United States v. Sawyer ( 2016 )

15-2276-c
United States v. Sawyer
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the
2nd day of December, two thousand sixteen.
Present: DENNIS JACOBS,
ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
Circuit Judges
GEOFFREY W. CRAWFORD,1
District Judge.
_____________________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
-v.- 15-2276-c
JESSE SAWYER,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________________________
Appearing for Appellant: Bruce R. Bryan, Syracuse, NY.
Appearing for Appellee: Michael D. Gadarian, Assistant United States Attorney (Lisa M.
Fletcher, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for
Richard S. Hartunian, Jr., United States Attorney for the Northern
District of New York, Syracuse, NY.
1
Judge Geoffrey W. Crawford, United States District Court for the District of Vermont, sitting
by designation.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York
(D’Agostino, J.).
ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of said District Court be and it hereby is VACATED and
REMANDED.
Defendant-appellant Jesse Sawyer appeals from the judgment of the United States
District Court for the Northern District of New York (D’Agostino, J.), sentencing him to thirty
years of imprisonment and a life term of supervised release. We assume the parties’ familiarity
with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
We review sentencing decisions for “reasonableness.” United States v. Cossey, 632 F.3d
82, 86 (2d Cir. 2011). “Reasonableness review has both a procedural and a substantive
component,” United States v. Irving, 554 F.3d 64, 71 (2d Cir. 2009), and it is “akin to a
‘deferential abuse-of-discretion standard,’” Cossey, 632 F.3d at 86 (quoting Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 52 (2007)). However, if defendant failed to raise an issue to the district
court, then we review for plain error. See United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010).
I. Procedural Reasonableness
In reviewing for procedural reasonableness, we consider whether the district court
“committed [a] significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly
calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the
[28 U.S.C.] §3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to
adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.
Sawyer first argues that the district court erred by refusing to allow a psychologist to
testify at his sentencing hearing. In particular, Sawyer sought testimony regarding whether the
abuse he suffered as a child was causally linked to the instant offense; whether he would have
committed the instant offense had he received counseling for his own childhood abuse; and
whether he would likely re-offend if he received sex offender treatment while in prison. Since he
raised this argument to the district court, we review the court’s denial for abuse of discretion.
District courts enjoy wide latitude in determining the procedures necessary to resolve
factual disputes at sentencing. See United States v. Slevin, 106 F.3d 1086, 1091 (2d Cir. 1996)
(“Decisions as to what types of procedures are needed lie within the discretion of the sentencing
court . . . .”). Here, the district court denied Sawyer’s request for testimony because the
psychologist had already submitted a written report to the court. The district court “read [the
report] numerous times” and described it as “very thorough and very comprehensive.” App’x at
153. The district court agreed with Sawyer that the report reflected a causal connection between
Sawyer’s abusive upbringing and his crime, and thus the court needed no further testimony on
that issue. The court refused to hear testimony on whether Sawyer would have committed the
instant offenses if he had received counseling as a child, reasonably concluding that such
testimony would be highly speculative. Sawyer contends that the court failed to consider his
request that the psychologist testify as to whether his likelihood of recidivism would change if
2
Sawyer received sex offender treatment in prison. However, the written report discussed
Sawyer’s risk of re-offense, and the district court reasonably concluded that additional testimony
would be “cumulative.” App’x at 134. In short, we find no abuse of discretion in the district
court’s decision to forgo the in-person testimony.
Second, Sawyer cites as procedural error the district court’s failure to consider his
contention that the relevant Guideline for sex offenders was not based on empirical evidence.
Sawyer complains that, despite his criticisms of the Guidelines, the court allowed itself to be
“influenced by” the Guidelines. Appellant’s Br. at 35. We find no error in the district court’s
failure to address Sawyer’s contention that the Guidelines should be given little weight because
of their inadequate empirical support. “A reviewing court entertains ‘a strong presumption that
the sentencing judge has considered all arguments properly presented to her, unless the record
clearly suggests otherwise.’” Cossey, 632 F.3d at 87 (quoting United States v. Fernandez, 443
F.3d 19, 29 (2d Cir. 2006)). Nothing in the record suggests the district court failed to consider
Sawyer’s argument, and so we presume that the district court did consider it.
