United States v. Elgindy ( 2008 )


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  • 06-4081-cr(Lead), 06-5165(con), 06-4087-cr(con)
    USA v. Elgindy
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
    -------------
    August Term, 2008
    (Argued: September 3, 2008              Decided: December 17, 2008)
    Docket Nos. 06-4081-cr(Lead), 06-5165(con), 06-4087-cr(con)
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    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Appellee,
    - against -
    JEFFREY ROYER and AMR I ELGINDY, also known as ANTHONY PACIFIC,
    also known as ANTHONY ELGINDY, also known as HERBERT MANNY
    VELASCO, also known as HERIBERTO MANNY VELAZCO, also known as
    TONY ELGINDY,
    Defendants-Appellants.
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    Before:   SACK and KATZMANN, Circuit Judges, and
    RAKOFF, District Judge.*
    Amr Elgindy and Jeffrey Royer appeal from their criminal
    convictions in the Eastern District of New York (Dearie, J.),
    raising, as their principal points, challenges to venue, to the
    Government’s theories of securities and wire fraud, to the
    admission of certain evidence relating to “9/11,” and to the
    calculation of their sentences. We affirm.
    *
    The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge
    for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
    -1-
    JOSHUA L. DRATEL (Meredith Heller, on the
    brief), Law Office of Joshua L. Dratel,
    New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellant
    Elgindy.
    LAWRENCE D. GERZOG, New York, NY, for
    Defendant-Appellant Royer.
    JOHN A. NATHANSON, Assistant United States
    Attorney (David C. James and Michael J.
    Goldberger, Assistant United States
    Attorneys, on the brief) for Roslynn R.
    Mauskopf, United States Attorney for the
    Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY,
    for Appellee.
    RAKOFF, District Judge:
    Amr I. Elgindy and Jeffrey Royer appeal from judgments of
    conviction entered in the United States District Court for the
    Eastern District of New York (Dearie, J.) following a twelve-week
    jury trial.
    Elgindy was convicted by the jury of racketeering conspiracy
    in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1962
    (c), securities fraud conspiracy
    in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 371
    , five substantive counts of
    securities fraud in violation of 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78ff,
    one count of conspiracy to commit extortion and one substantive
    count of extortion, both in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1951
    (a), and
    two counts of wire fraud in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1343.1
       In
    addition, Elgindy pleaded guilty to a separate indictment
    1
    The jury acquitted Elgindy of eight substantive counts of
    securities fraud, one count of extortion, one count of conspiracy
    to obstruct justice, one count of obstruction of justice, and
    seven counts of wire fraud.
    -2-
    (combined with the jury verdict for purposes of sentencing and
    entry of the judgment here appealed), which charged him with
    making false statements to representatives of the Transportation
    Safety Authority in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1001
     and with
    committing an offense while on pretrial release in violation of
    
