Kiryas Joel Alliance v. Village of Kiryas Joel ( 2012 )

12-217-cv
Kiryas Joel Alliance, et al. v. Village of Kiryas Joel, et al.
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
4 SUMMARY ORDER
5
6 RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
7 SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
8 BY THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1 AND FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1.
9 WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
10 MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
11 NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
12 OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
13
14
15 At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
16 Circuit, held at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl
17 Street, in the City of New York, on the 10th day of September, two thousand twelve.
18
19 Present: JOSEPH M. MCLAUGHLIN,
20 SUSAN L. CARNEY,
21 CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
22 Circuit Judges.
23 ___________________________________________________________
24
25 KIRYAS JOEL ALLIANCE, CONGREGATION BAIS YOEL
26 OHEL FEIGE, ZALMAN WALDMAN, MEYER DEUTSCH,
27 BERNARD TYRNAUER, ISAAC SRUGO, JOSEPH
28 WALDMAN, MOSHE TENNENBAUM, DAVID WOLNER,
29 JOEL WALDMAN,
30
31 Plaintiffs-Appellants, No. 12-217-cv
32
33 CONGREGATION TA OF KJ, INCORPORATED, SAMUEL
34 EISENBERG,
35
36 Plaintiffs,
37
38 -v-
39
40 VILLAGE OF KIRYAS JOEL, JACOB REISMAN, VILLAGE
41 TRUSTEE, sued in his official capacity, MOSES
42 GOLDSTEIN, VILLAGE TRUSTEE, sued in his official
43 capacity, JACOB FREUND, SAMUEL LANDAU,
44 VILLAGE TRUSTEE, sued in his official capacity,
45 ABRAHAM WEIDER, MAYOR OF THE VILLAGE OF KIRYAS
1 JOEL, sued in his official capacity, MOSES WITRIOL,
2 INDIVIDUALLY AND DIRECTOR, VILLAGE OF KIRYAS
3 JOEL DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, sued in his official
4 capacities, CONGREGATION YETEV LEV D’SATMAR OF KIRYAS
5 JOEL, DAVID EKSTEIN, TOWN OF MONROE,
6
7 Defendants-Appellees,
8
9 CESAR A. PERALES, sued in his official capacity as acting New
10 York Secretary of State,
11
12 Defendant.
13
14
15 Appearing for Appellants: Michael H. Sussman, Sussman & Watkins,
16 Goshen, NY.
17
18 Appearing for Appellee Village of Mark P. Gimbel, Covington & Burling LLP,
19 Kiryas Joel: New York, NY (Alan Vinegrad, Covington &
20 Burling LLP, New York, NY; David L.
21 Posner, McCabe & Mack LLP, Poughkeepsie,
22 NY, on the brief).
23
24 Appearing for Appellee Moses Anna J. Ervolina, Morris Duffy Alonso &
25 Witriol: Faley, New York, NY.
26
27 Appearing for Appellees Richard M. Mahon, II, Tarshis, Catania,
28 Congregation Yetev Lev D’Satmar Liberth, Mahon & Milligram, PLLC,
29 of Kiryas Joel and David Ekstein: Newburgh, NY.
30
31
32 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
33 New York (Jed S. Rakoff, Judge). ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, it is hereby
34 ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the judgment of the District Court
35 be and it hereby is AFFIRMED.
36 Plaintiffs-Appellants, members of a self-identified “dissident” population
37 living in defendant Village of Kiryas Joel in Orange County, New York, appeal from
38 the district court’s judgment granting defendants’ motions to dismiss the amended
2
1 complaint. Plaintiffs asserted a variety of claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985
2 for alleged violations of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights, and a claim
3 under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc
4 et seq. (“RLUIPA”) for alleged discriminatory application of the Village’s zoning
5 laws. The district court dismissed some of plaintiffs’ claims on res judicata grounds,
6 other claims on the basis of plaintiffs’ lack of standing to sue, and the remaining
7 claims for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. We assume
8 the parties’ familiarity with the alleged facts, the procedural history, and the
9 arguments raised on appeal, which we reference only as necessary to explain our
10 decision.
