Bascuñán v. Elsaca , 927 F.3d 108 ( 2019 )

18‐2731
Bascuñán v. Elsaca
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
______________
August Term 2018
(Argued: March 6, 2019 | Decided: June 13, 2019)
Docket No. 18‐2731
JORGE YARUR BASCUÑÁN, TARASCONA CORP., HOFSTRA CORP.,
INMOBILIARIA MILANO S.A., INMOBILIARIA E INVERSIONES TAURO S.A.,
INVERSIONES T & V S.A.,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
v.
DANIEL YARUR ELSACA, CRISTÍAN JARA TAITO, OSCAR BRETÓN
DIEGUEZ, GM & E ASSET MANAGEMENT S.A., FINTAIR FINANCE CORP.,
EUWELAND CORP., HAY’S FINANCE CORP., CARY EQUITY’S CORP.,
AGRÍCOLA E INMOBILIARIA CHAUQUÉN LIMITADA, JOHN DOES 1–10,
ALAPINJDP INVESTING CORP., SAN INVESTMENT COMPANY LTD,
Defendants‐Appellees,
JOSÉ PEDRO SILVA PRADO, ALAPINJDP INVESTMENT CORP.,
Defendants.*
______________
* The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption as set forth above.
Before:
WESLEY and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges; and BRODIE, District Judge.†
This civil RICO action asks whether extraterritoriality issues prevent a
Chilean national and affiliated parties from suing another Chilean national and
affiliated parties in the United States for their alleged involvement in numerous
fraudulent schemes. The primary allegations are that the defendants, while located
in foreign nations, used the mail or wires to order fraudulent asset transfers from
the plaintiffs’ New York bank accounts to the defendants’ own accounts. The
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) held
that all but one of the schemes were impermissibly extraterritorial under either
civil RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), or the mail, wire, and bank fraud statutes the
plaintiffs cited as predicates to the civil RICO cause of action, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341,
1343, and 1344. The court then found that the remaining scheme, standing alone,
did not constitute a pattern of racketeering activity under RICO.
We hold that all but one of the schemes call for domestic applications of civil
RICO and the underlying mail, wire, and bank fraud statutes. Accordingly, we
REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
_________________
ROBIN L. ALPERSTEIN (Jesse T. Conan, on the brief), Becker, Glynn,
Muffly, Chassin & Hosinski LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs‐
Appellants.
DAVID S. FLUGMAN (Jennifer M. Selendy, on the brief), Selendy &
Gay PLLC, New York, NY, for Defendants‐Appellees.
_________________
†Judge Margo K. Brodie of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
York, sitting by designation.
2
WESLEY, Circuit Judge:
This is the second time we have been asked to decide whether Jorge Yarur
Bascuñán and affiliated parties (collectively, “Bascuñán”) can sue his cousin
Daniel Yarur Elsaca and affiliated parties (collectively, “Elsaca”) under civil
provisions of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970
(“RICO”) for their role in an alleged network of transnational fraudulent schemes.
The first time this case was before us, we reversed an order of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.)1 dismissing
Bascuñán’s claims as impermissibly extraterritorial. We remanded for the court to
consider whether Bascuñán adequately pleaded a domestic injury in light of our
opinion and any additional allegations in the then‐pending Second Amended
Complaint (“SAC”).2 On remand, the district court dismissed the SAC, finding that
it failed to allege a domestic injury under RICO, impermissibly relied on
extraterritorial applications of RICO predicate statutes, and failed to adequately
allege a continuous pattern of racketeering activity.3 For the following reasons, we
1 See Bascuñan v. Elsaca, No. 15 Civ. 2009 (GBD), 2016 WL 5475998 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2016).
2 See Bascuñán v. Elsaca (Bascuñán I), 874 F.3d 806 (2d Cir. 2017).
3 See Yarur Bascuñan v. Yarur Elsaca, 338 F. Supp. 3d 301 (S.D.N.Y. 2018).
3
reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
Factual Background4
Bascuñán is a resident and citizen of Chile. His grandfather founded Banco
de Crédito e Inversiones (“BCI”), the third‐largest bank in Chile. His father was
the president and controlling shareholder of the bank. In the 1990s, Bascuñán
inherited a large fortune from his parents (the “Bascuñán Estate,” or “Estate”)
consisting of numerous companies, financial property, a significant stake in BCI,
and a large trust administered in New York. For reasons not relevant here,
Bascuñán was unable to manage his fortune at the time his parents died.
In 1999, Bascuñán hired Elsaca, his cousin, to manage the Bascuñán Estate.
Elsaca is a citizen and resident of Chile and has a business degree from the London
School of Economics. He is also a licensed accountant and prominent economist
who formerly led the Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros (de Chile), which the
4As this appeal arises from a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, we assume the allegations in the SAC to be true. See, e.g., Bascuñán I, 874 F.3d
at 810.
4
SAC describes as Chile’s equivalent of the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission. Soon after Elsaca took the job, he and his attorney, Defendant José
Pedro Silva Prado (“Silva”), persuaded Bascuñán to grant Elsaca power of
attorney, giving him “complete control” over Bascuñán’s finances. J.A. 615. Most
notably, Elsaca gained the ability to transfer the Estate’s property without
obtaining Bascuñán’s authorization.
The bulk of the SAC focuses on four sets of alleged schemes to steal and
misappropriate money from the Bascuñán Estate that Elsaca conducted
individually, with associates, and through alter‐ego shell corporations. In total, the
SAC alleges that Elsaca stole at least $64 million.
1. The New York Trust Account Scheme
The New York Trust Account Scheme involved the misappropriation of
assets held in two trusts owned by the Estate. J.P. Morgan set up the “Afghan
Trust” in the Cayman Islands in 1998—before Bascuñán hired Elsaca—and has
since administered it from New York, where the Afghan Trust’s J.P. Morgan bank
account is located. The Afghan Trust’s stated purpose was funding Bascuñán’s
charitable endeavors. In 2001, Elsaca asked UBS to set up the “Capri Star Trust.”
Capri Star was also a Cayman Islands trust purportedly intended to support
5
Bascuñán’s charitable endeavors. Elsaca funded the Capri Star Trust with money
from the Afghan Trust that he placed in a UBS bank account located and
administered in New York.5 The only members of the Capri Star Trust Committee
were Elsaca and Silva.