    18 U.S.C. § 3147
    .   Elgindy was sentenced principally to a term of
    135 months’ imprisonment.
    Royer was convicted by the jury of racketeering conspiracy
    in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1962
    (c), securities fraud conspiracy
    in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 371
    , four substantive counts of
    securities fraud in violation of 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78ff,
    conspiracy to obstruct justice in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 371
    ,
    obstruction of justice in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1503
    , and
    witness tampering in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1512
    (b)(3).2    Royer
    was sentenced principally to a term of 72 months’ imprisonment.
    On appeal, Elgindy and Royer jointly and severally raise a
    host of issues, but the only ones that merit discussion relate to
    venue, the adequacy of the jury instructions and legal theories
    underlying the securities fraud and wire fraud counts, the
    admission of evidence related to the events of September 11, 2001
    (“9/11"), and the calculation of the sentences.   We construe the
    facts most favorably to the Government.
    2
    The jury acquitted Royer of ten substantive counts of
    securities fraud, two counts of extortion, one count of
    conspiracy to commit extortion, and ten counts of wire fraud.
    -3-
    In 1998, Elgindy founded a company called Pacific Equity
    Investigations that administered two websites, one that was
    publicly accessible with the address “www.InsideTruth.com” (“the
    InsideTruth site”) and one that was available only to paying
    subscribers with the address “www.AnthonyPacific.com” (“the AP
    site”).3    The InsideTruth site presented itself as a research
    tool that sought to uncover and reveal negative information about
    publicly-traded companies.    The AP site sought to profit from
    these revelations by providing its subscribers with
    recommendations about which stocks to “short.”4
    In 2000, through a co-conspirator named Derrick Cleveland
    (who testified for the Government at trial), Elgindy began
    receiving misappropriated information from co-defendant Jeffrey
    Royer, who was then a Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of
    Investigation (“FBI”) in Oklahoma City.    In the early summer of
    2000, Royer informed Cleveland of the existence of an ongoing
    government investigation of a company called Broadband Wireless
    (“BBAN”).    Cleveland passed the information on to Elgindy, who
    then profited by shorting shares of BBAN.    As a result of this
    3
    Subscribers paid between $200 and $600 per month for
    membership.
    4
    In “short-selling,” or “shorting,” the seller typically
    sells at the prevailing market price stock that he does not yet
    own but has arranged to purchase later at the subsequent market
    price, so that, if the price drops in the interim, he realizes a
    profit. Put another way, a short-seller is betting on a short-
    term decline in the market price of a given security.
    -4-
    success, Elgindy solicited Cleveland to relay further such
    confidential law enforcement information from Royer.    Eventually,
    Royer began passing information directly to Elgindy, as well as
    passing information through Cleveland.
    As the scheme evolved, Royer, who was assigned to the FBI’s
    “white collar crime” unit, would obtain confidential information
    by performing searches in the FBI’s Automated Case Support
    computer database and in the criminal history database maintained
    by the National Crime Information Center, as well as by
    contacting personnel of the Securities and Exchange Commission
    (“SEC”) and asking them to perform searches in the SEC’s
    confidential Name Relationship Search Index database.   Royer
    would convey the misappropriated information to Elgindy, who
    would in turn convey the gist of it to subscribers to the AP site
    and instruct the AP site members to short the stock but not yet
    release the information to the public.   Then, when Elgindy gave
    the signal, the AP site members would use the InsideTruth site
    and other media to disseminate the misappropriated information to
    the general public, and thereby profit from the resulting drop in
    the stock’s price.   Elgindy kept close control over his AP site
    subscribers and even threatened to exclude them from the site if
    they failed to follow his trading instructions.
    In addition, Elgindy himself traded on the misappropriated
    information, sometimes even in advance of when he released it to
    -5-
    the AP members or when he directed them to trade on its basis (a
    practice called “front running”).     Elgindy and Royer also
    manipulated prices in the relevant securities by orchestrating
    trades by AP site subscribers in thinly traded stocks.
    In January 2002, both Royer and Cleveland began working for
    Elgindy at his San Diego office.    Even though Royer had now left
    the FBI, he continued to unlawfully obtain confidential law
    enforcement information from his girlfriend, Lynn Wingate, who
    still worked for the FBI, and from a friend named Michael
    Mitchell, who was a police officer in Gallup, New Mexico.
    Elgindy also used the unlawfully obtained information for
    the purpose of extortion.   Specifically, after Royer provided
    Elgindy with information that Paul Brown, the CEO of a company
    called Nuclear Solutions (“NSOL”), had previously been convicted
    of a felony drug charge but that the conviction had been
    expunged, Elgindy posted the information on the AP site,
    describing Brown, inaccurately, as a “three time felon.”       Elgindy
    and the AP site members then heavily shorted NSOL stock, causing
    its price to decline.   Thereupon, Elgindy informed Brown that he
    and the AP site members would leave Brown alone only on the
    condition that Brown give Elgindy a discounted block of NSOL
    stock to cover their short positions.     Brown signed an agreement
    with Troy Peters (one of Elgindy’s accomplices who pled guilty to
    participation in the extortion conspiracy), pursuant to which
    -6-
    Peters’ company would purportedly provide investment banking
    services to NSOL in exchange for stock in the company.     No such
    services were ever provided, however, and the agreement merely
    served as a cover to transfer shares to Elgindy and others.5
    Elgindy further used his connection with Royer to learn
    whether he himself was under investigation.     On several occasions
    prior to September 11, 2001, Elgindy requested, both directly and
    through Cleveland, that Royer find out whether Elgindy was the
    target of any ongoing investigation.     Thereafter, in late
    September 2001, Royer learned that Elgindy was a subject of a
    government investigation in the Eastern District of New York into
    individuals who had made significant securities trades
    immediately prior to 9/11.     Elgindy drew the investigators’
    attention because he had made contributions to a charity called
    “Mercy USA” that the investigators believed had links to
    terrorist organizations and because, on September 10, 2001, he
    had attempted to liquidate his children’s investment accounts.
    Royer passed at least some of this information on to Elgindy.
    The government also introduced evidence that Elgindy
    subsequently traveled to Lebanon without the permission of his
    5
    Elgindy was acquitted of another extortion charge
    involving a company called Flor Decor (“FLOR”) and its CEO, A.J.
    Nassar. Royer was acquitted of all extortion counts.
    -7-
    probation officer in November 2001,6 arranged to buy an apartment
    there, and transferred money to a Lebanese bank account.     He also
    asked Royer to write a letter to the District Court of the
    Northern District of Texas recommending that Elgindy’s term of
    supervised release be terminated early.
    Shortly before Royer left the FBI in late 2001, he was
    interviewed about Elgindy.   In the course of this interview, he
    falsely stated that, although Elgindy had offered him a job, he
    did not plan to work for Elgindy until the FBI investigation had
    been concluded.   He also falsely stated that he had never
    provided confidential law enforcement information to Elgindy.
    As mentioned, Royer, after leaving the FBI, continued to
    obtain confidential information from, among others, Michael
    Mitchell, whom Royer asked to run searches in law enforcement
    databases.   Royer falsely told Mitchell that the searches were
    relevant to work on continuing FBI investigations.   After Royer
    was arrested, he contacted Mitchell and told him repeatedly that
    he had told the FBI that he had only asked Mitchell to run one
    search.   Mitchell understood Royer to be asking him to lie to the
    FBI if he was interviewed about the multiple searches he had
    performed for Royer.
    6
    In 2000, Elgindy, after completing a term of imprisonment
    on unrelated federal charges, had begun serving a term of
    supervised release.
    -8-
    A grand jury in the Eastern District of New York returned an
    indictment against Elgindy, Royer, and others in May 2002, and a
    second superseding indictment in September 2004.   On April 17,
    2004, after he had been arrested and released on bail, Elgindy
    went to MacArthur Airport on Long Island and tried to board a
    plane with false identification.   He was traveling under the name
    “Herbert Manny Velasco” and had with him several pieces of
    identification bearing variants of that fictitious name, as well
    as approximately $25,000 in cash, more than $30,000 worth of
    jewelry, blank checks for a bank account belonging to his mother,
    and blank checks for an account created in his own name and
    listing his country of residence as Lebanon.   Elgindy falsely
    told the arresting authorities that his name was Manny Velasco,
    that he was a jewelry dealer, and that Amr Elgindy, whose name
    appeared on several documents and prescriptions in his
    possession, was his lawyer.   He finally admitted his true
    identity when the officers found his California driver’s license.
    Against this background, we turn to the principal points
    raised by defendants on this appeal.
    Venue
    As to each count of which one or both defendants was
    convicted at trial, the jury found, by a preponderance of the
    evidence, that venue was proper in the Eastern District of New
    -9-
    York.        Both defendants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence
    supporting these findings.7
    Venue raises both constitutional and statutory concerns.
    Article III of the Constitution states that "[t]he Trial of all
    Crimes . . . shall be held in the State where the said Crimes
    shall have been committed."          U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 3.
    The Sixth Amendment declares that "[i]n all criminal
    prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and
    public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
    wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall
    have been previously ascertained by law."          U.S. Const. amend.
    VI.8        In the Second Circuit,
    there is no single defined policy or mechanical test to
    determine constitutional venue. Rather, the test is best
    described as a substantial contacts rule that takes into
    account a number of factors -- the site of the defendant’s
    acts, the elements and nature of the crime, the locus of the
    effect of the criminal conduct, and the suitability of each
    district for accurate factfinding . . . .
    United States v. Reed, 
    773 F.2d 477
    , 481 (2d Cir. 1985).
    7
    Elgindy also argues that, under his reading of Apprendi v.
    New Jersey, 
    530 U.S. 466
     (2000), and various other cases, the
    Government was required to prove venue by proof beyond a
    reasonable doubt. This argument is foreclosed in this Circuit.
    See, e.g., United States v. Rommy, 
    506 F.3d 108
    , 119 (2d Cir.
    2007); United States v. Chen, 
    378 F.3d 151
    , 159 (2d Cir. 2004);
    United States v. Svoboda, 
    347 F.3d 471
    , 485 (2d Cir. 2003).
    8
    Technically, Article III specifies “venue” and the Sixth
    Amendment specifies “vicinage,” but that refined distinction is
    no longer of practical importance. See 2 Charles Alan Wright,
    Federal Practice and Procedure § 301 (3d ed. 2000); see also
    Brian C. Kalt, Essay, The Perfect Crime, 93 Geo. L. J. 675 (2005)
    (discussing perhaps the only circumstance in which the
    distinction between venue and vicinage might bear any
    significance).
    -10-
    By rule, venue lies “in a district where the offense was
    committed.”   Fed. R. Crim. P. 18.    Congress, however, has
    provided that, absent an express statutory provision to the
    contrary, “any offense against the United States begun in one
    district and completed in another, or committed in more than one
    district, may be inquired of and prosecuted in any district in
    which such offense was begun, continued, or completed.”    
    18 U.S.C. § 3237
    (a).   See United States v. Johnson, 
    323 U.S. 273
    ,
    275 (1944) (noting that venue for the prosecution of “continuing
    offenses” is proper in any district “through which force
    propelled by an offender operates”).    This statute has particular
    applicability where, as here, the use of modern communications
    facilities to execute a sophisticated criminal scheme inherently
    contemplates activities throughout many parts of the country.
    See United States v. Rowe, 
    414 F.3d 271
    , 279 (2d Cir. 2005)
    (“Section 3237(a)’s language is broad, and Rowe’s act of
    publishing an internet advertisement to trade child pornography
    can readily be described as an ‘offense involving . . .
    transportation in interstate . . . commerce.’”).
    Where multiple crimes are charged in a single indictment,
    the Second Circuit has held that “venue must be laid in a
    district where all the counts may be tried.”    United States v.
    Saavedra, 
    223 F.3d 85
    , 89 (2d Cir. 2000).    Accordingly, we must
    consider the appropriateness of venue with regard to each of the
    counts of which the defendants were convicted.
    -11-
    We begin with the counts of substantive securities fraud.
    The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides that “[a]ny criminal
    proceeding may be brought in the district wherein any act or
    transaction constituting the violation occurred.”       15 U.S.C. §
    78aa.       See United States v. Geibel, 
    369 F.3d 682
    , 696 (2d Cir.
    2004).       To justify venue in the Eastern District of New York, the
    Government relies, first, on evidence that seven of the limited
    number of subscribers to the AP site were located in the Eastern
    District of New York and that Elgindy sent hundreds of messages
    to AP site subscribers conveying the information misappropriated
    by Royer, including information relating to the specific stocks
    involved in the securities fraud counts of which defendants were
    convicted.       In addition, trades in the securities affected by the
    defendants’ manipulative activities were made during the relevant
    time frame by investors residing in the Eastern District of New
    York, and market makers who made markets in many of those stocks
    were located in the Eastern District of New York.9
    9
    There were also certain venue-related events that
    pertained to individual securities fraud counts. For example,
    Research Frontiers (“REFR”), one of the companies about which
    Royer misappropriated and disseminated confidential information,
    was located in the Eastern District of New York. A co-
    conspirator of Elgindy who posted material on the AP site
    arranged to have a picture taken of REFR’s headquarters on Long
    Island. Also, an AP site subscriber with the screen name
    “WhoLovesYa,” who resided in the Eastern District of New York,
    participated in preparing a report for Elgindy’s InsideTruth
    website on Seaview Underwater Research (“SEVU”), one of the
    companies named in a securities fraud, which report was intended
    to drive down the price of SEVU stock.
    -12-
    We have stated that “venue is proper in a district where (1)
    the defendant intentionally or knowingly causes an act in
    furtherance of the charged offense to occur in the district of
    venue or (2) it is foreseeable that such an act would occur in
    the district of venue [and it does].”    United States v. Svoboda,
    