11 We review de novo a district court’s application of res judicata principles,
12 EDP Med. Computer Sys., Inc. v. United States, 480 F.3d 621, 624 (2d Cir. 2007),
13 and its dismissal of claims for want of standing under Federal Rule of Civil
14 Procedure 12(b)(1), Amidax Trading Grp. v. S.W.I.F.T. SCRL, 671 F.3d 140, 145 (2d
15 Cir. 2011) (per curiam). We also review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion
16 to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “construing the
17 complaint liberally, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true, and
18 drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” Chase Grp. Alliance LLC
19 v. City of N.Y. Dep’t of Fin., 620 F.3d 146, 150 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation
20 marks omitted). We affirm a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal “only if the plaintiff fails to
21 provide factual allegations sufficient to raise a right to relief above the speculative
22 level.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
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1 The parties in this action and their various representatives have been
2 embroiled in litigation in both state and federal courts for the past two decades. We
3 briefly describe the genesis of their long-standing dispute, as it is described in the
4 amended complaint. The Village of Kiryas Joel (the “Village”) was incorporated in
5 1977 to serve as an enclave for followers of the Satmar Hasidic sect of Judaism.
6 The Village is populated exclusively by followers of that sect, a majority of whom
7 are members of defendant Congregation Yetev Lev D’Satmar of Kiryas Joel
8 (“Congregation Yetev”). Plaintiffs are also followers of the Satmar Hasidic faith,
9 but do not accept the legitimacy of Congregation Yetev’s current leader, the Grand
10 Rebbe, Aron Teitelbaum, a relative of the original leader of the sect. Plaintiffs
11 contend that because of their refusal to accept the current Grand Rebbe, they and
12 other “dissidents” have been discriminated against in several ways by the Village,
13 which, they allege, is run entirely by members of Congregation Yetev.
14 A. Res Judicata
15 Under the doctrine of res judicata, “[a] final judgment on the merits of an
16 action precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating issues that were or
17 could have been raised in that action.” EDP Med. Computer, 480 F.3d at 624
18 (internal quotation marks omitted and alteration in original). The doctrine applies
19 where “(1) the previous action involved an adjudication on the merits; (2) the
20 previous action involved the plaintiffs or those in privity with them; [and] (3) the
21 claims asserted in the subsequent action were, or could have been, raised in the
22 prior action.” Monahan v. N.Y. City Dep’t of Corr., 214 F.3d 275, 285 (2d Cir.
23 2000).1
1
A federal court “must give to a state-court judgment the same preclusive effect as would be
given that judgment under the law of the State in which the judgment was rendered.” Migra v.
4
1 In order for res judicata to bar plaintiffs’ claims, “[i]t must first be
2 determined that the second suit involves the same ‘claim’—or ‘nucleus of operative
3 fact[s]’—as the first suit.” Waldman v. Vill. of Kiryas Joel, 207 F.3d 105, 108 (2d
4 Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted and first alteration in original). To
5 decide whether two actions arise from the same “claim,” we consider “whether the
6 underlying facts are related in time, space, origin, or motivation, whether they form
7 a convenient trial unit, and whether their treatment as a unit conforms to the
8 parties’ expectations.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
9 Plaintiffs here have alleged that the Village violated their constitutional
10 rights and their rights under RLUIPA by, inter alia, requiring plaintiff
11 Congregation Bais Yoel Ohel Feige (“Congregation Yoel”), a “dissident”
12 congregation, to obtain municipal approval before using Congregation Yoel’s own
13 property (the “Property”) as a synagogue, while not imposing the same requirement
14 on residentially-zoned houses of worship associated with Congregation Yetev. The
15 district court concluded that res judicata barred plaintiffs’ claims related to the
16 Property.2 We agree. Congregation Yoel, Zalman Waldman, Bernard Tyrnauer,
17 and Meyer Deutsch—all plaintiffs in this action—have already brought, and seen
18 the final adjudication of, two lawsuits in New York state court in which they
19 maintained, as they do here, that Congregation Yetev and the Village have
Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984). New York law thus determines the
preclusive effect of previous New York state court judgments. In the case at bar, we rely on federal
preclusion law, because there “appears to be no significant difference between New York preclusion
law and federal preclusion law.” Pike v. Freeman, 266 F.3d 78, 90 n.14 (2d Cir. 2001).