According to the SAC, the Capri Star Trust was a fraudulent enterprise, the
“sole purpose” of which was “generat[ing] sham fees” for Elsaca and Silva. Id. at
617. Elsaca named himself “Investment Advisor” in Capri Star Trust documents
and set his advisory fee at 1% per year of the assets under management. He
withdrew his advisory fees by contacting UBS employees located in New York
using the mail or wires and authorizing them to send money from Capri Star’s
New York bank account to Elsaca’s own accounts. This conduct was fraudulent,
the SAC alleges, because Elsaca “provided no investment advice to the Capri Star
Trust, whose assets were actively managed by UBS.” Id. at 618. In total, Elsaca
ordered at least seventeen transfers, totaling more than $2.7 million, from the
Capri Star Trust to accounts and entities under his control.
5This critical allegation, along with the below‐described allegation that Elsaca authorized
transfers out of this account by contacting UBS employees in New York via the mail and
wires, was missing from the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) for reasons noted below.
6
Bascuñán also alleges that Elsaca used the Capri Star Trust Account to
generate sham legal fees for Silva’s law firm. Beginning in October 2001, Silva
biannually mailed a $20,000 invoice for allegedly fictitious legal work to the Capri
Star Trust. Elsaca then used the mail or wires to authorize UBS employees in New
York to transfer money from Capri Star’s New York bank account to Silva’s firm.
In 2005, Elsaca faxed a letter to UBS authorizing these biannual payments on a
standing basis. Additionally, in 2001, Elsaca authorized a one‐time wire transfer
of $90,000 from Capri Star’s New York bank account to Silva. In total, Elsaca sent
Silva “at least $390,000.” Id. at 621.
2. The Anacapri Investment Fund Scheme
The Anacapri Investment Fund Scheme involved four sub‐schemes by
which Elsaca and others allegedly stole over $60 million from the Bascuñán Estate.
At the center of this activity was the ANACAPRI Private Investment Fund
(“Anacapri”), created by Elsaca in 2003. Elsaca funded Anacapri with $48 million
from three of Bascuñán’s other companies.6
6 Those companies are Plaintiffs‐Appellants Inmobiliaria Milano S.A., Inmobiliaria e
Inversiones Tauro S.A., and Inversiones T & V S.A.
7
i. The Fintair Misappropriation. Around June 2003, when the Estate owned
Anacapri, Elsaca “caused Anacapri to acquire” Defendant‐Appellee Fintair
Finance Corp., a British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) corporation that Elsaca owned and
had formed earlier that year. Id. at 624. This acquisition made Fintair part of the
Bascuñán Estate.7 The SAC alleges that between 2003 and 2009, Elsaca falsely
represented to Morgan Stanley that he, rather than the Bascuñán Estate, owned
Fintair. Under this guise, Elsaca opened a New York‐based Morgan Stanley bank
account in Fintair’s name and transferred $37,850,000 from the Bascuñán Estate
into the account.8 The transfers were directed through Defendant‐Appellee GM &
E Asset Management S.A. (“GM&E”), a Chilean corporation owned by
Defendants‐Appellees Cary Equity’s Corp. and Hay’s Finance Corp., which are
themselves BVI corporations owned and controlled by Elsaca.9 Elsaca then sent
money from Fintair’s New York bank account to himself and others in
7 This critical allegation was missing from the FAC for reasons noted below.
8As the district court noted, the SAC does not indicate where the funds were located
before Elsaca transferred them to Fintair.
9 Defendant‐Appellee Cristían Jara Taito, a Chilean citizen, participated in the Fintair
scheme in his capacity as GM&E’s general manager. Defendant‐Appellee Oscar Bretón
Dieguez, also a Chilean citizen, participated in his capacity as a member of Anacapri’s
oversight committee.
8
approximately 500 separate transfers and check deposits. Elsaca transferred
around $30 million of these funds to the New York‐based Morgan Stanley bank
account of Defendant‐Appellee Euweland Corp., a BVI corporation owned and
controlled by Elsaca. Other transferees included Elsaca, Silva, Defendant‐Appellee
Cristían Jara Taito, Hay’s, and GM&E, along with several nonparties affiliated
with these individuals and entities.
ii. The BCI Share Theft Scheme. The Bascuñán Estate owned 1.47% of BCI,
the Chilean bank that Bascuñán’s father had controlled prior to his death. The
Estate held its interest via Plaintiff‐Appellant Hofstra Corp., a BVI corporation that
owned Plaintiff‐Appellant Tarascona Corp., a BVI corporation that owned the
shares. The SAC alleges that in 2007, when the shares were worth approximately
$47 million, Elsaca or one of his agents traveled to New York to steal the physical
bearer shares from Hofstra’s safety deposit box. Elsaca subsequently registered the
shares in the name of Nueva T Corp., a BVI corporation he had recently created.
He then directed associates to issue shares of Nueva T to Euweland, another
Elsaca‐owned corporation. Two weeks later, Elsaca “caused the [Bascuñán] Estate
to purchase” shares of Nueva T from Euweland using $43 million in Anacapri
9
funds. Id. at 631. The allegation is effectively that Elsaca stole the shares from
Bascuñán and then sold them back to him.
iii. The Sham Anacapri Sale. Next, the SAC alleges that in 2009, Elsaca
“misappropriated Anacapri,” and thus its asset Fintair, which held Estate funds in
its New York bank account. Id. at 634. It did this by “caus[ing Bascuñán’s
companies] to sell their stakes in Anacapri to [Defendant‐Appellee Agrícola e
Inmobiliaria Chauquén Limitada],” a Chilean corporation owned by Elsaca. Id.
The sale was for roughly $7.5 million, but Anacapri’s assets had a book value of
around $21.5 million.10 In effect, the allegation is that Elsaca “sold” Anacapri to his
shell company at a $14 million discount.
iv. The Sham Management Fees. Bascuñán also alleges that between 2000
and 2009, Elsaca paid himself approximately $16 million in sham management fees
from Anacapri. Bascuñán claims Elsaca transferred this money from unknown
accounts to several New York‐based Morgan Stanley bank accounts owned by
GM&E, a shell corporation that Elsaca indirectly owned.