    347 F.3d 471
    , 483 (2d Cir. 2003).     In the instant case, no fewer
    than seven AP site subscribers resided in the Eastern District of
    New York during the period of the various securities fraud
    schemes of which the defendants were convicted, and all but one
    was an AP subscriber throughout this period.    Although no direct
    evidence of their trades was presented to the jury, that is of no
    moment to our analysis.   Venue need only be proved by a
    preponderance of the evidence, and the jury could reasonably
    infer that it was more likely than not that one or more of these
    subscribers traded in the applicable securities, since there were
    at most some 300 AP subscribers in total, such trading was the
    very purpose of subscribing (at a price) to the AP site, and
    Elgindy exercised tight control over the AP site subscribers.
    Moreover, quite aside from any trading, a jury could
    reasonably infer that it was more likely than not that, with
    respect to each security, one or more of the subscribers, in
    accordance with Elgindy’s strict instructions, disseminated
    Royer’s misappropriated information so as to put artificial
    downward pressure on the market.    This manipulation, in turn,
    impacted not only the documented purchases of relevant securities
    -13-
    made by non-AP investors resident in the Eastern District of New
    York but also the market makers in these stocks, whose role
    depended on the market operating free of manipulation.
    Here, by contrast with such cases as United States v.
    Geibel, 
    369 F.3d 682
     (2d Cir. 2004) (holding venue improper where
    actions taken in the Southern District of New York were “anterior
    and remote to” the criminal conduct), the actions of the AP site
    subscribers, the market makers, and the investors were crucial to
    the success of the scheme.   And at a minimum, the jury could
    infer by a preponderance that the subscribers in the Eastern
    District of New York received information about these stocks from
    Elgindy.   Receipt of electronic transmissions in a district is
    sufficient to establish venue activity there.    See, e.g., Rowe,
    
