United States v. MacCallum ( 2020 )

18-2160
United States v. MacCallum
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 16th day of July, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT:
DENNIS JACOBS,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
MICHAEL H. PARK,
Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 18-2160
JAMES A. MACCALLUM,
Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________________________
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: MARIANNE MARIANO, Federal Public
Defender’s Office for the Western District
of New York, Buffalo, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: MICHAEL DIGIACOMO, Assistant United
States Attorney, for James P. Kennedy, Jr.,
United States Attorney for the Western
District of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District
of New York (Wolford, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment entered on July 9, 2018, is
AFFIRMED, and the cause is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
Order.
James A. MacCallum appeals from a judgment of conviction entered on July 9, 2018,
following a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Western District of New
York (Wolford, J.). MacCallum was convicted of one count of mail fraud, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1341, relating to his perpetration of a Ponzi scheme. He was sentenced to 84
months of incarceration, to be followed by three years of supervised release. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and arguments on appeal, to
which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm and remand.
1. Sentence of Incarceration
MacCallum first challenges his sentence of incarceration, asserting both procedural
and substantive error. In the arena of sentencing, we apply “a particularly deferential form of
abuse-of-discretion review.” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 188 n.5, 189 (2d Cir. 2008)
(en banc). 1
A district court errs procedurally when it: (1) “fails to calculate the Guidelines range”
under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (“USSG” or “Guidelines”); (2) “makes a mistake in its
Guidelines calculation, or treats the Guidelines as mandatory”; (3) “does not consider the [18
U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors”; (4) “rests its sentence on a clearly erroneous finding of fact”; (5)
“fails adequately to explain its chosen sentence”; or (6) deviates from its calculated
Guidelines range without explanation. Id. at 190. A sentence is substantively unreasonable
1Unless otherwise noted, this Order omits all alterations, brackets, citations, and internal quotation marks in
quoted text.
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“only in exceptional cases where the trial court’s decision cannot be located within the range
of permissible decisions.” Id. at 189; see also United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir.
2009) (explaining that substantive reasonableness review “provide[s] a backstop for those
few cases that, although procedurally correct, would nonetheless damage the administration
of justice because the sentence imposed was shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise
unsupportable as a matter of law”). And “[a]lthough we do not presume that a Guidelines
sentence is reasonable, we have recognized that in the overwhelming majority of cases, a
Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within the broad range of sentences that would be
reasonable in the particular circumstances.” United States v. Eberhard, 525 F.3d 175, 179 (2d
Cir. 2008).
a. Procedural Reasonableness. According to MacCallum, his sentence was
procedurally unreasonable for three reasons: the District Court (1) erroneously applied the
sophisticated means enhancement provided in § 2B1.1(b)(9) of the Guidelines in calculating
the Guidelines range; 2 (2) failed adequately to consider the mandate of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6)
that any sentence avoid unwarranted disparities; and (3) based its sentence on an
unsupported finding that MacCallum was likely to reoffend. We find none of these
arguments persuasive.
The thrust of MacCallum’s contention with regard to the sophisticated means
enhancement is that his crime was not “especially complex or intricate,” but rather was
exceedingly “simple” and even “unimpressive.” Appellant’s Br. 17, 19-22. As we have
explained elsewhere, however, sentencing courts properly apply the sophisticated means
enhancement in cases that “involved a combination of acts, each of which standing alone
was not especially complex, but which constituted sophisticated means when considered as a
whole.” United States v. Lewis, 93 F.3d 1075, 1081 (2d Cir. 1996); see also United States v. Jackson,
346 F.3d 22, 25 (2d Cir. 2003) (affirming imposition of sophisticated means enhancement
2 The District Court determined that the 2010 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines apply to MacCallum’s offense, a
conclusion that neither party challenges. We refer to that version in this Order.
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over defendant’s objection “that the specific acts of his criminal activity, while admittedly
fraudulent, were each individually no more intricate than a game of Three-Card Monte”).
Here, the District Court found that MacCallum’s scheme: (1) crossed jurisdictions,
operating in both the United States and Canada; (2) went undetected for many years; (3)
involved the transfer of funds into and among many accounts; and (4) involved the creation
and use of fake promissory notes and loan documentation. See App’x at 128-29. MacCallum
does not attack these factual findings. Our cases compel the conclusion that these facts
provide an ample basis for the District Court’s discretionary decision to apply the
sophisticated means enhancement. See United States v. Fofanah, 765 F.3d 141, 143-44, 146-47
(2d Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (affirming application of sophisticated means enhancement
where defendant created and used false documents in connection with scheme to sell stolen
cars); United States v. Ojemen, 465 F. App’x 69, 71-72 (2d Cir. 2012) (affirming application of
sophisticated means enhancement where scheme involved “production . . . of forged
paystubs, W-2 forms, and income tax returns”).
In his next challenge—that the District Court failed adequately to consider the need
to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities—MacCallum points to national statistics relating
to sentences for fraud crimes. See Appellant’s Br. 23-25 (“Nationally, only 42.8% of
offenders sentenced under the fraud guidelines received a within guidelines sentence in fiscal
year 2017. In the Second Circuit, the number of sentences within the range plummets to
27.5%.”). MacCallum fails to acknowledge, however, that “the weight to be given such
disparities, like the weight to be given any § 3553(a) factor, is a matter firmly committed to
the discretion of the sentencing judge and is beyond our appellate review, as long as the
sentence ultimately imposed is reasonable in light of all the circumstances presented.” United
States v. Florez, 447 F.3d 145, 158 (2d Cir. 2006). Further, our “concern about unwarranted
disparities is at a minimum when a sentence is within the Guidelines range.” United States v.