10 Bascuñán is uncertain of Anacapri’s actual value at the time.
10
3. The Tarascona Misappropriation
The SAC alleges that between 1999 and 2004, Elsaca opened and maintained
eleven New York‐based Morgan Stanley bank accounts in Tarascona’s name for
the purpose of misappropriating Estate funds. According to the SAC, Elsaca
falsely represented to Morgan Stanley that he owned Tarascona, when in fact the
Estate owned it. He then transferred Tarascona’s money into the accounts of his
own corporations. For example, he sent over $2 million in 333 transfers to the ten
or more New York bank accounts belonging to Hay’s.
4. The BCI Dividend Misappropriation
Finally, Bascuñán alleges that Elsaca and his associates misappropriated
over $3.5 million in dividends earned on the BCI shares by diverting them to
Estate‐owned New York bank accounts, including the Fintair account, and then
taking the funds.
***
Bascuñán alleges that he was unaware of Elsaca’s schemes when they
occurred and that Elsaca never provided him a true accounting of the Estate’s
assets. In late 2009, Bascuñán discovered that Elsaca had drafted Bascuñán’s will
in a manner that would have allowed Elsaca to control the Estate in perpetuity.
11
Bascuñán soon severed ties with Elsaca. Over the following years, Bascuñán and
various auditors uncovered Elsaca’s alleged fraud. The SAC alleges that Bascuñán
remains unaware of the full extent of the fraud because Elsaca and his associates
have refused to cooperate with his investigations.11
Litigation History
Bascuñán filed this lawsuit in the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York and filed his First Amended Complaint (“FAC”)
shortly thereafter. Following an appeal and remand described below, Bascuñán
filed the currently operative SAC.
The SAC states five claims under federal and state law. Count 1 alleges that,
through the above‐described conduct, all Defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c),
a substantive provision of RICO prohibiting individuals from conducting an
enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity. Seeking relief under 18 U.S.C.
§ 1964(c), a private right of action commonly known as “civil RICO,” Bascuñán
alleges that all Defendants engaged in four categories of racketeering activity, or
11The SAC alleges that Chilean authorities prosecuted Elsaca for misappropriation in
relation to some of the above‐described conduct. A divided court acquitted him but found
his conduct “constituted a non‐compliance of civil obligations.” Id. at 652.
12
“predicates”: (1) mail and wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343; (2)
money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 and 1957; (3) bank fraud in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344; and (4) violations of the Travel Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1952.
Count 2 alleges that all Defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), another of RICO’s
substantive provisions, by knowingly conspiring to commit the same unlawful
predicates. Count 3 is a state‐law claim for unjust enrichment against all
Defendants. Count 4 is a state‐law constructive‐trust claim against all Defendants.
Count 5 asks the court to order Elsaca to provide an accounting of the full scope
of his alleged misappropriation.
Earlier in this litigation, the district court dismissed the FAC, which stated
similar claims, under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See
Bascuñan, No. 15 Civ. 2009 (GBD), 2016 WL 5475998, at *1. It principally found that
the claims involved extraterritorial conduct that was beyond RICO’s reach. Id. In
RJR Nabisco, Inc. v. European Community, 136 S. Ct. 2090 (2016), the Supreme Court
held that RICO’s private right of action, contained in § 1964, does not overcome
the presumption against extraterritoriality, and therefore in order to state a claim
under the statute, a plaintiff must allege a domestic injury. Interpreting that
decision, the district court held that Bascuñán had failed to allege a domestic injury
13
as required by § 1964 because he “resided” in Chile when he sustained the “injury”
in question. Bascuñan, No. 15 Civ. 2009 (GBD), 2016 WL 5475998, at *5–6. The court
also denied Bascuñán’s motion for leave to file the then‐pending SAC. Id. at *6
n.16.
We reversed in Bascuñán I. Rejecting the district court’s residency test, we
held that “when a foreign plaintiff [alleging a civil RICO injury] maintains tangible
property in the United States, the misappropriation of that property constitutes a
domestic injury.” Bascuñán I, 874 F.3d at 814. Applying our rule to the versions of
the BCI Dividend and Anacapri Investment Fund schemes stated in the FAC, we
found no domestic injury because the only domestic aspect of these allegations
was that Elsaca transferred stolen funds into domestic bank accounts. Id. at 818.
However, we held that the New York Trust Account and BCI Share Theft schemes
involved domestic injuries because those allegations concerned property that was
taken out of bank accounts physically located in the United States. Id. We
accordingly reversed the district court’s judgment dismissing the FAC, vacated its
order denying Bascuñán’s motion for leave to file his SAC, and remanded for
further proceedings. Id. at 825.
14
On remand, Bascuñán filed the SAC. He contends that he had not known at
the time of filing the FAC that “[the] defendants opened and maintained
approximately 31 accounts at Morgan Stanley in New York between 1999 and at
least 2012.” District Court Docket, ECF No. 65 at 4. Unlike the FAC, the SAC
contains the above‐described allegations that, with respect to the BCI Dividend
Misappropriation and Anacapri Investment Fund schemes, the Defendants
perpetrated their fraud by repeatedly stealing money out of the Estate’s Morgan
Stanley bank accounts in New York. Additionally, the SAC contained new
allegations that Fintair (and, thus, its New York bank account) was part of the
Estate between 2003 and 2009, a fact Bascuñán had not previously known and that
Elsaca conceded in a 2016 declaration. See J.A. 240–41.
