United States v. Domenico Sandalo ( 2023 )

21-708
United States v. Domenico Sandalo
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 8th day of June, two thousand twenty-three.
PRESENT: Dennis Jacobs,
Richard C. Wesley,
Steven J. Menashi,
Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. Nos. 21-708-cr
DOMENICO SANDALO,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________________________
For Defendant-Appellant: MATTHEW BRISSENDEN,
Matthew W. Brissenden, P.C.,
Garden City, NY (Brian
Edward King, Smith & King,
LLC, Garden City, NY, on the
brief).
For Appellee: MARC H. SILVERMAN, Assistant
United States Attorney (Maria
Del Pilar Gonzalez, Assistant
United States Attorney, on the
brief), for Leonard C. Boyle,
Acting United States Attorney
for the District of Connecticut,
New Haven, CT.
Appeal from judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York (Vanessa L. Bryant, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Domenico Sandalo was indicted for possession with
intent to distribute controlled substances after law enforcement executed a search
warrant against him and his residence. The United States District Court for the
District of Connecticut (Bryant, J.) denied his motion to suppress the evidence law
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enforcement seized while searching his residence. Sandalo entered a conditional
guilty plea preserving his right to appeal the district court’s decision and was
sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.
Sandalo now challenges the validity and constitutionality of the search
warrant on the grounds that the warrant lacks sufficient particularity and is
overbroad. 1 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
record of prior proceedings, and the arguments on appeal.
DISCUSSION
“When considering a ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we review a
district court’s legal conclusions de novo, its findings of fact for clear error, and its
decisions on mixed questions of law and fact . . . de novo.” United States v. Weaver,
9 F.4th 129, 138 (2d Cir. 2021) (en banc).
The Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirement “has three components:
First a warrant must identify the specific offense for which the police have
established probable cause. Second, a warrant must describe the place to be
1 Sandalo also argues that the warrant is not supported by probable cause and that
the district court should have granted him a Franks hearing because the warrant relies on
false statements in the supporting affidavit. We address those challenges in a separate
opinion that accompanies this summary order.
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searched. Third, the warrant must specify the items to be seized by their relation
to designated crimes.” United States v. Gaplin, 720 F.3d 436, 445–46 (2d Cir. 2013)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
As a corollary to the particularity requirement, the places to be searched and
the items to be seized cannot be overbroad by exceeding the scope of the
articulated probable cause. See United States v. Purcell, 967 F.3d 159, 179, 181 (2d
Cir. 2020). A search warrant “is facially unconstitutional if it fails to comply” with
either overbreadth or particularity. Id. at 178.
If a search warrant is unconstitutional on its face for overbreadth or lack of
particularity, the overall constitutionality of the warrant may be preserved by
“constru[ing] [the] warrant” in combination with portions of the supporting
application or affidavit that cure the warrant’s defects. United States v. Waker, 534
F.3d 168, 172 (2008) (per curiam) (quoting Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 557–58,
(2004)). We may “[r]esort to an affidavit to remedy a warrant[]” only if “it is
incorporated by reference in the warrant itself and attached to it.” Purcell, 967 F.3d
at 179 (quoting United States v. George, 975 F.2d 72, 76 (2d Cir. 1992)).
If a search warrant is facially unconstitutional and law enforcement fails to
attach and incorporate by reference supporting documents that cure its defects,
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the exclusionary rule does not apply automatically; excluding evidence “has
always been our last resort, not our first impulse.” Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S.
586, 591 (2006). Under the good faith exception, the exclusionary rule does not
apply to “evidence obtained in objectively reasonable reliance on a subsequently
invalidated search warrant.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922 (1984); United
States v. Clark, 638 F.3d 89, 99 (2d Cir. 2011). That includes evidence gathered by
law enforcement officers while conducting a search in accordance with the
appropriate limitations set forth in the unincorporated and unattached supporting
application or affidavit. See United States v. Rosa, 626 F.3d 56, 64 (2d Cir. 2010).
The government bears the burden of “‘demonstrat[ing] the objective
reasonableness of the officers’ good faith reliance’ on an invalidated warrant.”
Clark, 638 F.3d at 100 (quoting George, 975 F.2d at 77). While the government enjoys
a “presumption of reasonableness,” there are four circumstances where the good
faith exception does not apply: “‘(1) where the issuing magistrate has been
knowingly misled; (2) where the issuing magistrate wholly abandoned his or her
judicial role; (3) where the application is so lacking in indicia of probable cause as
to render reliance upon it unreasonable; and (4) where the warrant is so facially
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deficient that reliance upon it is unreasonable.’” Clark, 638 F.3d at 100 (quoting
United States v. Moore, 968 F.2d 216, 222 (2d Cir. 1992)).
A. The District Court’s Denial of Sandalo’s Motion
The district court held that the search warrant was sufficiently particular
and not overly broad. Regarding the warrant’s description of the place to be
searched, the district court rejected Sandalo’s argument that the warrant was
overly broad by failing to exclude the in-law apartment, which was separate from
Sandalo’s residence. With respect to the warrant’s list of items to be searched or
seized, the district court concluded that the warrant stated these items with
sufficient particularity as to each of the categories of items. The district court also
concluded that even if the warrant were defective, Sandalo failed to show how the
officers executing the search warrant did not act in good faith.