2
In determining whether plaintiffs’ claims were barred by res judicata, the district court
properly considered documents expressly referenced in the amended complaint and materials in the
public record that are subject to judicial notice. See Blue Tree Hotels Inv. (Can.), Ltd. v. Starwood
Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 369 F.3d 212, 217 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting that courts “may also look
to public records, including complaints filed in state court, in deciding a motion to dismiss”); see also
Brass v. Am. Film Techs., Inc., 987 F.2d 142, 150 (2d Cir. 1993).
5
1 wrongfully prevented Congregation Yoel from using the Property for religious
2 services. See Bais Yoel Ohel Feige v. Congregation Yetev Lev D’Satmar of Kiryas
3 Joel, No. 4075-2004 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Jan. 22, 2008) (“Bais Yoel I”); Bais Yoel Ohel
4 Feige v. Vill. of Kiryas Joel, No. 5655-2010 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Aug. 13, 2010) (“Bais Yoel
5 II”).3 As the district court properly determined, the same “nucleus of operative
6 facts” is at issue in both this case and in these previous state court litigations.
7 Plaintiffs argue that preclusion is nonetheless inappropriate because the
8 present action involves assertedly new factual allegations related to the Property
9 and purported violations of the Equal Protection Clause and the Establishment
10 Clause—claims not asserted in Bais Yoel I or Bais Yoel II. But plaintiffs “cannot
11 avoid the effects of res judicata by ‘splitting’ [their] claim[s] into various suits, based
12 on different legal theories (with different evidence ‘necessary’ to each suit).”
13 Waldman, 207 F.3d at 110. Further, plaintiffs’ purportedly “new” factual
14 allegations in this action—namely, the Village’s “construction blitz” on the Property
15 and the Village’s alleged efforts to impede Congregation Yoel’s attempt to obtain
16 municipal approval for the Property’s proposed use as a synagogue—are hardly of
17 recent vintage: as the district court observed, they were expressly raised and
18 litigated in Bais Yoel II. To the extent that the facts and claims asserted in the
19 present and the previous two actions are not entirely congruent, plaintiffs fail to
20 offer any persuasive reason why those claims and facts could not have been
3
In Bais Yoel I, the court, after a trial on the merits, held that plaintiffs were required to
obtain municipal approval before using the Property for religious purposes. That decision, as
relevant here, was affirmed on appeal. Bais Yoel Ohel Feige v. Congregation Yetev Lev D’Satmar of
Kiryas Joel, 885 N.Y.S.2d 741 (2d Dep’t 2009). In Bais Yoel II, the same plaintiffs asserted, inter
alia, that the Village’s requirement that plaintiffs obtain municipal approval before using the
Property for religious services violated RLUIPA. Plaintiffs also requested that the court enjoin
Congregation Yetev and the Village from interfering with plaintiffs’ use of the Property for religious
assembly. The court concluded that res judicata barred plaintiffs’ claims and thus dismissed the suit.
6
1 asserted earlier.4 Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal on res
2 judicata grounds of all claims related to the Property.
3 B. Standing
4 Standing is “the threshold question in every federal case, determining the
5 power of the court to entertain the suit.” Denney v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d
6 253, 263 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). To survive a
7 defendant’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of standing, plaintiffs “must
8 allege facts that affirmatively and plausibly suggest that [they have] standing to
9 sue.” Amidax, 671 F.3d at 145. Plaintiffs must “allege, and ultimately prove, that
10 [they] ha[ve] suffered an injury-in-fact that is fairly traceable to the challenged
11 action of the defendant, and which is likely to be redressed by the requested relief.”