Elsaca again moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). As relevant here, he
argued (1) that Bascuñán failed to allege a domestic injury with respect to much of
Elsaca’s conduct, (2) that although the New York Trust Account Scheme involved
a domestic RICO injury, the claim relied on impermissibly extraterritorial
applications of the RICO predicate statutes, and (3) that whichever schemes
survived an extraterritoriality analysis did not amount to a continuous pattern of
racketeering activity as required under RICO. See Yarur Bascuñan, 338 F. Supp. 3d
15at 306–07. The district court agreed on all three grounds, declined to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over the state‐law claims, and dismissed the SAC in its
entirety. See id. at 307, 316–17. Bascuñán timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
This appeal brings us to the intersection of civil RICO and the presumption
against extraterritoriality, a prescriptive comity doctrine and canon of statutory
construction that limits the reach of federal statutes to domestic conduct unless
they purport to apply to extraterritorial conduct. See In re Picard, Tr. for Liquidation
of Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, 917 F.3d 85, 95 (2d Cir. 2019). As the Supreme
Court explained in RJR Nabisco, “[t]he question of RICO’s extraterritorial
application really involves two questions. First, do RICO’s substantive
prohibitions, contained in § 1962, apply to conduct that occurs in foreign
countries? Second, does RICO’s private right of action, contained in § 1964(c),
apply to injuries that are suffered in foreign countries?” 136 S. Ct. at 2099.
To resolve this appeal, we must decide (1) whether the conduct violating the
predicate statutes was extraterritorial, (2) whether the application of civil RICO to
Bascuñán’s alleged injuries (i.e., the fraudulent schemes) is extraterritorial, and (3)
whether the surviving schemes amount to a pattern of racketeering activity. The
16
district court faulted different aspects of the SAC on all three issues. We begin, as
did the parties and the district court, with the second issue.
I. All but One of Bascuñán’s Injuries Are Domestic Under § 1964(c).
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations in the
complaint as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.
Caro v. Weintraub, 618 F.3d 94, 97 (2d Cir. 2010). The Supreme Court has directed
us to employ a “two‐step framework” where, as here, a case implicates
extraterritoriality issues. “At the first step, we ask whether the presumption
against extraterritoriality has been rebutted—that is, whether the statute gives a
clear, affirmative indication that it applies extraterritorially. . . . If the statute is not
extraterritorial, then at the second step we determine whether the case involves a
domestic application of the statute.” RJR Nabisco, 136 S. Ct. at 2101.
The Supreme Court has already held that civil RICO does not rebut the
presumption against extraterritoriality. Id. at 2111. Therefore, “[t]he . . . question
on appeal subject to our de novo review . . . is whether Bascuñán plausibly alleged
a domestic injury to business or property.” Bascuñán I, 874 F.3d at 814. Whether an
injury is domestic “will, as a general matter, depend on the particular facts alleged
17
in each case.” Id. at 817–18. Absent extraordinary circumstances, “when a foreign
plaintiff maintains tangible property in the United States, the misappropriation of
that property constitutes a domestic injury.” Id. at 814; see id. at 820.
In Bascuñán I, we held based on the allegations in the FAC that the BCI Share
Theft and New York Trust Account schemes involved domestic injuries because
they “allege[d] that certain property—although belonging to a foreign owner—
was located within the United States when it was stolen.” Id. at 820. We found that
the BCI Share Theft injury occurred in New York because Bascuñán claimed that
Elsaca stole physical bearer shares from a New York safety deposit box. See id. at
824. The New York Trust Account Scheme involved financial, rather than tangible,
property. Id. at 822. But we rejected any distinction between these categories,
finding that the misappropriation of funds held in a bank account is “analogous
to an injury to tangible property . . . [meaning] property that can be fairly said to
exist in a precise location.” Id. at 820. Because the bank accounts were located inside
the United States, the alleged theft of funds deposited in those accounts was
domestic conduct. Id. at 823.
By contrast, the remaining schemes concerned property that was located
outside the United States when it was allegedly misappropriated. We affirmed the
18
court’s finding that those schemes were impermissibly extraterritorial as pleaded
in the FAC, emphasizing that “the use of bank accounts located within the United
States to facilitate or conceal the theft of property located outside of the United
States does not, on its own, establish a domestic injury.” See id. at 819.12
As Elsaca has not argued to the contrary in either the district court or this
Court, we find that the New York Trust Account and BCI Share Theft schemes as
pleaded in the SAC continue to allege domestic conduct. See, e.g., Yarur Bascuñan,
338 F. Supp. 3d at 314 (“Defendants concede that the alleged misappropriation of
funds from the Afghan Trust in New York for the purpose of generating sham fees
satisfies RICO’s domestic injury requirement.”). Because Bascuñán I held that most
of the remaining injuries were extraterritorial as alleged in the FAC, the key
question here is whether the SAC’s newly pleaded allegations assert the necessary
domestic nexus.
12Bascuñán I did not address the Tarascona Misappropriation Scheme because it was not
pleaded in the FAC. See id. at 819 n.53.
19
The Fintair Misappropriation Involved a Domestic
Injury.
The crux of the Fintair allegation is that Elsaca caused Anacapri to acquire
Fintair, opened a New York‐based Morgan Stanley bank account in Fintair’s name,
filled the account with money from the Estate’s presumably foreign accounts, and
then sent this money from the New York bank account to himself and others in
roughly 500 transfers. Unlike the SAC, the FAC at issue in Bascuñán I did not allege
that the Bascuñán Estate owned Fintair or that Elsaca transferred Bascuñán’s
money out of a domestic bank account.
Both sides agree that Bascuñán’s injuries occurred at the times of the alleged
thefts or misappropriations. The dispute is over when the theft or misappropriation
occurred and, transitively, where the funds were located when Elsaca stole them.
Elsaca maintains that any theft or misappropriation occurred when Elsaca moved
Estate funds from Bascuñán’s foreign bank accounts into Bascuñán’s New York
Fintair account. Thus, he concludes, Bascuñán’s injury took place abroad.
Bascuñán argues that this initial transfer to Fintair was simply a transfer from one
Estate account to another because the Estate owned Fintair and its New York bank
account. On that basis, he concludes that the theft and misappropriation occurred
20
when Elsaca subsequently made the roughly 500 transfers from Fintair’s New
York bank account, as only then did the money leave the Estate. Under this theory,
the injury occurred in the United States.
We agree with Bascuñán. The Estate owned Fintair when Elsaca transferred
money into and out of its New York bank account, a fact Elsaca conceded in a
declaration he submitted to the district court. See J.A. 240–41 (stating that from
2003 through 2009, “Fintair was owned by [Bascuñán]”). Thus, Elsaca’s transfers
of the Estate’s money into Fintair’s New York bank account were simply transfers
from one Bascuñán account to another, made by an individual who had the
colorable authority to order these transfers under his broad power of attorney. The
alleged theft or misappropriation occurred when the funds left the Estate, at which
time they were located in a Morgan Stanley bank account in New York.