    414 F.3d at 279
     (holding venue in Southern District of New York
    proper for conviction of advertising to receive, exchange or
    distribute child pornography when defendant posted an
    advertisement on the Internet, which a law enforcement official
    viewed in the district).
    As noted, in this Circuit, venue must not only involve some
    activity in the situs district but also satisfy the “substantial
    contacts” test of Reed, which requires consideration of such
    factors as “the site of the defendant’s acts, the elements and
    nature of the crime, the locus of the effect of the criminal
    conduct, and the suitability of the [venue] for accurate
    factfinding.”   Reed, 
    773 F.2d at 481
    .   But here, as discussed
    -14-
    above, the first three factors are plainly satisfied, for the
    defendants orchestrated activity in the Eastern District of New
    York that was intended to, and did, effectuate their scheme.
    Nor, as to the fourth factor, is the Eastern District any less
    suitable for accurate factfinding than any other district
    involved in the scheme’s implementation.   Indeed, the defendants,
    having concocted a scheme that relied so heavily on the actions
    of the AP site subscribers for its success and that defrauded
    investors throughout the country, can hardly complain that their
    very modus operandi subjected them to prosecution in numerous
    districts, including the Eastern District of New York.
    Elgindy also challenges the jury’s finding that venue was
    proper with respect to the substantive extortion count and
    extortion conspiracy count of which he was convicted.    He argues
    once again that the Government has failed to show that he or, in
    the case of the conspiracy charge, a co-conspirator took an
    action in furtherance of the extortion scheme in the Eastern
    District of New York.   The Government, in turn, makes a similar
    argument to the one it made about the securities fraud counts:
    that Elgindy’s extortionate acts were dependent on the
    communication of information to AP site subscribers and the
    control exercised over their further dissemination of that
    information and that the presence of seven of the subscribers in
    the Eastern District establishes sufficient contacts for venue
    -15-
    purposes.10   They also point to specific evidence documenting
    that “WhoLovesYa,” a resident of the Eastern District, was an
    active participant in communications concerning Paul Brown, CEO
    of NSOL, who was the target of the extortion scheme of which
    Elgindy was ultimately convicted.
    It is useful on this point to recall the nature of the
    extortion scheme in which Elgindy was engaged.     After
    misappropriating, with Royer’s help, information about the
    publicly expunged criminal record of Brown, Elgindy informed the
    AP site subscribers that Brown was a “three time felon” and
    directed them to short NSOL stock.     This downward pressure on
    NSOL’s stock price, in turn, provided Elgindy with the ammunition
    to extort Brown into transferring a block of NSOL stock to
    Elgindy, and it had the intended effect.     In other words, a
    critical component of creating the requisite fear in Brown so
    that the extortion would succeed was the concerted trading
    activity of the AP site subscribers, led by Elgindy.
    The record below documents that WhoLovesYa, who resided in
    the Eastern District of New York, was an active participant in
    these events.   In one chat session, after Elgindy gave his
    subscribers the go-ahead to short NSOL stock (apparently because
    10
    The fact that the AP site subscribers were not expressly
    named as co-conspirators is irrelevant. Their actions were
    either caused by Elgindy and Royer or, at a minimum, were a
    foreseeable result of the defendants’ actions. Svoboda, 
    347 F.3d at 483
    .
    -16-
    Brown was not providing the demanded block of stock rapidly
    enough), WhoLovesYa commented “Brown[’]s gone, all bets are off.”
    “Anthony” -- Elgindy’s screen name -- then wrote, “NSOL e short
    15% at $1.15.   Don’t forget the CEO is now worm food and they
    have no product or revenues.”   WhoLovesYa also offered to
    investigate whether Brown possessed a license to carry concealed
    weapons so as to independently verify the information Royer had
    obtained about his criminal record and discussed having placed a
    phone call to an Idaho weapons agency to this end.
    It is thus evident that venue for the substantive extortion
    count and the extortion conspiracy count properly lay in the
    Eastern District of New York.
    Although defendants also challenge venue with respect to the
    securities fraud conspiracy and the RICO conspiracy counts, their
    challenge need not long detain us.     In a conspiracy prosecution,
    venue is proper in any district in which “an overt act in
    furtherance of the conspiracy was committed.”    United States v.
    Naranjo, 
    14 F.3d 145
    , 147 (2d Cir. 1994).    This includes not just
    acts by co-conspirators but also acts that the conspirators
    caused others to take that materially furthered the ends of the
    conspiracy.   See Svoboda, 
    347 F.3d at 483
     (stating that venue is
    proper in a district where the defendant intentionally or
    knowingly causes an act in furtherance of the charged offense to
    occur).   The defendants’ transmission of confidential information
    to the AP site subscribers in the Eastern District of New York,
    -17-
    as well as the acts that a reasonable jury could find were more
    likely than not taken by the AP site subscribers in the Eastern
    District of New York, are sufficient in themselves to meet this
    standard for both the securities fraud and RICO conspiracies (as
    were the acts of WhoLovesYa for the extortion conspiracy).
    Moreover, Royer’s obstruction of justice conviction also
    connects the securities fraud conspiracy to the Eastern District
    of New York.   Royer alerted Elgindy to the fact that he was under
    investigation after September 11, 2001, and he continued to
    monitor the progress of that investigation and to pass on the
    information he obtained to Cleveland and Elgindy.   Shortly before
    leaving the FBI, he also falsely told FBI investigators that he
    had never provided confidential law enforcement information to
    Elgindy.   These actions were taken in furtherance of the
    securities fraud conspiracy: their purpose was to allow the
    scheme to continue by protecting Elgindy from law enforcement
    authorities and to conceal the fact of the information-sharing
    arrangement among Royer, Cleveland, and Elgindy.    Because these
    actions were taken to impede a grand jury investigation in the
    Eastern District of New York, they establish the requisite
    contacts with that district for the securities fraud conspiracy
    charge as well.
    The RICO conspiracy does not call for a fundamentally
    different analysis.   To be sure, we expressed some concern in
    Saavedra that RICO, given its breadth, not be interpreted to
    -18-
    permit venue to lie automatically in every district where a
    member of the enterprise has conducted some criminal activity.
    
    223 F.3d at 93-94
    .   But we also explained in Saavedra that the
    application of the Reed factors in every case will ensure that
    venue is only found where there are enough substantial contacts
    to ensure that prosecution is fair to the defendant.   
    Id. at 94
    .
    In this case, Elgindy was convicted under 
    18 U.S.C. § 1962
    (c), which makes it “unlawful for any person employed by or
    associated with any enterprise engaged in . . . interstate or
    foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or
    indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a
    pattern of racketeering activity.”    Among the acts that make up
    the pattern of racketeering activity are Elgindy’s direction of
    communications to the AP site subscribers located in the Eastern
    District and Royer’s obstruction of the grand jury investigation
    in the Eastern District.   The former establishes substantial
    contacts in light of Reed’s directive to consider the elements
    and nature of the crime, as the communications were central to
    the fraudulent scheme that gave the enterprise its primary
    purpose.   The latter establishes substantial contacts when viewed
    in light of Reed’s directive to consider the place where the
    effect of the criminal conduct occurs, as the repercussions of
    Royer’s actions were felt by the Eastern District grand jury
    whose investigation he impeded.
    -19-
    We have considered defendants’ other arguments regarding
    venue and find them to be without merit.
    Securities Fraud and Wire Fraud
    The defendants challenge their securities fraud and wire
    fraud convictions on numerous grounds, the most colorable of
    which are here addressed.   The securities fraud counts went to
    the jury on two alternative theories: first, that the defendants
    unlawfully traded in various securities on the basis of material
    confidential information that Royer had misappropriated and then
    shared with Elgindy for the purpose of securities trading, see
    United States v. O’Hagan, 
    521 U.S. 642
    , 651-52 (1997), and,
    second, a market manipulation theory involving the defendants’
    orchestration of trading by themselves and the AP site members in
    order to artificially affect the market prices of various thinly
    traded securities, see Gurary v. Winehouse, 
    190 F.3d 37
    , 44-46
    (2d Cir. 1999).
    With regard to the first theory, the defendants argue that
    even if Royer improperly obtained the law enforcement information
    here at issue from confidential law enforcement reports, much of
    the information reflected in those reports was also publicly
    available and therefore any related trading was not trading on
    “nonpublic” confidential information.   See SEC v. Mayhew, 
    121 F.3d 44
    , 50 (2d Cir. 1997).   The Government does not dispute that
    -20-
    someone who knew where to look could have lawfully discovered
    some of the information that Royer obtained improperly from
    nonpublic law enforcement reports, but it argues that, as the
    district court instructed the jury, the fact that information may
    be found publicly if one knows where to look does not make the
    information “public” for securities trading purposes unless it is
    readily available, broadly disseminated, or the like.
    In so concluding, the district court relied on the Supreme
    Court’s decision in United States Department of Justice v.
    Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 
    489 U.S. 749
    , 751
    (1989), in which the Court considered whether the disclosure of
    criminal histories compiled by the FBI could reasonably be
    expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal
    privacy within the meaning of the “privacy” exemption from
    disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.   In upholding
    the application of that exemption, the Court distinguished
    criminal history information that a member of the public could
    obtain only with difficulty from information that was “freely
    available.”
    The very fact that federal funds have been spent to prepare,
    index, and maintain these criminal-history files
    demonstrates that the individual items of information in the
    summaries would not otherwise be “freely available” either
    to the officials who have access to the underlying files or
    to the general public. Indeed, if the summaries were
    “freely available,” there would be no reason to invoke the
    FOIA to obtain access to the information they contain.
    