Further, despite Sawyer’s suggestion that the district court should have avoided any
consideration of the Guidelines, “a sentencing court is statutorily obligated to give fair
consideration to the Guidelines before imposing sentence.” United States v. Jones, 531 F.3d
163, 170 (2d Cir. 2008).
II. Substantive Reasonableness
“At the substantive stage of reasonableness review, an appellate court may consider
whether a factor relied on by a sentencing court can bear the weight assigned to it.” United States
v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). “[W]e do not consider
what weight we would ourselves have given a particular factor. Rather, we consider whether the
factor, as explained by the district court, can bear the weight assigned it under the totality of
circumstances in the case.” Id. (internal citation omitted); see also United States v. Dorvee, 616
F.3d 174, 183 (noting that “substantive reasonableness review is not an opportunity for
‘tinkering’ with sentences we disagree with, and that we place ‘great trust’ in sentencing
courts”).
In Dorvee, we held that a 240-month sentence for distribution of child pornography was
substantively unreasonable, based, in part, on our conclusion that the sentencing judge had
“place[d] unreasonable weight on [a] sentencing factor.” 616 F.3d at 183. We explained that the
sentencing court had focused too heavily on the “need ‘to protect the public from further crimes
of the defendant’” despite a lack of “record evidence” that the defendant “was likely to actually
sexually assault a child.” Id. The Dorvee panel concluded that a twenty-year sentence for
distributing child pornography could not be justified on grounds of public protection, as the
Guidelines recommend more lenient sentences for defendants who commit offenses far more
harmful to the public. In particular, we stated that “[a]n adult who intentionally seeks out and
contacts a twelve year-old on the internet, convinces the child to meet and to cross state lines for
the meeting, and then engages in repeated sex with the child, would qualify for . . . a Guidelines
range of 151 to 188 months in prison.” Id. at 187. Consequently, despite the sentencing court’s
3
goal of “protect[ing] the public,” that factor could not “bear the weight assigned to it.” Id. at 183
(quoting Cavera, 550 F.3d at 191).
In this case, Sawyer pled guilty to two charges of production of child pornography, see
18 U.S.C. §2251(a), which consisted of taking between fifteen and twenty lewd photographs for
his own viewing, and one charge of receipt of child pornography, see 18 U.S.C.
§2252A(a)(2)(A) and §2256(8)(A), which consisted of Sawyer’s viewing of 87 images from the
internet on his cellphone. For these charges, the district court imposed a thirty-year sentence.2
As in Dorvee, a major factor driving Sawyer’s sentence appears to have been the court’s
view that he “present[ed] a significant danger to the community.” App’x at 165. Similar also to
Dorvee, however, the district court here did not find that Sawyer engaged in sex with the victims
or any other underage persons, or that there was specific evidence that he was likely to do so in
the future.3 The sentence imposed in this case thus cannot be justified by public protection, given
that a defendant who repeatedly has sex with a child would face a far more lenient sentence.
Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187. A 30-year term of imprisonment is appropriate for extreme and heinous
criminal behavior. Cf. United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc)
(determining that thirty-year sentence should be imposed on one-count indictment where
defendant “raped, sodomized, and sexually tortured fifty or more little girls, some as young as
four years of age, on many occasions over a four- or five-year period,” and “scripted, cast,
starred in, produced, and distributed worldwide some of the most graphic and disturbing child
pornography that has ever turned up on the internet”). While the district court mentioned certain
factors in Section 3553(a), none of them appear remotely sufficient to support imposing such a
sentence on a person who shared no images with others, possessed fewer images than defendants
in typical cases, and did not have sex with the victims or any other underage persons.