Adopting Elsaca’s theory would effectively require us to conclude that the
Bascuñán Estate stole money from itself. Although Bascuñán was unaware that
Elsaca had opened the Fintair account and filled it with the Estate’s money,
Bascuñán nonetheless owned the account through his ownership of Fintair. The
SAC supports a reasonable inference that he could have accessed the funds at any
21
time had he known about the account.13 It is possible that Elsaca violated some
fiduciary duty by transferring funds from foreign Estate accounts into the New
York Fintair account.14 But the SAC leaves little doubt that the injury Bascuñán
pleads is that Elsaca stole the Estate’s money, not that he improperly moved it.15
Our conclusion that Bascuñán adequately pleaded a domestic injury is
reinforced by our jurisprudence surrounding fraud offenses, and particularly the
law of embezzlement, which the Supreme Court has described as the “linguistic
neighbor” of fraud. See Bullock v. BankChampaign, N.A., 569 U.S. 267, 274 (2013). An
13Indeed, the SAC suggests that Elsaca’s decision to initially move the $37,850,000 of
Estate funds into the Fintair account was an integral part of the scheme. The allegation is
not that Elsaca stole the money all at once, but that he slowly siphoned it from Fintair
into a network of shell corporations in more than 500 separate transfers taking place over
many years.
14 Elsaca’s argument for affirmance on this theory is conclusory and provides no
persuasive basis for us to find that any fiduciary violation amounted to the theft or
misappropriation alleged in the SAC. For this reason, and because we affirmatively
conclude that the theft and misappropriation occurred when Elsaca transferred funds out
of the Fintair account, we express no opinion on whether Elsaca’s transfers from one
Estate account to another were unlawful.
15For similar reasons, we disagree with the district court’s view that “the SAC alleges [at
most] that banks located in New York were used to facilitate or conceal the theft of
property taken from outside the United States.” Yarur Bascuñan, 338 F. Supp. 3d at 313
(emphasis omitted). The money left the Estate when Elsaca transferred it out of Fintair’s
New York bank account and into his own accounts. This is a misappropriation of
property located inside the United States, not the mere use of a domestic account to
facilitate or conceal a misappropriation that had previously occurred.
22
individual traditionally commits embezzlement “when he: (1) with intent to
defraud; (2) converts to his own use; (3) property belonging to another, in a
situation where (4) the property initially lawfully came within his possession or
control.” United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 270, 277 (2d Cir. 2018). The crime of
embezzlement therefore “builds on the concept of conversion,” which “involves
an act of control or dominion over the property that seriously interferes with the
owner’s rights.” United States v. Stockton, 788 F.2d 210, 216 (4th Cir. 1986); see also
Bullock, 569 U.S. at 274 (“[A]s commonly used, ‘embezzlement’ requires
conversion.”). And as the Fourth Circuit has noted, “[t]here can, of course, be no
interference with the owner’s rights to the property if the owner has given
permission to the act in question.” Id.Elsaca conceded at oral argument that, until he transferred the funds from
Estate accounts to his own personal accounts, he was acting lawfully pursuant to
his broad power of attorney, i.e., the permission granted to him by Bascuñán.
Moreover, according to the SAC, until Elsaca transferred those funds, Bascuñán
could have accessed the Estate accounts in New York. Thus, it follows that
Bascuñán was not injured until Elsaca interfered with Estate property and
converted it to his own use in the United States. This conclusion accords with our
23
decision in McCarthy, where we held that a certified public accountant completed
the crime of embezzlement when he, without authorization, transferred funds from
trust accounts into personal accounts that he controlled. United States v. McCarthy, 271
F.3d 287, 395 (2d Cir. 2001).
Once we recognize that Bascuñán’s injuries occurred when Elsaca
transferred money out of the New York Fintair account, the Fintair
Misappropriation Scheme looks almost exactly like the New York Trust Account
Scheme. For each of them, Bascuñán alleges that Elsaca stole money from a New
York bank account belonging to the Estate. See Bascuñán I, 874 F.3d at 820.
Moreover, Bascuñán I noted that “[f]oreign persons and entities that own private
property located within the United States expect that our laws will protect them
in the event of damage to that property. That modest expectation is entirely
justified, especially when we consider that a foreign resident’s property located in
the United States is otherwise subject to all of the regulations imposed on private
property by American state and federal law.” Id. at 821. In assessing the New York
Trust Account Scheme, Bascuñán I held that this allegation states a domestic
injury—the theft of property located inside the United States. See id. at 823. The
same conclusion applies here.
24
The Tarascona Misappropriation Involved a
Domestic Injury.
This logic also applies to the Tarascona Misappropriation. The SAC alleges
that Elsaca opened eleven New York bank accounts in Tarascona’s name, filled
them with money from the Estate’s foreign accounts, and over time transferred the
money out of the Estate. It also alleges that the Estate owned Tarascona and its
bank accounts. Thus, the transfers to Tarascona’s New York accounts were intra‐
Estate transfers, and the theft occurred when Elsaca transferred the money out of,
not into, those accounts. These are domestic injuries.
The Sham Anacapri Sale Involved a Domestic
Injury.
The Sham Anacapri Sale allegation is that Elsaca caused Bascuñán’s
companies to sell their stakes in Anacapri—at one third of their book value—to a
Chilean corporation owned by Elsaca. Bascuñán claims that this fraudulent sale
constituted a domestic injury because Anacapri owned Fintair, Fintair’s assets
were held in a New York bank account, and the unlawful sale thus involved the
25
theft or misappropriation of property located in the United States. We agree to the
extent that Bascuñán alleges a misappropriation through the sale of Fintair.16
The BCI Dividend Misappropriation Involved a
Domestic Injury.
The BCI Dividend Misappropriation allegation is that Elsaca stole dividends
earned on the BCI shares by diverting them to the Fintair account and then
withdrawing them for personal use. For the reasons stated above, the injuries
occurred when Elsaca stole money from a New York bank account. Again, the
Estate’s New York accounts did not merely facilitate the fraud but were instead
the targets of the fraud. These injuries thus satisfy RICO’s domestic‐injury
requirement to the extent Bascuñán alleges that the dividends were diverted to
Fintair’s New York account and then misappropriated through the sale of Fintair.
