Rodriguez Mejia v. Holder , 441 F. App'x 789 ( 2011 )

10-2668-ag
Rodriguez Mejia v. Holder
BIA
Nelson, IJ
A094 778 110
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
York, on the 20th day of October, two thousand eleven.
PRESENT: REENA RAGGI,
RICHARD C. WESLEY,
GERARD E. LYNCH,
Circuit Judges.
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MARCOS RODRIGUEZ MEJIA,
Petitioner,
v. No. 10-2668-ag
NAC
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
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FOR PETITIONER: Daniel B. Lundy, New York, New York.
FOR RESPONDENT: Tony West, Assistant Attorney General; Paul Fiorino,
Senior Litigation Counsel; Karen L. Melnik, Trial
Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice,
Washington, D.C.
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a decision of the Board
of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED,
that the petition for review is DISMISSED in part and DENIED in part.
Petitioner Marcos Rodriguez Mejia, a native and citizen of El Salvador, seeks review
of a June 9, 2010 order of the BIA affirming the September 23, 2008 decision of Immigration
Judge Barbara A. Nelson, denying his applications for withholding of removal and relief
under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In re Marcos Rodriguez Mejia, No. A094
778 110 (BIA June 9, 2010), aff’g No. A094 778 110 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Sept. 23, 2008).
We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history of the
case.
Under the circumstances of this case, we consider the decision of the IJ as
supplemented by the BIA. See Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005).
The applicable standards of review are well-established. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B);
Yanqin Weng v. Holder, 562 F.3d 510, 513 (2d Cir. 2009).
1. Mejia’s Withholding of Removal Claim
Mejia claims that he is entitled to withholding of removal based on social group
persecution. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 169, 178
(2d Cir. 2004); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1). He submits that the BIA wrongfully denied this
relief by mischaracterizing the social group supporting his claim, identifying it as “victims
of gangs in El Salvador” rather than as “people who have reported or testified against gang
members, investigated gang crimes, and sought information or justice for family members
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killed or disappeared by gang members.” Pet’r’s Br. at 14-16. This claim fails for lack of
administrative exhaustion because Mejia never identified the social group supporting his
claim before the agency. See Lin Zhong v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 480 F.3d 104, 119-20 (2d
Cir. 2007).
An alien seeking relief from removal must exhaust both the categories of relief sought,
see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1), and the bases for such relief, see Lin Zhong v. U.S. Dep’t of
Justice, 480 F.3d at 119-20. The latter requirement encompasses the specific issues
supporting a claim for relief. See id.; Steevenez v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 114, 117-18 (2d Cir.
2007) (holding that failure to raise issues before BIA is fatal to subsequent petition for
review). While this court may consider claims and issues not raised by a petitioner in the
course of his BIA appeal if the BIA addressed them sua sponte, this exception to the
exhaustion rule extends no further than the issues that the BIA actually addressed. See
Waldron v. INS, 17 F.3d 511, 515 n.7 (2d Cir. 1993).
Following these principles, we decline to review Mejia’s argument that he is eligible
for withholding of removal due to a clear probability of persecution on account of his
membership in the social group of “people who have reported or testified against gang
members, investigated gang crimes, and sought information or justice for family members
killed or disappeared by gang members.” Pet’r’s Br. at 15-16. Whether Mejia established
such a group, or whether such a group was cognizable for relief from removal, are issues that
were neither raised before the BIA nor addressed by the BIA sua sponte. See Lin Zhong v.
U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 480 F.3d at 119-20. Although Mejia checked a box on his application
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for withholding of removal indicating that he was seeking withholding based on social group
persecution, neither his application nor his supporting affidavit identified the particular social
group at issue. Instead, as the government points out in its brief, see Gov’t’s Br. at 10-11,
Mejia merely asserted a generic social group persecution claim before the agency.
Based on her review of the facts asserted in Mejia’s affidavit, the IJ concluded that
Mejia’s difficulties in El Salvador were not related to his membership in any particular social
group. Mejia failed to file a timely brief with the BIA disputing this conclusion.