    Id. at 764
    .   Although the Supreme Court’s interpretation of FOIA
    -21-
    is not directly applicable to the issue presented in the instant
    case, its logic is highly instructive.   The law enforcement
    reports that Royer misappropriated were not themselves public in
    any practical sense, even if some of the sources from which they
    were compiled could be accessed by the public.   Moreover, the
    manner in which law enforcement information was combined in the
    reports was itself nonpublic and helped inform its relevance for
    trading purposes.   See United States v. Winans, 
    612 F. Supp. 827
    ,
    832 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (although all the information in reporter’s
    published columns was public, the “timing, subject and tenor” of
    the misappropriated columns was not public prior to publication),
    aff’d in relevant part sub nom. United States v. Carpenter, 
    791 F.2d 1024
    , 1031-32 (2d Cir. 1986), aff’d, 
    484 U.S. 19
     (1987) .
    While the trial court’s instruction here given might not be
    universally appropriate, in the factual context of this case it
    correctly stated the relevant principles the jury needed to
    apply.11
    11
    Although Royer also objects to the district court’s
    instruction that “[t]o constitute non-public information,
    information must be specific and more private than general
    rumor,” the language the district court used was drawn almost
    verbatim from our decision in United States v. Mylett. See 
    97 F.3d 663
    , 666 (2d Cir. 1996) (“To constitute non-public
    information under the act, information must be specific and more
    private than general rumor.”). Contrary to defendants’
    assertions, the evidence presented to the jury readily
    established that the information obtained by Royer with regard to
    each of the securities here in question was obtained from
    confidential reports that combined information that could be
    obtained publicly, albeit with difficulty, and information that
    was entirely private.
    -22-
    Alternatively, defendants argue that their actions cannot be
    the basis of a securities fraud conviction because they disclosed
    both the information and its source to the AP site subscribers.
    However, as the district court correctly instructed the jury,
    when someone misappropriates material nonpublic information, he
    is obligated, under the law, either to disclose the
    information to make it public, or to abstain from trading.
    When an investor with such information chooses to
    disclose it, the non-public information remains non-public
    for purposes of the insider trading laws until it has been
    disseminated in a manner sufficient to insure its
    availability to the investing public or to insure that the
    market has had an opportunity to “absorb” the disclosed
    information such that the company’s stock price has already
    adjusted to reflect that information.
    Tr. at 8839.   See Mayhew, 
    121 F.3d at 50
    .   Elgindy’s disclosure
    of the confidential law enforcement information he obtained from
    Royer to the AP site subscribers did not accomplish the necessary
    public dissemination.
    Finally, defendants also argue that it was error to instruct
    the jury that it could convict the defendants if the defendants
    traded while in “knowing possession” of nonpublic information
    material to those trades, as oppposed to requiring proof that the
    defendants “used” such information in making the trades.   But we
    previously resolved this issue in favor of the “knowing
    possession” standard in United States v. Teicher, 
    987 F.2d 112
    ,
    119-21 (2d Cir. 1993) and while this resolution was arguably
    dictum, it was the product of sustained and detailed
    consideration as set forth in the opinion.   Nothing that has
    -23-
    developed since persuades us of any different resolution.   On the
    contrary, the SEC subsequently enacted Rule 10b5-1, adopting a
    knowing possession standard, and that determination is itself
    entitled to deference.   See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res.
    Def. Council, Inc., 
    467 U.S. 837
    , 843-44 (1984); Roth ex rel.
    Beacon Power Corp. v. Perseus L.L.C., 
    522 F.3d 242
    , 249 (2d Cir.
    2008) (holding that SEC rules are entitled to Chevron deference).
    We consequently adhere to the knowing possession standard
    articulated in Teicher.12
    With respect to the Government’s alternative theory of
    liability -- market manipulation -- the district court instructed
    the jury as follows:
    The essential element of manipulation is the deception of
    investors into believing that prices at which they purchase
    and sell securities are determined by the natural interplay
    12
    Moreover, the jury instruction actually given by the
    district court here was, if anything, more favorable to the
    defendants than a “knowing possession” standard requires. The
    district court’s instruction read:
    A purchase or sale of a security is “on the basis of”
    material non-public information about that security, if the
    person making the purchase or sale was aware of the material
    non-public information when the person made the purchase or
    sale, and the information in some way informed the
    investment decision.
    Tr. at 8841-42 (emphasis supplied). The emphasized language
    appears to require more of a causal connection between the
    possession of the information and the trade in the security
    concerned than would be demanded under a knowing possession
    standard.
    -24-
    of supply and demand.13 Consequently, any conduct that is
    designed to deceive or defraud investors by controlling or
    artificially affecting the price of securities is
    prohibited. Congress intended that Section 10(b) prevent
    fraud, whether it is a garden variety fraud, or a unique,
    novel or atypical form of deception.
    Market manipulation may be accomplished through a
    variety of means or ways undertaken either alone or in
    combination. The government alleges that the defendants
    engaged in a variety of conduct designed to impact
    artificially the price of stocks, including by making
    materially false and misleading public statements on the
    InsideTruth.com website and on the Internet and by
    coordinating their trading of the stocks of certain
    companies for the purpose of impacting the price of the
    stock. I instruct you, however, that group trading by
    itself without the intent to deceive and defraud is not
    market manipulation. Similarly, the dissemination of
    truthful information, negative or not, into the marketplace
    by itself is not market manipulation.
    Tr. at 8844-45 (emphases supplied).   Defendants argue that this
    instruction was erroneous because it arguably allowed for
    conviction without a finding that the defendants disseminated
    false information to the marketplace.   However, the statute here
    in issue, § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, simply
    prohibits the use of “any manipulative or deceptive device or
    contrivance” in contravention of SEC rule.   15 U.S.C. § 78j(b).
    This broad language, on its face, extends to manipulation of all
    kinds, whether by making false statements or otherwise.   Rule
    10b-5, in turn, prohibits not only conventional frauds brought
    about by making materially false or misleading statements, see
    Chiarella v. United States, 
    445 U.S. 222
    , 227-28 (1980), but also
    13
    The language of this first sentence is drawn directly
    from our decision in Gurary, 
    190 F.3d at 45
    .
    -25-
    so-called “constructive frauds,” i.e., other forms of misconduct
    that have the same practical effect as a conventional fraud.
    Specifically, the third alternative prong of Rule 10b-5 prohibits
    any person from “engag[ing] in any act, practice, or course of
    business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit
    upon any person.”   
    17 CFR § 240
    .10b-5(c).   As the Supreme Court
    recently confirmed, “[c]onduct itself can be deceptive,” and so
    liability under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 does not require “a
    specific oral or written statement.”   Stoneridge Inv. Partners,
    LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., 552 U.S. _, 
    128 S. Ct. 761
    , 769
    (2008); see United States v. Finnerty, 
    533 F.3d 143
    , 148 (2d Cir.
    2008).
    Accordingly, in United States v. Regan, 
    937 F.2d 823
    , 829
    (2d Cir. 1991), we sustained a conviction under Rule 10b-5 of the
    underwriter of a convertible bond offering who attempted to
    depress the stock price of the issuer by arranging for artificial
    short sales to a broker-dealer.   Similarly, in Crane Co. v.
    Westinghouse Air Brake Co., 
    419 F.2d 787
    , 792-98 (2d Cir. 1969),
    we held that Rule 10b-5 was violated when the defendant sought to
    thwart a tender offer by purchasing the target company’s stock on
    the open market at increasingly higher prices while
    simultaneously secretly selling the stock in off-market sales.
    In the present case, the defendants sought to artificially affect
    the prices of various securities by directing the AP site
    subscribers to trade and to disclose the negative information at
    -26-
    times and in manners orchestrated by the defendants that were
    dictated not by market forces, but by defendants’ desire to
    manipulate the market for their own benefit.    It would be hard to
    imagine conduct that more squarely meets the ordinary meaning of
    “manipulation.”
    Defendant Elgindy also challenges the legal basis of the two
    wire fraud counts of which he was convicted.    These counts
    concern Elgindy’s practices of trading against his advice to his
    AP site subscribers and his related practice of “front running,”
    i.e., making his own trades before advising the site subscribers
    to trade in a security and thus guaranteeing himself increased
    profits.   Both of these alleged practices were presented to the
    jury as violations of the prong of the wire fraud statute that
    prohibits use of interstate or international wire communications
    in execution of a scheme “to deprive another of the intangible
    right of honest services.”    
    18 U.S.C. §§ 1343
    , 1346.
    Specifically, the Government alleged that Elgindy, by trading
    against his advice to the AP site subscribers and trading in
    advance of the trades he directed them to make, cheated his AP
    site subscribers of the honest services he owed them.    Elgindy,
    however, contends that no such duty was owed.
    We have explained that
    the term “scheme or artifice to deprive another of the
    intangible right to honest services” in section 1346, when
    applied to private actors, means a scheme or artifice to use
    the mails or wires to enable an officer or employee of a
    private entity (or a person in a relationship that gives
    -27-
    rise to a duty of loyalty comparable to that owed by
    employees to employers) purporting to act for and in the
    interests of his or her employer (or of the other person to
    whom the duty of loyalty is owed) secretly to act in his or
    her or the defendant's own interests instead, accompanied by
    a material misrepresentation made or omission of information
    disclosed to the employer or other person.
    United States v. Rybicki, 
    354 F.3d 124
    , 141-42 (2d Cir. 2003) (en
    banc) (footnote omitted).    Applying this standard to the facts of
    this case, we find that Elgindy owed the requisite duty of honest
    services to the AP site subscribers.    Elgindy charged his
    subscribers fees of $200 to $600 per month; he specifically
    warranted on his website that he would not front run or trade
    against advice; and he not only offered investment advice to his
    subscribers, he specifically directed their trading activities
    and threatened to remove them from the site if they did not
    follow his instructions.    While an investment advisor does not
    automatically owe a duty of honest services to those who rely on
    her advice, in this case Elgindy took numerous affirmative steps
    to create a relationship in which, for a price, his subscribers
    agreed to let him, in effect, dictate their trades, secure in his
    promise that he would not undercut their trades for his own
    benefit.   This was more than enough to create a duty of honest
    services, which Elgindy then blatantly breached.14
    14
    Although Elgindy contends that the Government failed to
    show any detriment to his subscribers, this is plainly untrue,
    since they paid him $200-$600 for his honest services and
    received dishonest services instead.
    -28-
    9/11 Evidence
    Elgindy and Royer argue on appeal that evidence admitted by
    the district court concerning the FBI’s post-9/11 investigation
    of Elgindy’s possible ties to the 9/11 terrorist attacks was
    unfairly prejudicial, that the district court abused its
    discretion in admitting the evidence, and that as a result they
    were denied a fair trial.
    Federal Rule of Evidence 403 allows relevant evidence to be
    excluded by the trial court if “its probative value is
    substantially outweighed by” such dangers as “unfair prejudice.”
    Fed. R. Evid. 403.   On appeal, our review of the district court’s
    Rule 403 rulings is tightly limited in recognition of a trial
    court’s superior position to assess both the probative value and
    the prejudicial potential of evidence presented at trial; those
    rulings must stand absent an abuse of discretion.   United States
    v. Birney, 
    686 F.2d 102
    , 106 (2d Cir. 1982); United States v.
    Figueroa, 
    618 F.2d 934
    , 943 (2d Cir. 1980).   While “evidence
    linking a defendant to terrorism in a trial in which he is not
    charged with terrorism is likely to cause undue prejudice,”
    United States v. Elfgeeh, 
    515 F.3d 100
    , 127 (2d Cir. 2008), the
    potential for prejudice is only part of the equation, see, e.g.,
    United States v. Salameh, 
    152 F.3d 88
    , 123 (2d Cir. 1998) (per
    curiam) (holding that, in the trial of the participants in the