As Alleged, the Sham Management Fees Scheme
Did Not Involve a Domestic Injury.
Bascuñán concedes that he does not know where the injuries caused by the
Sham Management Fees Scheme took place because he does not know the
16In his brief, Elsaca does not argue that the assets Fintair held in New York constituted
only a small percentage of Anacapri’s total assets at the time of the Anacapri sale. Thus,
we are not asked to determine the location of Bascuñán’s injury based on the distribution
of Anacapri’s assets abroad.
26
locations of the accounts from which Elsaca withdrew the relevant funds. He asks
that we remand on this issue to allow discovery on the locations of the accounts.
Because the SAC does not allege that these injuries took place in the United States,
the district court correctly held that this scheme is impermissibly extraterritorial
as pleaded. However, should Bascuñán learn additional facts during discovery
indicating that these injuries were domestic, the court in its discretion may allow
him to allege these facts in an amended complaint.
***
In sum, each of the injuries alleged in the SAC, except for the Sham
Management Fees Scheme, calls for a domestic application of civil RICO.
II. The Mail, Wire, and Bank Fraud Statutes Focus on Domestic Conduct
as Applied to the Remaining Alleged Schemes to Defraud.
The next issue is whether the civil RICO claims involve domestic
applications of the relevant predicate statutes. RJR Nabisco, 136 S. Ct. at 2101. The
predicates and their corresponding statutes are: (1) mail and wire fraud, 18 U.S.C.
§§ 1341 and 1343; (2) money laundering, id. §§ 1956 and 1957; (3) bank fraud, id.
§ 1344; and (4) violations of the Travel Act, id. § 1952.
27
The Mail and Wire Fraud Statutes Regulate
Domestic Conduct as Applied to the Alleged
Schemes to Defraud.
As outlined above, extraterritoriality concerns give way when “either the
statute indicates its extraterritorial reach or the case involves a domestic
application of the statute.” In re Picard, 917 F.3d at 95. The mail and wire fraud
statutes do not indicate an extraterritorial reach. See European Cmty. v. RJR Nabisco,
Inc., 764 F.3d 129, 141 (2d Cir. 2014), rev’d on other grounds, 136 S. Ct. 2090 (2016).
Thus, Bascuñán can employ them only if they apply to domestic conduct on these
facts. We therefore must determine whether the conduct relevant to their “focus”
occurred in the United States. See In re Picard, 917 F.3d at 96 (quoting RJR Nabisco,
136 S. Ct. at 2101). “The focus of a statute is the conduct it seeks to regulate, as well
as the parties whose interests it seeks to protect.” Id. at 97.
1. The Mail and Wire Fraud Statutes Focus on
Domestic Conduct when the Use of Domestic
Mail or Wires Was a Core Component of the
Scheme to Defraud.
The mail and wire fraud statutes, whose labyrinthine language is better
taken abridged, “criminalize the use of the mails or wires in furtherance of ‘any
scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false
28
or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises.’” Skilling v. United States,
561 U.S. 358, 369 n.1 (2010) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (mail fraud); id. § 1343 (wire
fraud)). “Because the mail fraud and the wire fraud statutes use the same relevant
language, we analyze them the same way.” United States v. Weaver, 860 F.3d 90, 94
(2d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
The “focus” of these statutes for the purpose of the presumption against
extraterritoriality is a question of first impression in our circuit. See European Cmty.,
764 F.3d at 142–43 & n.14. The district court, relying on other district court
opinions, concluded that both statutes focus on the “scheme to defraud,” which
must have been “planned, managed, and directed” from within the United States.
Yarur Bascuñan, 338 F. Supp. 3d at 314–15. Elsaca agrees. The courts in this circuit
are not of one mind on the focus of these statutes.17 It will come as no surprise that
17See, e.g., United States v. Gasperini, No. 16 Crim. 441 (NGG), 2017 WL 2399693, at *8
(E.D.N.Y. June 1, 2017) (“[A] complaint alleges a domestic application of wire fraud when
(1) a defendant or coconspirator commits a substantial amount of conduct in the United
States, (2) the conduct is integral to the commission of the scheme to defraud, and (3) at
least some of the conduct involves the use of U.S. wires in furtherance of the scheme to
defraud.” (citation omitted)); United States v. Hawit, No. 15 Crim. 252 (PKC), 2017 WL
663542, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 2017) (“[I]n a given case, a court must conduct a more
holistic assessment of the conduct that constitutes the alleged fraud scheme, including
consideration of whether the scheme involves only incidental or minimal use of U.S.
wires.”); Reich v. Lopez, 38 F. Supp. 3d 436, 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“As long as enough
29
Bascuñán proposes several alternative theories drawn from other lower court
opinions within the circuit.
Because the focus of a statute includes the conduct it seeks to regulate, see In
re Picard, 917 F.3d at 97, our analysis begins by identifying that conduct. There are
three “essential elements” to mail or wire fraud: “(1) a scheme to defraud, (2)
money or property as the object of the scheme, and (3) use of the mails or wires to
further the scheme.” Weaver, 860 F.3d at 94 (citation omitted, emphasis added). These
elements make clear that the regulated conduct is not merely a “scheme to
defraud,” but more precisely the use of the mail or wires in furtherance of a scheme to
defraud.
At least three of our sister circuits, though not in the context of applying the
presumption against extraterritoriality, have described the focus of these statutes
domestic conduct exists to fulfill the requirements of . . . wire fraud, it is irrelevant that
those statutes are further violated by conduct that is extraterritorial in nature.”), aff’d, 858
F.3d 55 (2d Cir. 2017).