Nevertheless, the BIA liberally construed the agency record to assert social persecution based
on Mejia’s alleged status as a victim of gang violence. The BIA’s interpretation of Mejia’s
claim as one based on his membership in such a group was consistent with the factual
assertions in Mejia’s application for withholding of removal and in his supporting affidavit.
Insofar as Mejia now charges that the BIA erred in failing to recognize that the social
group at issue was “people who have reported or testified against gang members, investigated
gang crimes, and sought information or justice for family members killed or disappeared by
gang members,” Pet’r’s Br. at 15-16, Mejia never raised, much less exhausted, a claim that
his membership in such a group could support a claim for withholding of removal.1 Where,
1
The likelihood of such a claim succeeding is doubtful. Cf. Koudriachova v.
Gonzales, 490 F.3d 255, 261-62 (2d Cir. 2007) (noting that “former police officer singled out
for reprisal because of her role in disrupting particular criminal activity” would likely not
qualify for relief based on social group persecution, since reprisal would be occasioned not
by membership in group defined by immutable characteristics but rather “by others factors
more specific to the particular applicant”). But we will not address the merits where, as here,
the claim has never been presented to the agency.
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as here, an alien has failed to raise the purported basis for his claim for relief from removal
before the BIA, he cannot use the fact that the BIA sua sponte addressed what it reasonably
understood to be the basis for his claim as a justification for obtaining this court's review of
a different basis never before the agency.
In sum, we conclude that Mejia’s failure to identify before the BIA the particular
social group on which he now relies in seeking withholding of removal is fatal to his petition
for review. See Steevenez v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d at 117-18.
2. Mejia’s CAT Claim
With regard to Mejia’s CAT claim, the BIA sua sponte considered whether Mejia
carried his evidentiary burden of showing that it was more likely than not that he would be
tortured by or with the acquiescence of a government official if returned to El Salvador. See
Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 161, 168 (2d Cir. 2004); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c). Because
Mejia’s challenge to the IJ’s adverse evidentiary falls precisely within the scope of the BIA’s
sua sponte review, we deem this issue exhausted. See Waldron v. INS, 17 F.3d at 515 n.7.
An alien applying for CAT relief may prevail by showing that he will more likely than
not be tortured by government actors, or that government actors will exhibit willful blindness
toward acts of torture committed by private actors. See Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d at
171. Here, Mejia asserted that gangs exert some influence over some police officers in El
Salvador, that his nephew’s girlfriend told him that a single corrupt officer played an
unspecified role in the 1998 death of Mejia’s nephew, that Mejia and his family received
threats from gang members after reporting his nephew’s death to the police, and that Mejia
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and his family did not report these threats to the police because they feared police complicity
with gangs. These assertions of gang murder and threats from gang members are certainly
disturbing. But the role of the police in the asserted events is based entirely on conclusory
or speculative allegations, which do not compel an inference that the police would more
likely than not instigate or acquiesce in Mejia’s torture if he returned to El Salvador. Cf.
Yueqing Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540, 546 n.7 (2d Cir. 2005) (denying petition where
asserted fear of persecution was “conclusory”); Jian Xing Huang v. INS, 421 F.3d 125, 129
(2d Cir. 2005) (denying petition where assertion of likely persecution was “speculative at
best”).
Mejia’s attempt to recharacterize his sufficiency argument as presenting a legal rather
than a factual challenge, see Mendez v. Holder, 566 F.3d 316, 322-23 (2d Cir. 2009), is
unpersuasive. The BIA is not required to “expressly parse or refute on the record every
individual . . . piece of evidence offered by the petitioner.” Zhi Yun Gao v. Mukasey, 508
F.3d 86, 87 (2d Cir. 2007). In addition, we presume that an agency “has taken into account
all of the evidence before [it], unless the record compellingly suggests otherwise.” Xiao Ji
Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 337 n.17 (2d Cir. 2006). The present record
reveals no such failure by the BIA.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DISMISSED in part and DENIED
in part.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court
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