Irving, 554 F.3d 64, 76 (2d Cir. 2009). Having rejected MacCallum’s attack on the District
Court’s use of the sophisticated means enhancement, we conclude that the 84 months’
sentence imposed fell within the applicable Guidelines range. Accordingly, where, as here, a
sentencing court has “correctly calculated and carefully reviewed the Guidelines range, [it]
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necessarily gave significant weight and consideration to the need to avoid unwarranted
disparities.” Id.; see also id. at 75-76 (explaining that the “district court was not required to
consult [national] statistics” relating to sentencing because “[a]verages of sentences that
provide no details underlying the sentences are unreliable to determine unwarranted
disparity”).
Also resting primarily on national statistics, MacCallum contends that the District
Court erroneously found that he was a present danger to reoffend. This contention also fails.
Sentencing courts may consider whether, based on statistical analyses, defendants may
generally be less likely to reoffend as they age. But courts are not required to favor statistical
models over record evidence suggesting that a particular defendant is likely to reoffend, even
as he or she ages. See United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 192 (2d Cir. 2017) (explaining that
“it would be well within a district court’s discretion to increase a sentence based on a
likelihood of reoffending [if there was] . . . some support in the record for that conclusion”).
The District Court thus did not err by basing its sentencing decision on MacCallum’s
individual characteristics, the nature of the crime, and the evidence adduced at trial, instead
of on national recidivism statistics. 3
b. Substantive Reasonableness. MacCallum also asks us to vacate his 84-months’
incarceratory sentence as “shocking[ly]” high given the nature of his offense and his personal
history and characteristics. Appellant’s Br. 32. In light of the District Court’s “very wide
latitude to decide the proper degree of punishment for an individual offender and a
particular crime,” we decline to do so. Cavera, 550 F.3d at 188. While MacCallum may be “a
very involved father” and a first-time offender who stands to suffer “significant collateral
consequences” as a result of his trial and conviction, App’x at 146, the District Court did not
abuse its discretion in concluding that he committed a serious offense that warranted a
3 To the extent that MacCallum takes issue with the District Court’s treatment of his personal history and
characteristics, we cannot, on this record, hold that the court abused its discretion. Compare App’x at 148
(stating court had considered, and rejected, argument that MacCallum did not present a risk to reoffend), with
id. at 146-48 (finding that when MacCallum was in a difficult position, he resorted to crime instead of “being
honest with [his family] and being forthright about it,” and engaged in a course of deceitful conduct over a
significant period of time).
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within-Guidelines sentence. The court reasonably gave significant weight to its observation
that MacCallum was “an attorney who had a solemn obligation to abide by the trust that
clients and members of the community placed in [him],” and that he instead “manipulated
and took advantage” of numerous victims, in violation of that duty. App’x at 146.
MacCallum urges that USSG § 2B1.1, the applicable Guidelines provision here for
fraud, is as “fundamentally flawed” as the Guidelines provisions for child pornography
offenses and posits that “sentence[s] calculated under this eccentric guideline” will likewise
“produce[] an unreasonably high result” more often than not. Appellant’s Br. 34-36. As an
initial matter, the District Court was aware of MacCallum’s position, and nonetheless
concluded that “this is not one of those cases.” App’x at 148-49. But even assuming this case
is a “run-of-the-mill” fraud case, see United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 186 (2d Cir. 2010),
the concerns articulated in Dorvee do not arise where the applicable Guidelines range for
MacCallum’s misconduct (from 70 to 87 months’ incarceration) lies well below the statutory
maximum for the offense (240 months’ incarceration, see 18 U.S.C. § 1341). MacCallum’s
sentence is not substantively unreasonable.
2. Condition of Supervised Release
We turn now to MacCallum’s final challenge, which focuses on one of the conditions
of supervised release that the District Court imposed and that is in a standard formulation
then used in the Western District of New York. This condition, the “Risk Notification
Condition,” would allow his probation officer to determine, first, whether he posed a risk to
another person or organization and, second, if so, whether to require MacCallum to notify
that person or organization about the risk presented. See App’x at 166. Soon after
MacCallum was sentenced, the terms of the Risk Notification Condition were amended by
the Western District in a standing order implemented court-wide in that District. See U.S.
Dist. Ct. for the W.D.N.Y., Amended Standing Order (Mar. 22, 2019),
https://www.nywd.uscourts.gov/sites/nywd/files/PTPR-2019-
AmendedBolesStandOrd.pdf. MacCallum, like others, maintains that the condition is invalid,
even as amended.
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We cannot resolve that issue at this time, however, because another panel of our
Court is considering parallel challenges lodged in a pending appeal that has priority over
MacCallum’s case. United States v. Traficante, No. 18-1962 (argued Oct. 25, 2019). The
Traficante panel’s decision will likely control the disposition of MacCallum’s challenge. In the
interest of expedition, we therefore enter judgment affirming the District Court’s judgment
of conviction of MacCallum’s incarceratory sentence, and remand MacCallum’s cause to the
District Court to enable it to give timely consideration to our forthcoming decision in
Traficante and, if necessary, to modify the relevant provision of MacCallum’s sentence of
supervised release accordingly. We further grant the parties leave to reinstate this appeal, by
letter from either of them to the Clerk of this Court, to permit timely review of the District
Court’s decision on remand as to the Risk Notification Condition, should any review be
required.
* * *
For the reasons set forth above, the District Court’s judgment is AFFIRMED, and
the cause is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Order.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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