30
in substantially identical terms.18 The Supreme Court has done the same for over
a century.19
While this principle guides our approach to the domestic‐conduct question,
we are mindful that “events . . . merely incidental to the [violation of a statute]” do
not have “primacy for the purposes of the extraterritoriality analysis.” WesternGeco
LLC v. ION Geophysical Corp., 138 S. Ct. 2129, 2138 (2018); see also Morrison v. Nat’l
Austl. Bank Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, 266 (2010) (“[T]he presumption against
extraterritorial application would be a craven watchdog indeed if it retreated to its
18 See, e.g., United States v. Garlick, 240 F.3d 789, 792 (9th Cir. 2001) (“The focus of the mail
and wire fraud statutes is upon the misuse of the instrumentality of communication.”
(brackets omitted) (quoting United States v. Alston, 609 F.2d 531, 536 (D.C. Cir. 1979)));
United States v. Jefferson, 674 F.3d 332, 366 (4th Cir. 2012) (“In a mail or wire fraud
prosecution, the mailing or wire transmission itself—i.e., misuse of the mail or wire—has
consistently been viewed as the actus reus that is punishable by federal law.”). Although
it did so in an unpublished decision under plain‐error review, the Ninth Circuit has held
in the context of applying the presumption against extraterritoriality that the conduct the
wire fraud statute seeks to regulate is not “the scheme to defraud,” but “the misuse of the
instrumentality of communication.” United States v. Driver, 692 F. App’x 448, 449 (9th Cir.
2017) (summary order), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1304 (2018).
19 See, e.g., Skilling, 561 U.S. at 369 n.1 (“The mail‐ and wire‐fraud statutes criminalize the
use of the mails or wires in furtherance of any scheme or artifice to defraud . . . .” (citation
and quotation marks omitted)); Badders v. United States, 240 U.S. 391, 393 (1916) (Holmes,
J.) (rejecting an argument that the use of mail was “a mere incident of a fraudulent scheme
that itself is outside the jurisdiction of Congress to deal with,” because “[t]he overt act of
putting a letter into the postoffice of the United States is a matter that Congress may [and
did] regulate”).
31
kennel whenever some domestic activity is involved in the case.”). For this reason,
the use of the mail or wires must be essential, rather than merely incidental, to the
scheme to defraud.
We therefore hold that a claim predicated on mail or wire fraud involves
sufficient domestic conduct when (1) the defendant used domestic mail or wires
in furtherance of a scheme to defraud, and (2) the use of the mail or wires was a
core component of the scheme to defraud.20
The district court’s rule would effectively immunize offshore fraudsters
from mail or wire fraud. That outcome is inconsistent with European Community,
764 F.3d 129. There, we concluded that RICO plaintiffs stated claims for domestic
mail and wire fraud by alleging, among other things, “that the Defendants
managed their global money laundering schemes from the United States through
20In European Community, 764 F.3d 129, we held in describing the mail and wire fraud
statutes that “[i]f domestic conduct satisfies every essential element to prove a violation
of a United States statute that does not apply extraterritorially, that statute is violated
even if some further conduct contributing to the violation occurred outside the United
States.” 764 F.3d at 142. Our holding here does not disturb that rule. See also id. (leaving
the “focus” question open “because wherever [the] line [between domestic and
extraterritorial applications of the statutes] should be drawn, the conduct alleged here
clearly states a domestic cause of action”).
32
foreign . . . communications,” and “that the schemes themselves were directed at
the United States and had substantial domestic effects.” Id. at 141.21 We make clear
today what European Community implied: while a defendant’s location is relevant
to whether the regulated conduct was domestic, the mail and wire fraud statutes
do not give way simply because the alleged fraudster was located outside the
United States.
2. The Use of the Mail or Wires Furthered the
Alleged Schemes to Defraud.
The district court and the parties focused their analyses of this issue almost
exclusively on the New York Trust Account Scheme.
The SAC alleges that the New York Trust Account Scheme involved two
types of fraud: Elsaca transferring sham advisory fees to himself, and Elsaca
transferring sham legal fees to Silva. The essence of both allegations is that Elsaca
created the bogus Capri Star Trust, funded its New York bank account with money
from the Afghan Trust, and then used domestic mail and wires to order UBS—
21See also id. at 142 (“If domestic conduct satisfies every essential element to prove a
violation of a United States statute that does not apply extraterritorially, that statute is
violated even if some further conduct contributing to the violation occurred outside the
United States.”).
33
located in New York—to transfer millions of dollars from that account to himself
and Silva.22 The SAC supports a reasonable inference that the repeated use of
domestic mail and wires to fraudulently order a domestic bank to transfer millions
of dollars out of a domestic account was a core component of the alleged scheme
to defraud.23
The same reasoning applies to the remaining schemes. A core component of
each allegation is that Elsaca repeatedly used domestic mail or wires to order a
New York bank to fraudulently transfer money out of a New York bank account.
Accordingly, for each of the schemes to defraud alleged in the SAC, the mail
and wire fraud statutes focus on domestic conduct.24
22See J.A. 618 (alleging Elsaca “typically authorized the [sham advisory fees] by either
wire or mail to UBS employees in New York”); id. at 620 (alleging that “on a biannual
basis, starting in October 2001, Silva mailed invoices to the Capri Star Trust in New York
seeking payment of legal fees in the amount of $20,000”); id. (alleging Elsaca authorized
the transfers to Silva “by wire or mail to UBS employees in New York”).
23The SAC does not allege that the banks knowingly participated in the fraud or were
even aware that Elsaca was stealing the Estate’s money. In fact, it alleges the opposite—
that Elsaca duped UBS into believing these transfers were payments for legitimate
services.
24We make no finding with respect to the Sham Management Fees Scheme, as we find
this scheme is impermissibly extraterritorial under civil RICO.
34
The Bank Fraud Statute Regulates Domestic
Conduct as Applied to the Alleged Schemes to
Defraud.
The bank fraud statute states:
Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, a scheme or
artifice—
(1) to defraud a financial institution; or
(2) to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets, securities,
or other property owned by, or under the custody or control of,
a financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent
pretenses, representations, or promises;
shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than
30 years, or both.
18 U.S.C. § 1344. The bank fraud statute does not purport to apply to
extraterritorial conduct. “When a statute gives no clear indication of an
extraterritorial application, it has none.” Morrison, 561 U.S. at 255. We therefore
return to the domestic‐conduct prong of the extraterritoriality framework.
1. Section 1344(2) of the Bank Fraud Statute
Focuses on a Scheme to Obtain Property
Owned or Controlled by a Bank Under False
or Fraudulent Pretenses.