    1993 World Trade Center bombing, victim testimony and photographs
    -29-
    of the scene of the bombing were not improperly admitted into
    evidence).    Indeed, in Elfgeeh, we held that, despite the fact
    that a witness’s testimony had suggested that defendant was
    suspected of funding terrorism, defendant was not entitled to a
    new trial, in part because the district court gave timely
    cautionary instructions, as the district court did here, and thus
    reduced the potential for prejudice.    
    515 F.3d at 127
    .
    Here, Royer’s illicit efforts to find out whether Elgindy
    was under investigation and his discovery, unlawfully conveyed to
    Elgindy, that Elgindy was suspected (wrongly, as it turned out)
    of having advance knowledge of the 9/11 attacks, was directly
    relevant to the obstruction and racketeering charges, among
    others.15    Nevertheless, the district court was at pains to limit
    the amount and impact of such evidence because of the risk of
    prejudice.    Before Cleveland testified about the information that
    Royer passed on to him about the investigation into Elgindy’s
    supposed 9/11 connections, the court limited the testimony he
    could offer, prohibiting, for example, any reference to al Qaeda
    and any attempt to elicit testimony suggesting that Elgindy’s
    brother, who worked at the Pentagon, left just before the attack.
    15
    The district court observed at one point that “if that
    prong of this case were not about 911 and were about some other
    conduct . . . the whole case would have come in, not for the
    truth, but to tell the jury about the nature, depth and
    seriousness of the investigation because it’s directly relevant
    to the crime of obstruction. I’ve hamstrung the government, for
    good reason, and at [defense counsel’s] urging . . . .”
    -30-
    Later, after Cleveland testified that Royer had informed him that
    Elgindy was under investigation and that the topic of the
    investigation was “terrorism,” the district court instructed the
    jury that “[t]his case has nothing to do with terrorism.     I want
    to make that point very strongly to you.   There are no such
    charges in this case . . . and you will not hear any evidence
    that Mr. Elgindy or anyone else was involved in or aided the
    events of September 11th.   Please understand this.”   The
    testimony throughout the rest of the Government’s case included
    only a few general references to the fact that Elgindy was under
    investigation by the FBI in late 2001 and a handful of specific
    statements indicating that the investigation explored possible
    ties between Elgindy and 9/11 or terrorism.
    However, when defendant Royer took the stand, he testified
    that at various times he had worked first to prevent and then
    investigate the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and this was a subject of
    cross-examination by the Government, though the scope of the
    cross was again limited by the court.   Specifically, in his
    direct testimony, Royer portrayed himself as having worked in
    cooperation with Elgindy and Cleveland in the wake of 9/11 to try
    to track down leads relating to the attacks, dismissed the
    suggestion that there was any basis to believe at the time that
    Elgindy was involved in 9/11, and denied sharing with Elgindy the
    fact that he was under investigation.   The district court
    notified the government that, although Royer’s testimony did open
    -31-
    the door to further questioning about the post-9/11 terrorism-
    related investigation into Elgindy, it would keep “a very short
    tether on this.”   Royer was then cross-examined about the nature
    of the investigation and the contents of FBI reports suggesting
    that Elgindy may have been involved in terrorism.   The district
    court instructed the jury that the statements contained in the
    reports were hearsay.
    Finally, a rebuttal witness, Agent James Fitzgerald of the
    FBI, testified briefly about the Zacharias Moussaoui case,
    testimony that was allowed in order to rebut Royer’s claim that
    he had possessed information that could have led to the
    interception of the 9/11 hijackers if only his superiors at the
    FBI had heeded his urging to act on it.   Additionally, the
    Government asked Michael Mitchell to confirm that Royer had told
    him that Elgindy was under investigation for terrorism-related
    matters involving a Middle Eastern charity.   This testimony was
    allowed only after the district court had considered the
    Government’s arguments for its necessity and the defense’s
    arguments against admitting it; offered to give a limiting
    instruction to the jury; and then decided, at the defense’s
    request, not to give such an instruction because it would draw
    too much attention to the testimony.16
    16
    Additionally, Elgindy’s own counsel put questions to
    Royer regarding an alleged link between one of the stocks Elgindy
    shorted (Genesisintermedia.com, or “GENI”) and Osama Bin Laden, a
    line of questioning that was apparently meant to suggest that
    -32-
    The record thus demonstrates that, far from abusing its
    discretion, the district court engaged in precisely the sort of
    “conscientious assessment” that our precedents require.   See
    Birney, 
    686 F.2d at 106
    ; Figueroa, 
    618 F.2d at 943
    .   It carefully
    weighed the probative value of the 9/11-related evidence the
    Government wished to offer, excluded that evidence that was more
    potentially prejudicial than probative (such as references to Al
    Qaeda), issued limiting instructions to the jury on several
    occasions, and continued to keep tight control over the
    introduction of such evidence even after defendant Royer’s
    testimony explicitly addressed the topic of 9/11.
    It remains only to add that Elgindy was, in the end,
    acquitted of the obstruction of justice charges, which were the
    charges most directly linked to the 9/11-related evidence.    This
    only serves to reconfirm that the district court’s careful
    efforts to remove any unfair prejudice from the introduction of
    9/11-related evidence were extremely successful.17
    Elgindy was a source rather than a target in a 9/11-related FBI
    investigation.
    17
    For the same reasons, we reject defendants’ arguments
    that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to
    sever their trials in light of the potential for prejudice from
    9/11-related evidence.
    As for Elgindy’s claim that the district court erred in
    failing to question jurors about possible 9/11-related prejudice
    during voir dire, the fact is that Elgindy’s counsel expressly
    declined to request such questions.
    -33-
    Sentencing
    Both Elgindy and Royer challenge the sentences the district
    court imposed on them.
    The central dispute concerning Elgindy’s sentence is the
    calculation of the gain amount used to determine both his offense
    level under the Guidelines and his forfeiture amount.     The
    district court decided, after considering all of the relevant
    conduct, that the appropriate provision of the Sentencing
    Guidelines to apply in Elgindy’s case was § 2B1.4, the insider
    trading provision.   (The Government had urged the court to use §
    2B1.1, which applies to market manipulation and specifies a
    higher offense level.)   Under § 2B1.4, the base offense level is
    8 and points are then added depending on the amount of gain
    resulting from the offense according to the scale established in
    § 2B1.1.
    The district court determined that the gain amount was
    $1,568,000.   Elgindy asserts that the calculations made to reach
    this figure were improper and that the correct figure is $64,000.
    Specifically, Elgindy argues that only the gains made on four of
    the stocks as to which he was convicted of securities fraud
    involving the public market18 should be included in the
    18
    More precisely, these were the four stocks as to which
    Elgindy was convicted of securities fraud on a misappropriation
    and/or market manipulation theory. The fifth count of securities
    fraud of which he was convicted was for misleading his
    subscribers.
    -34-
    calculation (as opposed to gains on all 32 stocks as to which
    Elgindy acquired material nonpublic information); that the only
    relevant trader for the purpose of calculating profits is himself
    (as opposed to including AP site members as well); and that only
    gains made within three days from the date on which the inside
    information was disseminated should be included in the
    calculation (as opposed to gains from all trades made by relevant
    traders after the dissemination of the nonpublic information).
    The district court ultimately determined that all 32 stocks as to
    which Elgindy possessed misappropriated information should be
    considered, and that trades made by all AP site members following
    the dissemination of material nonpublic information should also
    be considered, but that the three-day period advocated by Elgindy
    should be applied.
    In making this decision, the district court noted first
    that, given the fact that the insider trading scheme was clearly
    a joint endeavor among Elgindy and the AP site subscribers, it
    was appropriate to take into account the subscribers’ trades.
    See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.4 cmt. background
    (2007) (“Because the victims [of insider trading] and their
    losses are difficult if not impossible to identify, the gain,
    i.e., the total increase in value realized through trading in
    securities by the defendant and persons acting in concert with
    the defendant or to whom the defendant provided inside
    information, is employed instead of the victims’ losses.”
    (emphasis added)).   Although this meant including gains
    -35-
    associated with stocks with respect to which Elgindy was
    acquitted of securities fraud, the district court found that
    “clear and convincing” evidence evinced the larger pattern of
    trading.   See United States v. Gigante, 
    94 F.3d 53
    , 55-57 (2d
    Cir. 1996) (holding that acquitted conduct may be considered in
    determining the appropriate sentence under the Sentencing
    Guidelines when it is established by a preponderance of the
    evidence).   These findings of fact were not clearly erroneous.19
    Given its determination that the appropriate gain amount was
    $1,568,000, and after taking into account other relevant factors
    (obstruction of justice, leadership, and extortion), the district
    court arrived at a total offense level of 31, which, given
    Elgindy’s criminal history, translated into a Guidelines
    sentencing range of 135 to 168 months.   The forfeiture amount of
    $1,568,000 (which Elgindy also challenges) was based on the same
    calculations, and we similarly find that the district court’s
    determination of this amount was not erroneous.
    19
    Elgindy points to several specific points of fact that he
    claims were not established by sufficient evidence to be taken
    into account by the district court at sentencing. But our review
    of the record shows otherwise. Specifically, Elgindy alleges
    that trades in the stock of BGI Industries (“BGII”) should not
    have been included; but there is testimony in the record that
    Cleveland learned through Royer that the company was under
    investigation and that the information was disseminated through
    the AP site. He also alleges that the trading profits of three
    traders were improperly included in the calculation because they
    did not receive their information directly from Elgindy; but
    there was evidence that they did receive material nonpublic
    information that originated with Elgindy and Royer.
    -36-
    Elgindy also argues that there was an “unwarranted
    disparity” between his sentence and that of his co-conspirator,
    Peter Daws, who received probation and a $50,000 fine.      The
    district court, however, specifically noted that Daws was a
    passive recipient of the information obtained by Elgindy and that
    Elgindy, unlike Daws, was convicted of extortion and of
    committing a crime while on pre-trial release.    In light of these
    considerations, we do not find the disparity to be unreasonable.
    Finally, Elgindy challenges the district court’s
    determination of his sentence for making false statements to the
    Transportation Safety Authority and committing an offense while
    on bail, which were the charges contained in the second
    indictment (to which he pleaded guilty).    He argues that the
    district court failed to adequately explain the basis of its
    sentence of 60 months for the two counts of making false
    statements and 27 months for the commission of an offense while
    released on bail.   However, any error in calculating the 60 month
    sentence for the false statement counts was harmless, as that
    sentence is to be served concurrently with Elgindy’s 108 month
    sentence for his other convictions.    As to the 27-month
    consecutive sentence, while the district court did not parse out
    the steps through which it arrived at this figure, the sentence
    is consistent with U.S.S.G. § 3C1.3.    That section provides that
    when 
    18 U.S.C. § 3147
    , which stipulates that a sentence for a
    crime committed on pretrial release shall be imposed
    consecutively to any other sentence imposed, applies in a given
    -37-
    case, the offense level for the underlying offense is increased
    by three levels.   The application note explains,
    the court . . . should divide the sentence on the judgment
    form between the sentence attributable to the underlying
    offense and the sentence attributable to the enhancement.
    The court will have to ensure that the “total punishment” .
    . . is in accord with the guideline range for the offense
    committed while on release, as adjusted by the enhancement
    in this section. For example, if the applicable adjusted
    guideline range is 30-37 months and the court determines a
    “total punishment” of 36 months is appropriate, a sentence
    of 30 months for the underlying offense plus 6 months under
    