12 Baur v. Veneman, 352 F.3d 625, 632 (2d Cir. 2003).
13 Here, the district court concluded that plaintiffs lacked standing to bring
14 various claims concerning alleged injuries to non-parties. As the district court
15 observed, these claims focused on:
16 municipal fees charged for garbage removal levied against non-parties
17 Keren Chasanim and Congregation Tiv Livov; the [Kiryas Joel
18 Department of Public Safety’s (“KJPS”)] enforcement of Village noise
19 ordinances against non-party Joel Lieberman; the KJPS’ alleged
20 failure to protect non-party Rafael Rabinowitz from attack by groups of
21 [United Talmudical Academy (“UTA”)] schoolchildren; the Village’s
22 alleged failure to grant property tax exemptions to non-parties Samuel
23 Eisenberg and Congregation TA; Congregation Yetev’s refusal to allow
24 the non-party Pearlstein family to bury their relative Eziel Pearlstein
25 in the main Congregation Yetev cemetery in the Village; the Village’s
26 alleged wrongful termination of non-party Lawrence Rossini from his
4
Plaintiffs do contend that they could not have brought their claims regarding the Village’s
alleged discriminatory enforcement of the zoning laws in any previous litigation. Reply Br. at 23.
But, at the same time, they concede that since the 1980s, residentially-zoned properties throughout
the Village have been used as synagogues absent municipal approval. Id. at 5. Plaintiffs thus offer
no convincing reason why they could not have raised the issue of selective enforcement in Bais Yoel II
(if not also in Bais Yoel I): both of those cases involved the application of the Village’s zoning laws.
7
1 position as a building inspector; and the Village’s improper delay in
2 granting non-parties Prag Realty and Lipa Deutsch Certificates of
3 Occupancy for a residential development based on their plans to use a
4 community room for non-religious purposes.
5
6 Kiryas Joel Alliance v. Vill. of Kiryas Joel, No. 11 Civ. 3982, 2011 WL 5995075, at
7 *7 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2011).5
8 Plaintiff Kiryas Joel Alliance (“KJA”), an “unincorporated, nonprofit
9 association” that “advocat[es] for the rights of the citizens of Kiryas Joel,” Am.
10 Compl. ¶ 11, maintains that it has standing, in a representative capacity, to assert
11 these claims on behalf of its members. This argument is unavailing. The amended
12 complaint does not allege that any of the purportedly injured parties are members
13 of KJA, nor did plaintiffs seek to join any of these non-parties as plaintiffs in this
14 action. Moreover, because “the rights [§ 1983] secures [are] personal to those
15 purportedly injured,” organizations lack standing to assert § 1983 claims on behalf
16 of their members. Nnebe v. Daus, 644 F.3d 147, 156 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal
17 quotation marks omitted and first alteration in original).
18 An organization may, however, bring a § 1983 suit on its own behalf “so long
19 as it can independently satisfy the requirements of Article III standing.” Id. On
20 the basis of KJA’s assertion that it had diverted resources from its other activities
21 to provide security to “dissidents,” Am. Compl. ¶ 241, the district court determined
22 that KJA had standing to assert only those claims related to KJPS’s alleged failure
23 to protect non-party Rafael Rabinowitz from attack by groups of UTA children.
5
The district court also concluded that plaintiffs lacked standing to bring an Establishment
Clause claim based on the Village’s “Community Room” law because they had not adequately pled
that they had suffered an injury as a result of the law. The court dismissed the claim without
prejudice, however, giving plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint to add new parties or to
adequately plead injury to the current parties. Plaintiffs chose not to amend the complaint and
instead requested that the court enter a final judgment. We conclude that plaintiffs’ “Community
Room” claim suffers from the same standing defect (discussed infra) as their other claims concerning
alleged injuries to non-parties.
8
1 Plaintiffs argue that if KJA has standing to pursue one narrow set of claims, it also
2 has “standing to litigate in full the equal protection and Establishment [C]lause
3 claims asserted in the [amended complaint].” Appellants’ Br. at 25. But, contrary
4 to plaintiffs’ argument, standing must be demonstrated “for each claim and form of
5 relief sought.” Baur, 352 F.3d at 641 n.15; see also Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343,
6 358 n.6 (1996) (“[S]tanding is not dispensed in gross.”). Therefore, a plaintiff that
7 “has been subject to injurious conduct of one kind” does not “possess by virtue of
8 that injury the necessary stake in litigating conduct of another kind, although
9 similar, to which [it] has not been subject.” Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 999
10 (1982). Because the amended complaint fails to plead that KJA itself suffered an
11 injury related to the claims dismissed for lack of standing, we affirm the district
12 court’s dismissal of those claims.
