qualified immunity. Cota, Rolandini, and Patnode are entitled to qualified immunity if they acted
25 with probable cause in detaining Lawyer on felony drug possession charges. See Velardi v.
26 Walsh, 40 F.3d 569, 573 (2d Cir. 1994). While an officer making an arrest pursuant to a warrant
27 is presumed to be entitled to qualified immunity, Martinez v. City of Schenectady, 115 F.3d 111,
28 115 (2d Cir. 1997), “[w]here an officer knows, or has reason to know, that he has materially
29 misled a magistrate on the basis for a finding of probable cause, the shield of qualified immunity
30 is lost,” Rivera v. United States, 928 F.2d 592, 604 (2d Cir. 1991). If an officer knowingly or
31 recklessly makes a false statement in an affidavit of probable cause and the false statement “was
32 necessary to the finding of probable cause,” the officer is not entitled to qualified immunity.
33 Martinez, 115 F.3d at 115 (internal quotation marks omitted). We determine whether the false
34 information was “necessary” to the probable cause finding by “consider[ing] a hypothetical
35 corrected affidavit, produced by deleting any alleged misstatements from the original warrant
36 affidavit and adding to it any relevant omitted information.” Ganek v. Leibowitz, 874 F.3d 73, 82
37 (2d Cir. 2017). After these alterations, if the corrected affidavit still supports a finding of
38 arguable probable cause, then the officer is entitled to qualified immunity. Id.39
40 Striking Cota’s alleged misstatements that Lawyer’s cell was clean prior to Lawyer being
41 detained in the cell and that Lawyer told Rolandini that he took the heroin from his shoe, the
42 officers still had probable cause to arrest Lawyer. The corrected probable cause affidavit avers
43 that after handcuffing Lawyer to a wall in a holding cell, officers returned to the cell to find
44 Lawyer asleep with heroin packages strewn across the holding cell. On these facts, it was
4
Lawyer filed a sur-reply in opposition to the motion to dismiss, permitting him to respond to
Defendants-Appellees’ arguments.
3
1 reasonable for Defendants-Appellees to infer that Lawyer, the occupant of the cell, was the
2 source of the drugs. Accordingly, Lawyer “has suffered no violation of Fourth Amendment
3 rights,” and Defendants-Appellees are “entitled to qualified immunity and dismissal.” Id.4
5 We have considered the remainder of Lawyer’s arguments and find them to be without
6 merit. Accordingly, the order of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED. Each side to bear its
7 own costs.
8
9 FOR THE COURT:
10 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
11
4