United States v. Gupta , 618 F. App'x 21 ( 2015 )

14-4048-cr
United States v. Gupta
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1
2 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
3 the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
4 on the 14th day of October, two thousand fifteen.
5
6 PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
7 GERARD E. LYNCH,
8 SUSAN L. CARNEY,
9 Circuit Judges.
10 _____________________________________
11
12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
13 Appellee,
14
15 v. No. 14-4048-cr
16
17 RAGHUBIR K. GUPTA,
18 Defendant-Appellant.
19 _____________________________________
20
21 FOR APPELLANT: RITHER ALABRE (Susan C. Wolfe, on the brief),
22 Blank Rome LLP, New York, NY,
23
24 FOR APPELLEE: MICHAEL GERBER, Assistant United States Attorney
25 (Margaret Garnett, Assistant United States Attorney, on
26 the brief), for PREET BHARARA, United States
27 Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New
28 York, NY.
29
30 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
31 York (Robert P. Patterson, Jr., J.).
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1 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
2 AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
3 Raghubir Gupta appeals from a judgment of conviction for causing the false
4 subscription to, and the submission of fraudulent immigration documents, in violation of
5 Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1546(a) and 2(b).1 We assume the parties’
6 familiarity with the facts and procedural history.
7 First, Gupta argues that under § 1546(a), the false statement and swearing under
8 oath or penalty of perjury must be “simultaneous.” Gupta instructed his clients to write
9 false answers on a questionnaire and sign blank amnesty applications. Using the answers
10 from the questionnaires, Gupta’s staff would type up the applications. Gupta would then
11 sign them as the preparer and submit them to the USCIS. Contrary to Gupta’s argument
12 that “common sense” requires that the false statement and swearing under oath be
13 simultaneous, one must either swear first and then make the statements, as one typically
14 does when testifying in court, or make the statements first, then swear to their truth, as
15 one typically does when signing a document. The order of swearing and asserting makes
16 no difference. The fact that the false information was transferred to a form signed and
17 sworn to in advance does not avoid a violation of § 1546(a), where both Gupta and his
18 clients understood that the clients were swearing to the truth of information that all
19 involved knew was false.
1
Gupta was first tried and convicted in 2008, but this conviction was reversed
because of procedural errors not relevant here. See United States v. Gupta, 699 F.3d 682(2d Cir. 2012).
2
1 Second, Gupta argues that he cannot be held liable as a principal under § 2(b) for
2 the acts of the government’s confidential informant, because the informant was acting at
3 the direction of the government, and therefore was not under penalty of perjury when she
4 signed the application form. The argument is without merit. The government informant
5 did sign the form under penalty of perjury; she simply had a defense that she was acting
6 under government direction. Her defense does not avail Gupta. As we have held, “if the
7 defendant willfully caused an act that, had he performed it directly, would be an offense
8 against the United States, he may be prosecuted under § 2(b) even though the agent who
9 committed the act is innocent or acquitted.” United States v. Concepcion, 983 F.2d 369,
10 384 (2d Cir. 1992) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted).
11 Third, Gupta argues that the district court erred by failing to instruct the jury that
12 to convict him under the “presenting” prong of § 1546(a) (whoever “knowingly presents
13 any such application . . . which contains any such false statement”), the jury must find
14 that the false statements were made under penalty of perjury. The argument is unavailing.
15 First, it is foreclosed by United States v. Khalje, 658 F.2d 90 (2d Cir. 1981), which holds
16 that the reference to “such false statement” in the “presenting” prong does not incorporate
17 the “penalty of perjury” requirement. Gupta urges us to overrule Khalje, but only the
18 Court sitting en banc, or the Supreme Court, may do that. See United States v.
19 Wilkerson, 361 F.3d 717, 732 (2d Cir. 2004). Second, even if Khalje were overruled,
20 Gupta’s conviction would still have to be affirmed. The jury returned a special verdict
21 finding Gupta guilty both of causing another to make a false statement under penalty of
3
1 perjury and of presenting false statements to the USCIS. Since the former finding is
2 unaffected by Gupta’s argument, and since the jury did find that the statements in
3 question were made under penalty of perjury, any error was harmless.
4 Finally, Gupta’s argument that the district court improperly instructed the jury on
5 the “willfully” component of § 2(b) is without merit. He contends that rather than
6 defining willfully as “knowingly and intentionally,” the district judge should have
7 instructed the jury that willfully means “with a bad purpose to do something that the law
8 forbids.” The argument is foreclosed by our precedent. Although “willfully” sometimes
9 has the meaning Gupta suggests, see, e.g., Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184 (1998),
10 the word is notoriously “a word of many meanings,” id. at 191. In the context of § 2(b),
11 we have held that in order to establish willfulness, “the government need not prove a
12 knowing violation of the law,” and “a defendant with the mental state necessary to violate
13 the underlying section is guilty of violating [§ 2(b)] if he intentionally causes another to
14 commit the requisite act.” United States v. Gabriel, 125 F.3d 89, 101 (2d. Cir. 1997),
15 abrogated on other grounds by Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, 544 U.S. 696,
16 705–06 (2005). The district judge here properly instructed the jury that in order to
17 convict, it had to find that Gupta acted with the requisite intent to violate the underlying
18 statute, that is, that he knew the statements were false, and that he intended to cause
19 another to commit the requisite act. Joint App’x 103–04.
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4
1 We have considered Gupta’s remaining arguments and find them to be without
2 merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
3
4
5 FOR THE COURT:
6 CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court
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