    18 U.S.C. § 3147
     would satisfy this requirement.
    The district court appears to have done just what this note
    requires.   Having properly determined that the combined sentence
    for all the crimes of which Elgindy was convicted in both
    indictments was to be 135 months (the low end of the Guidelines
    range), it allocated that sentence between the underlying
    offenses and the enhancement under § 3147.   Accordingly, we
    decline to vacate any portion of Elgindy’s sentence.
    As for Royer, he challenges his sentence primarily on the
    ground that the gain amount applied in his case by the district
    court -- which was $1,568,000, the same amount applied in
    Elgindy’s case -- was improper.   He contends that this amount
    includes losses related to securities fraud counts as to which he
    was found not guilty and that it was error to attribute acts
    committed by Elgindy to Royer for the purposes of sentencing
    because those acts were not reasonably foreseeable by him.     See
    United States v. Studley, 
    47 F.3d 569
    , 574 (2d Cir. 1995)
    (holding that in the case of jointly undertaken criminal
    activity, the acts of one participant may be attributed to
    -38-
    another for sentencing purposes   if they were reasonably
    foreseeable).   The district court, however, explicitly found that
    the nature of Elgindy’s enterprise was evident to Royer from his
    earliest involvement in it, and given the facts in the record we
    find that this was not clear error.
    We have considered defendants’ numerous other points on
    appeal and find them to be entirely without merit.   Accordingly,
    defendants’ convictions and sentences are in all respects
    AFFIRMED.
    -39-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 06-4081-cr(Lead), 06-5165(con), 06-4087-cr(con)

