State Univ. of N.Y. v. Triple O ( 2022 )

21-2116-cv
State Univ. of N.Y. v. Triple O, et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 25th day of October, two thousand twenty-two.
PRESENT:
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
MYRNA PÉREZ,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
The State University of New York,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. 21-2116-cv
Triple O, LLC, James Scott, 217 Partridge
Street Albany, NY 12203, Romario
McDowell, Mandela Gadsden,
Defendants-Appellants.
_____________________________________
FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: Nicholas Mesiti, Thomas L. Sica, Heslin
Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti P.C., Albany,
NY.
FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS: FARVA JAFRI, Jafri Law Firm, Armonk, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New
York (Sharpe, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendants-appellants Triple O, LLC, James Scott, Romario McDowell, and Mandela
Gadsden appeal from an August 2, 2021 order of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Sharpe, J.) denying a motion to vacate an entry of default and default
judgment. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of
the case, and the issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to
affirm.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff-appellee the State University of New York (“SUNY”) is a university system that
holds multiple federally registered and common law trademarks. On November 8, 2019, SUNY
initiated the instant litigation against defendants-appellants—three individuals and the company
they co-owned, Triple O, LLC, (collectively, “Triple O”)—alleging that Triple O infringed twenty
SUNY trademarks. SUNY brought claims for trademark infringement, false designation of
origin, trademark dilution, palming off, unfair competition, deceptive trade practices, and use of a
name with intent to deceive based on Triple O’s use of SUNY’s trademarked names, logos, and
other marks in connection with the promotion, organization, and hosting of six rave-type parties.
Even though each of the defendants-appellants was properly served with the complaint,
none entered an appearance or otherwise responded to this lawsuit within the requisite time period.
Accordingly, the district court entered a default on December 16, 2019. On January 3, 2020, a
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handwritten letter to the district court judge from defendant-appellant James Scott was docketed.
The letter explained that “as a result of an address change I was served the documentation
concerning the case late.” Joint App’x at 125. Scott stated further that, having learned that
SUNY had moved for default, “I intend on being represented by a lawyer and request that the court
gives me more time so I can digest the information included in the document served and seek the
appropriate legal representation so the issue may be resolved.” Id. On January 6, 2020, the
district court docketed a text order in response to the letter. The text order stated, in relevant part:
“Because there are no deadlines for which Scott would require additional time to act at the present
time, his request is DENIED with leave to renew should he face an impending deadline. In other
words, there is presently no reason for an extension of time.” Joint App’x at 3. No other
defendant-appellant otherwise communicated with the district court.
On February 14, 2020, SUNY moved for a default judgment. None of the defendants-
appellants responded. On March 11, 2020, the district court granted the motion, enjoining Triple
O’s use of the trademarks at issue, requiring Triple O to deliver and/or destroy any products or
items infringing or diluting the trademarks, and ordering Triple O to pay SUNY reasonable
attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 17, 2020, SUNY moved for $34,258.42 in attorney’s fees and
$728.06 in costs. Defendants-appellants filed no opposition. On October 22, 2020, the district
court granted the motion and awarded SUNY $30,482.00 in attorney’s fees and $728.06 in costs.
A lawyer retained by Triple O entered an appearance on November 14, 2020. One week
later, Triple O moved to vacate both the entry of default and the default judgment pursuant to
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 55 and 60. In the motion, Triple O explained that it “fully
intended to appear through counsel” and had “hired a lawyer who they knew and had worked with
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before” to handle the defense, but Triple O “only realized that the attorney they hired was not, in
fact, handling their defense, when they received a notice of default judgment in the mail.” Joint
App’x at 591–92. In an affidavit attached to Triple O’s brief in reply, Scott further explained that
a lawyer, Rakesh Joshi, who had previously represented him in other matters, agreed to represent
Triple O earlier in this case. According to Scott, after he provided Joshi with the complaint
during a meeting in approximately December 2019, Joshi stated that he would represent Triple O,
but he ultimately ceased communicating with Scott in August 2020. Joshi never entered an
appearance on the docket.