As the text of the bank fraud statute makes clear, the conduct it proscribes
is knowingly executing a scheme to (1) defraud a financial institution or (2)
35
fraudulently obtain assets owned by or under the custody of a financial institution.
See 18 U.S.C. § 1344. We construe the SAC to rely on the second category.
As the Supreme Court has explained, Ҥ 1344(2) requires that a defendant
‘knowingly execute, or attempt to execute, a scheme or artifice’ with at least two
elements”: (1) that the defendant intended to obtain property owned or controlled
by a bank, and (2) that the envisioned result would have occurred, or did occur,
by false pretenses, representations, or promises. Loughrin v. United States, 573 U.S.
351, 355 (2014) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1344) (brackets omitted).25 Thus, the conduct
that § 1344(2) seeks to regulate, and its focus, is a scheme to obtain property owned
or controlled by a bank under false or fraudulent pretenses. Though we do not
foreclose other possibilities, this conduct is domestic when a core component of
the scheme to defraud was the use of domestic mail or wires to direct the theft or
misappropriation of property located within the United States and held by a
domestic bank.
25The Court rejected a third possible element, “that the defendant intended to defraud a
bank.” Id. at 356.
36
2. The Schemes to Obtain Property Controlled
by New York Banks Involved Domestic
Conduct.
As previously noted, the crux of the New York Trust Account Scheme is that
Elsaca ordered New York banks to transfer the Estate’s property out of its New
York bank accounts and into accounts belonging to Elsaca and Silva. The SAC
alleges these transfers were for “sham fees” because Elsaca and Silva did not
perform the invoiced advisory and legal services.
The SAC clearly alleges the New York Trust Account Scheme was “a scheme
. . . to obtain any of the moneys . . . under the custody or control of, a [domestic]
financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or
promises.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1344(2). For the reasons stated in our analysis of the mail
and wire fraud statutes, a core component of this scheme was Elsaca ordering UBS
via the mail and wires to transfer money out of the Estate’s New York bank
account. Thus, the New York Trust Account Scheme calls for a domestic
application of the bank fraud statute.
The other alleged schemes involve the same domestic conduct—domestic
mail or wire transmissions facilitating the theft or misappropriation of property
37
held in New York by a domestic bank. We accordingly find that § 1344(2) focuses
on domestic conduct as applied to each of the alleged schemes to defraud.
III. The Surviving Schemes State a Pattern of Racketeering Activity.
After holding that every scheme was impermissibly extraterritorial except
the BCI Share Theft Scheme, the district court found that Bascuñán failed to allege
a pattern of racketeering activity with respect to that one scheme. As the court
explained, a pattern of racketeering activity requires at least two related unlawful
acts. See, e.g., Cofacredit, S.A. v. Windsor Plumbing Supply Co., 187 F.3d 229, 242 (2d
Cir. 1999) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5)). The court concluded that this single scheme
did not suffice. It did not explain how it would have decided the pattern issue had
it also weighed the schemes it found impermissibly extraterritorial.
As noted above, we find that all of the SAC’s alleged schemes, except for the
Sham Management Fees Scheme, survive the extraterritoriality framework.
Although our ordinary practice would be to remand for the district court to
reconsider whether Bascuñán has adequately alleged a pattern of racketeering
activity, Elsaca makes no argument in his brief that the numerous schemes, taken
together, fail to satisfy this standard; he focuses solely on the BCI Share Theft
Scheme. We therefore find that Elsaca has waived any argument to the contrary,
38
and we accordingly hold that the surviving schemes as pleaded in the SAC state a
pattern of racketeering activity sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss under
Rule 12(b)(6).26
IV. Additional Claims
This opinion has thus far focused on Count 1, which alleges a violation of
§ 1962(c) of RICO. Count 2 alleges a violation of RICO § 1962(d), which proscribes
conspiracies to violate § 1962(c). Because the SAC states a claim under § 1962(c),
and the claim involves several individuals conspiring to violate that provision, the
§ 1962(d) claim is not impermissibly extraterritorial.
Counts 3–5 are state‐law claims. Without addressing their merits, the district
court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims upon
dismissing Bascuñán’s RICO claims. Because we hold that the RICO claims
survive, we vacate the district court’s dismissal of the state‐law claims. On
remand, the court should reconsider whether it will exercise supplemental
26We are mindful in reaching this conclusion that this lawsuit has been at the pleading
stage since March 17, 2015—for over four years—and has yet to proceed to discovery
because of the now‐two dismissal orders we have reversed on appeal. We do not,
however, preclude Elsaca from raising the “pattern of racketeering activity” argument on
a motion for summary judgment or at trial.
39
jurisdiction over these claims in light of our reinstatement of the RICO claims.
However, because Elsaca does not argue that the state‐law claims are legally
insufficient under Rule 12(b)(6),27 we hold that he has waived any argument to that
effect.28
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that each of the schemes to defraud,
except for the Sham Management Fees Scheme, calls for domestic applications of
18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c), 1962(d), 1341, 1343, and 1344(2). We also hold that the district
court abused its discretion by dismissing the state‐law claims for lack of
supplemental jurisdiction. We accordingly REVERSE the district court’s judgment
dismissing the SAC and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this
27Neither of Elsaca’s arguments for affirming dismissal of these claims has any relation
to their merits. Nor is either argument persuasive. His argument that the district court
correctly dismissed these claims for lack of supplemental jurisdiction after dismissing the
federal claims has no force because the federal claims survive. His alternative argument—
that Bascuñán abandoned his state‐law claims because he “do[es] not mention, let alone
challenge” their dismissal for lack of supplemental jurisdiction, Appellee Br. 49—is
incorrect. See Appellant Br. 53 n.11 (“Reversal of the dismissal of the RICO claims requires
reinstatement of the state law claims, over which the District Court declined to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction . . . .”).
28 However, we do not preclude Elsaca from arguing that these claims are legally
insufficient on a motion for summary judgment or at trial. Cf. note 26, supra.
40
opinion. On remand, the court should direct Elsaca to expeditiously file an answer
to the SAC so that the action may proceed to discovery.
41