13 C. Remaining Claims
14 To state a religion-based claim under the Equal Protection Clause, plaintiffs
15 must plausibly allege that a government actor intentionally discriminated against
16 them on the basis of their religion. See Knight v. Conn. Dep’t of Pub. Health, 275
17 F.3d 156, 166 (2d Cir. 2001). Although plaintiffs urge that their equal protection
18 claims involve intentional religious discrimination, we agree with the district court
19 that plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that defendants’ alleged actions were
20 motivated by religious—as opposed to political—differences. Plaintiffs acknowledge
21 that they share the same Satmar Hasidic faith as defendants, Reply Br. at 21, and
22 the amended complaint does not identify different religious creeds adhered to by the
23 majority faction and the “dissident” population. Rather, as the district court
24 concluded, the discord is, at its core, political. It reflects an acrimonious—but not
9
1 essentially “religious”—dispute over “who should be the leader of . . . Satmar
2 Hasidim.” Kiryas Joel Alliance, 2011 WL 5995075, at *8. We have affirmed the
3 dismissal of equal protection claims arising from similar disputes in the past. See
4 Brach v. Congregation Yetev Lev D’Satmar, Inc., No. cv-93-4606, slip op. at 17
5 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 1993) (dismissing plaintiff’s claim of conspiracy to violate the
6 Equal Protection Clause and observing that the dissidents’ “refusal to accept the
7 authority of the present Congregation Rebbe . . . . is an internal dispute between
8 members of a sect and nothing more”), aff’d, 57 F.3d 1064 (2d Cir. May 30, 1995)
9 (summary order). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’
10 remaining equal protection claims.
11 We also agree with the district court that the remaining allegations in the
12 amended complaint fail to state a claim under the Establishment Clause. To
13 determine whether government action violates the Establishment Clause, we apply
14 the three-pronged test established in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971),
15 which requires that “a statute or practice . . . , if it is to be permissible under the
16 Establishment Clause, must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor
17 inhibit religion in its principal or primary effect; and it must not foster an excessive
18 entanglement with religion.” Cnty. of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater Pittsburgh
19 Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 592 (1989).
20 Plaintiffs urge that they have stated an Establishment Clause claim by
21 alleging that the Village is unlawfully entangled with religion—principally in that
22 all the Village officials are members of Congregation Yetev—and that the Village
23 has selectively enforced its laws against dissidents. Although the Village’s
24 formation and constitution are undoubtedly unusual, and were reasonably
10
1 questioned in the past, see generally Bd. of Educ. v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687 (1994),
2 we are not persuaded. As the district court determined, plaintiffs’ current
3 allegations about the overlapping leadership in the Village and Congregation Yetev,
4 standing alone, are insufficient to state an Establishment Clause claim. Cf. id. at
5 698-99; McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618, 629 (1978) (invalidating a state law that
6 disqualified members of the clergy from holding certain public offices). Further,
7 their allegations regarding selective enforcement of the laws relate to plaintiffs’
8 equal protection claims, which, as we have discussed, were properly dismissed. We
9 therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims under the
10 Establishment Clause.
11 Finally, to state a valid conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3), plaintiffs
12 must, among other things, plausibly allege the existence of a conspiracy to deprive
13 them of their constitutional rights. Plaintiffs here have provided only vague and
14 conclusory allegations that defendants entered into an unlawful agreement. These
15 do not suffice. See Gyadu v. Hartford Ins. Co., 197 F.3d 590, 591 (2d Cir. 1999) (per
16 curiam) (“[A] complaint containing only conclusory, vague, or general allegations of
17 conspiracy to deprive a person of constitutional rights cannot withstand a motion to
18 dismiss.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Webb v. Goord, 340 F.3d 105,
19 110-11 (2d Cir. 2003) (“[A] plaintiff must provide some factual basis supporting a
20 meeting of the minds, such that defendants entered into an agreement, express or
21 tacit, to achieve the unlawful end.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
22 Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ conspiracy claim.
23
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11
1 We have considered plaintiffs’ remaining arguments and conclude that they
2 are without merit. The judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.
3
4 FOR THE COURT:
5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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