On August 2, 2021, the district court denied Triple O’s motion to vacate, reasoning that
Triple O had failed to demonstrate that the default was not willful and finding that any purported
attorney carelessness was not excusable neglect. State Univ. of New York v. Triple O, LLC, No.
1:19-CV-1385, 2021 WL 3287774, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2021). Additionally, the district
court held that Triple O had failed to submit credible evidence that it had a meritorious defense to
the substance of SUNY’s infringement claims. Id. at *3. The district court then denied Triple
O’s motion because it concluded that, even assuming that vacatur would not prejudice SUNY,
both the willfulness of Triple O’s conduct and the lack of a meritorious defense weighed against
vacatur. Id. at *2.
DISCUSSION
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(c) provides that a “court may set aside an entry of
default for good cause, and it may set aside a final default judgment under Rule 60(b).” Fed R.
Civ. P. 55(c). Pursuant to Rule 60(b), a court “may relieve a party or its legal representative from
a final judgment, order, or proceeding” for reasons that include “mistake, inadvertence, surprise,
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or excusable neglect.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1).
A party that challenges “the entry of a default judgment must satisfy the good cause shown
standard in Rule 55(c),” which “requires a court to weigh (1) the willfulness of default, (2) the
existence of any meritorious defenses, and (3) prejudice to the non-defaulting party.”
Guggenheim Cap., LLC v. Birnbaum, 722 F.3d 444, 454–55 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted). “Although the factors examined in deciding whether to set aside a
default or a default judgment are the same, courts apply the factors more rigorously in the case of
a default judgment because the concepts of finality and litigation repose are more deeply
implicated in the latter action.” Enron Oil Corp. v. Diakuhara, 10 F.3d 90, 96 (2d Cir. 1993)
(internal citation omitted). 1 The movant bears the burden of demonstrating good cause for setting
aside the default. See Sony Corp. v. Elm State Elecs., Inc., 800 F.2d 317, 320 (2d Cir. 1986).
Because “[a] motion to vacate a default judgment is addressed to the sound discretion of the district
court,” this Court “will not reverse the denial of such a motion except for abuse of discretion.”
S.E.C. v. McNulty, 137 F.3d 732, 738 (2d Cir. 1998).
On appeal, Triple O argues, in relevant part: (1) that the default was not willful; and (2)
that they had a meritorious defense to SUNY’s allegations. For the reasons set forth below, we
conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Triple O’s motion to vacate
the entry of default and the default judgment.
1
Though several cases cited in this summary order address the standard for voiding an entry of default
under Rule 55(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure rather than the standard for vacating a default
judgment under Rule 60(b), there is no practical difference between the two. See Bricklayers & Allied
Craftworkers Loc. 2 v. Moulton Masonry & Constr., LLC, 779 F.3d 182, 186 n.1 (2d Cir. 2015) (per
curiam).
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First, we discern no error in the district court’s finding that Triple O failed to establish that
the default was not willful. In the context of a default, we have defined “willfulness” to include
“conduct that is more than merely negligent or careless,” such as where the behavior “was
egregious and was not satisfactorily explained.” Id. Here, the district court found that, by
ignoring the complaint for several months and defaulting (purportedly due to their attorney’s
carelessness), Triple O’s conduct met this standard. Specifically, the district court did not credit
Scott’s assertion that in December 2019 he met with an attorney who agreed to represent him
because it contradicted Scott’s handwritten letter to the district court on January 2, 2020, stating
that, as of that date, he “intend[ed] on being represented by a lawyer” and still needed additional
time to “seek the appropriate legal representation.” Triple O, 2021 WL 3287774, at *2 (quoting
Joint App’x at 125) (alteration in Triple O). Thus, the district court determined that the letter,
“filed about eight weeks after SUNY filed the complaint and about two weeks after the Clerk
entered default against defendants, belies defendants’ assertion that they had hired counsel after
being served with the complaint, and followed up with the alleged attorney throughout.” Id.Indeed, the attorney Scott identified in his affidavit at no point appeared in this case. In short,
the district court acted within its discretion in assessing the evidence in the record on the
willfulness issue and then rejecting Triple O’s allegations as to the purported failures of their
attorney to properly respond to the district court’s orders and otherwise defend them in the