What is more, the district court clearly failed to give appropriate weight to a factor listed
in Section 3553(a) that should have mitigated the sentence substantially: “the history and
characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). The careful findings of the district
court facilitate our review even though we ultimately conclude that the sentence itself was
2
The sentence of 30 years reflected 15-year sentences on each of the production counts, which
ran consecutively, and a 5-year sentence on the receipt charge, which ran concurrently.
3
The Presentence Report (“PSR”) alleged, somewhat ambiguously, that Sawyer touched the
victims’ “vaginal area[s]” in the photographs presented to the court, PSR at 5, but Sawyer
vehemently insisted that he had not ever touched the victims’ vaginas.
Although the district court did state that it adopted the findings of the PSR, the court may
not have seen any need to resolve the parties’ dispute. A district court need not settle an
objection to the PSR if “such a finding is unnecessary because the matter controverted will not
be taken into account in sentencing.” United States v. Rosado-Ubiera, 947 F.2d 644, 646 (2d Cir.
1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court did not consider Sawyer’s alleged
touching of the victim’s genitals at the sentencing, and the relevant guideline enhancement for
“sexual contact” applies even if a defendant merely performs “the intentional touching . . . of the
. . . inner thigh . . . to . . . arouse . . . the sexual desire of any person.” 18 U.S.C. § 2246(3)
(defining “sexual contact”); U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1(b)(2)(A) (applying two-level enhancement for
“the commission of . . . sexual contact,” defined based on the standard in 18 U.S.C. § 2246).
Consequently, the district court may not have reviewed the images to resolve the question.
4
excessive. The district court recognized, quite clearly, the exceptional horrors of Sawyer’s
childhood, which were largely verified by government records. The court acknowledged that
“[t]he abuse that was imposed upon [Sawyer] as a child goes beyond anything else that I have
seen so far in my capacity as a federal judge.” App’x at 163. Sawyer’s childhood included
exposure to drugs and alcohol before the age of 10, significant and repeated sexual abuse
(including being sodomized) by close relatives and other persons in control of him, and being
beaten by his father until he lost control of his bowels. The district court told Sawyer that, “to say
that you had a horrid, nightmarish childhood would be an understatement,” and “you were
treated as less than plant life by those who were supposed to take care of you.” App’x at 162. A
psychologist reported, moreover, that Sawyer’s unfortunate childhood gave him great difficulty
in “experienc[ing] healthy and normalized relationships,” App’x at 106, which the district court
properly understood to mean that “Sawyer’s childhood was a . . . producing cause of his
activities as an adult as they relate to the victims.” App’x at 153.
Particularly given Sawyer’s scant criminal history (he was scored within the Criminal
History Category of I), the deplorable conditions of his childhood should have militated in favor
of a sentence less severe than the one imposed. We have held that “a downward departure may
be warranted on the ground that ‘extreme childhood abuse caused mental and emotional
conditions that contributed to the defendant’s commission of the offense.’” United States v.
Brady, 417 F.3d 326, 333 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Rivera, 192 F.3d 81, 85 (2d
Cir. 1999). We have also said, in reference to some cases, that child abuse may be so severe that
it “obviously and unquestionably justifie[s] a departure, whatever the standard.” Id. at 334.
Sawyer’s background, considered alongside expert testimony that it contributed to the
commission of the offense, meets that standard; it justifies not just a departure from the
Guidelines, but a significant one indeed.
In light of the district court’s overreliance on Sawyer’s danger to the community, and its
failure to afford sufficient weight to Sawyer’s history and personal characteristics, settled law
dictates that the sentence be vacated on grounds of substantive unreasonableness. Accordingly,
we VACATE defendant’s sentence and REMAND this matter to the district court for imposition
of a new sentence that comports with this opinion. From whatever final decision the district court
makes, the jurisdiction of this Court to consider a subsequent appeal may be invoked by any
party by notification to the clerk of this Court within ten days of the district court’s decision, in
which event the renewed appeal will be assigned to this panel. See United States v. Jacobson, 15
F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 1994).
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
5