Filed Date: 12/17/2008

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/17/2015

Authorities (28)

united-states-v-mohammed-a-salameh-nidal-ayyad-mahmoud-abouhalima-also , 152 F.3d 88 ( 1998 )

United States v. Winans , 612 F. Supp. 827 ( 1985 )

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Victor TEICHER, ... , 987 F.2d 112 ( 1993 )

Apprendi v. New Jersey , 120 S. Ct. 2348 ( 2000 )

Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, ... , 104 S. Ct. 2778 ( 1984 )

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United States v. Elfgeeh , 515 F.3d 100 ( 2008 )

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united-states-v-vincent-gigante-also-known-as-chin-vittorio-amuso-also , 94 F.3d 53 ( 1996 )

United States v. Rommy , 39 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 703 ( 2007 )

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united-states-v-marcelino-saavedra-also-known-as-king-maas-luis , 223 F.3d 85 ( 2000 )

fed-sec-l-rep-p-92532-crane-company-v-westinghouse-air-brake-company , 419 F.2d 787 ( 1969 )

United States v. Johnson , 65 S. Ct. 249 ( 1944 )

United States v. Larry G. Rowe , 414 F.3d 271 ( 2005 )

United States v. Thomas C. Reed , 773 F.2d 477 ( 1985 )

Roth Ex Rel. Beacon Power Corp. v. Perseus, LLC , 522 F.3d 242 ( 2008 )

United States v. Carol Birney , 686 F.2d 102 ( 1982 )

United States v. Steven Chen and Gong Chai Sun , 378 F.3d 151 ( 2004 )

United States v. Finnerty , 56 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 743 ( 2008 )

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