litigation. 2
2
Triple O questions the district court’s reliance on this letter by asserting that “[i]f the Court had questions
about the 15-line, handwritten letter from Scott, it could have simply set a hearing and made inquiries about
the letter to all parties, including the lawyer who represented to Appellants that he would ‘handle’
everything.” Appellants’ Br. at 8 n.1. However, the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing
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Second, we are similarly unpersuaded by Triple O’s contention that the district court erred
in concluding that they failed to demonstrate a meritorious defense. As we have explained, “[i]n
order to make a sufficient showing of a meritorious defense in connection with a motion to vacate
a default judgment, the defendant need not establish his defense conclusively, but he must present
evidence of facts that, if proven at trial, would constitute a complete defense.” McNulty, 137
F.3d at 740 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Although SUNY’s complaint
challenges Triple O’s alleged infringement of twenty separate trademarks, Triple O offers a
defense regarding only a single trademark—namely, the acronym “UA.” According to Triple O,
SUNY does not own an enforceable trademark in “UA” because several other universities use that
same acronym. Without any factual support, Triple O merely speculates that “[t]he University
of Alabama, the University of Arizona, the University of Akron, the University of Alaska, or the
University of Arkansas, may all very well take issue with the University at Albany’s contention
that it owns a common law trademark in the ‘UA’ acrony[]m.” 3 Appellants’ Br. at 12. Such
speculation fails to demonstrate a meritorious defense with respect to their alleged infringement
on that trademark. See Enron, 10 F.3d at 98 (“A defendant seeking to vacate an entry of default
must present some evidence beyond conclusory denials to support his defense.”); see also Sony
Corp., 800 F.2d at 320–21 (“Although in an answer general denials normally are enough to raise
to conduct an evidentiary hearing prior to discrediting Scott’s affidavit where the affidavit was clearly
contradicted by his prior statement to the court and Triple O never requested a hearing. See Gallop v.
Cheney, 642 F.3d 364, 369 (2d Cir. 2011) (holding that “no court can be said to have erred in failing to
grant a request that was not made”).
3
In response, SUNY notes that “Triple O used more than the mark UA in its illegal advertising activities
to create a false association between its rave parties and SUNY so that even if UA were not a trademark,
Triple O would have still infringed all of the other asserted SUNY trademarks in the same series of
infringing transactions and occurrences.” Appellee’s Br. at 28–29.
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a meritorious defense, the moving party on a motion to reopen a default must support its general
denials with some underlying facts.”).
Moreover, Triple O did not even attempt to raise a meritorious defense with respect to
the other nineteen trademarks at issue in the complaint or the causes of action SUNY brought
beyond trademark infringement. Therefore, the district court correctly rejected Triple O’s
conclusory arguments in support of their purported meritorious defense. 4
In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that, even assuming the
absence of prejudice to SUNY if the default judgment were set aside, the willful default and
absence of a meritorious defense supported the denial of the motion to vacate. See Com. Bank of
Kuwait v. Rafidain Bank, 15 F.3d 238, 244 (2d Cir. 1994) (“While the record does not strongly
support a finding of prejudice, we need not scrutinize this factor further because [the defendants’]
willful default and the absence of meritorious defenses were sufficient to support the district
court’s disposition of the case.”).
* * *
4
For the first time on appeal, Triple O raises another purportedly meritorious defense. Citing cases from
the District of Massachusetts and the First Circuit, Triple O suggests that there is a geographic proximity
requirement for SUNY’s claims which SUNY failed to plausibly allege in its complaint. See, e.g.,
Appellants’ Br. at 11 (“It is inconceivable that any reasonable person would believe that events taking place
in New York City and being advertised with provocative photos of women and flashy colors would be
mistaken for a ‘university-endorsed’ event.”). In light of the “well-established general rule that
an appellate court will not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal,” Greene v. United States, 13
F.3d 577, 586 (2d Cir. 1994), we decline to address this argument.
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We have considered all of Triple O’s remaining arguments and find them to be without
merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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