B. Analysis
1. Facial Deficiency of the Warrant
We agree with Sandalo that the search warrant is overly broad and fails to
satisfy the Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirement. The search warrant
fails to “identify the specific offense for which the police have established probable
cause”—much less identify any offense at all. Gaplin, 720 F.3d at 445. The warrant
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is also overly broad in describing the place to be searched; it includes the in-law
apartment, which there was no reason to believe had any connection to Sandalo’s
criminal activity. The warrant also has no temporal restraints tying categories of
items to be seized to any designated crimes committed during the relevant periods
of investigation. Only the supporting application and/or affidavit exclude the in-
law apartment, identify the specific offense for which probable cause was
established, and include proper temporal restraints. As a result, the warrant is
facially deficient. 2
2. Whether the Affidavit and Application Were
Incorporated in and Attached to the Warrant
According to Sandalo, we cannot resort to the affidavit or application to cure
facial defects in the search warrant because neither was attached to the warrant
when it was presented to Sandalo at the time of the search. We agree. Although
2Sandalo also argues that the warrant lacks sufficient particularity and is
overbroad in defining the categories of items to be seized. The district court
dismissed Sandalo’s objections to these categories of items. Sandalo’s arguments
plainly lack merit. The specified categories of items listed in the warrant are
sufficiently particular and not overly broad. Notably, each reflect the common
tools and recognized practices used by drug traffickers and focus on evidence
closely related to Sandalo’s suspected drug trafficking activity. To the extent that
they may encompass more, the categories are well within the discretion we afford
law enforcement in listing the items to be seized. See United States v. Riley, 906 F.2d
841, 844–45 (2d Cir. 1990).
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the warrant incorporates by reference the application and affidavit, the warrant
remains constitutionally defective unless the two documents were “incorporated
by reference in the warrant itself and attached to it.” Purcell, 967 F.3d at 179
(emphasis added). The warrant and supporting documents fall short of satisfying
the latter requirement. 3
“The presence of a search warrant serves a high function, and that high
function is not necessarily vindicated when some other document, somewhere,
says something about the objects of the search, but the contents of that document
are neither known to the person whose home is being searched nor available for
her inspection.” Groh, 540 U.S. at 557. Even if the search warrant application and
affidavit were attached to the warrant at some later point, those documents were
not “attached” in the legally relevant sense; they were not included with the search
warrant when it was presented to Sandalo.
3 The stated reason for not providing Sandalo with a copy of the warrant
application and affidavit was that “[t]he personal safety of a confidential informant
would be jeopardized by the giving of a copy of the affidavits” at that time. App. 94.
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3. The Good Faith Exception
In this case, the good faith exception precludes application of the
exclusionary rule. The government met its burden in showing good faith by
demonstrating that the officers executing the search warrant were clearly aware of
and conducted the search according to the limitations set forth in the application
and affidavit. The affidavit expressly excluded the in-law apartment from the
scope of the search-warrant request and limited the timeframe of the investigation
leading to the search to between September 2016 and June 2019. The application
specified the alleged crimes as possession of narcotics and possession of a
controlled substance. As the government points out, the search team executing
the warrant was led by one of the affiants. The search team did not search the in-
law apartment, 4 and only seized items related to the crimes specified in the
4 Sandalo insists that law enforcement did not act in good faith because it allegedly
searched the in-law apartment four days after the search warrant was executed. But
Sandalo offers no evidence to show that a subsequent search was executed pursuant to
the June 6, 2019, search warrant in question—nor is there any indication otherwise. Nor
does Sandalo adequately explain how a separate search would be relevant in determining
whether the search team acted in good faith when they searched his residence on June 6,
2019.
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application and the investigation detailed in the affidavit. Sandalo fails to identify
any evidence to the contrary. 5
Sandalo also asserts that law enforcement did not act in good faith because
they should have known the search warrant was overly broad in not excluding the
in-law apartment. We are not convinced that the warrant was so facially deficient
in failing to exclude the in-law apartment that the executing officers’ reliance upon
it was unreasonable. This case is not like cases where we held that warrants were
so facially deficient as to override the good faith exception. See, e.g., In re 650 Fifth
Ave. & Related Props., 934 F.3d 147, 163 (2d Cir. 2019) (holding that the good faith
exception did not apply because, inter alia, the curing affidavit was neither
attached nor incorporated by reference and there was no evidence showing that
anyone from the search team had reviewed the affidavit or was familiar with its
contents); Groh, 540 U.S. at 558–61 (holding that the good faith exception was not
5 Sandalo argues that Connecticut law should govern this issue, but “[o]ur
precedents make clear that only federal law applies in a federal court’s exclusionary rule
analysis.” United States v. Braggs, 5 F.4th 183, 184 (2d Cir. 2021); see also United States v.
Smith, 9 F.3d 1007, 1014 (2d Cir. 1993) (“[T]he touchstone of a federal court’s review of a
state search warrant secured by local police officials and employed in a federal
prosecution is the Fourth Amendment and its requirements, and no more.”).
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triggered because, inter alia, the warrant provided no description of the items to be
seized). The district court properly denied the motion to suppress the evidence
obtained from Sandalo’s residence.
CONCLUSION
We have examined Sandalo’s remaining arguments and conclude that they
are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court denying Sandalo’s motion to suppress and motion to dismiss.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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