Coppolino v. Commissioner Pennsylvania State Police ( 2017 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
__________
No. 16-3877
__________
RICHARD COPPOLINO,
Appellant
v.
COMMISSIONER PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE*
*Amended pursuant to F.R.A.P. 43(c)
__________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(District Court Civil No. 2-16-cv-00249)
District Judge: Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
May 9, 2017
BEFORE: AMBRO, RESTREPO, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Filed: May 25, 2017)
__________
OPINION *
__________
NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
At its core, the legal doctrine of res judicata prohibits a second bite at the litigation apple.
This well-known doctrine proscribes a second lawsuit that is based on the same causes of
action as a prior suit where the prior suit involved the same parties, or their privies, and
where there has been a final judgment on the merits in the first case. Labelle Processing
Co. v. Swarrow, 72 F.3d 308, 313 (3d Cir. 1995). 1 We agree with the District Court that
a state court action filed by Appellant Richard Coppolino involved the same causes of
action he tried to bring against the same parties in federal court and, consequently, his
federal suit is barred by res judicata. We will, therefore, affirm.
Coppolino is a convicted sex offender and, in April of 2013, filed a challenge to
the latest iteration of Pennsylvania’s Megan’s Law statute (Megan’s Law IV) in state
court. He argued that Megan’s Law IV was an impermissible ex post facto punishment
and, when applied to him, was unconstitutionally overbroad. Frank Noonan, the
Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police (and our Appellee here), was the named
respondent in Coppolino’s state court proceedings. The Pennsylvania Commonwealth
Court addressed Coppolino’s ex post facto claim in detail, and denied him relief. See
Coppolino v. Noonan, 102 A.3d 1254, 1263-69 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2014). Coppolino
appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which affirmed the Commonwealth Court’s
decision in a brief order. Coppolino v. Noonan, 125 A.3d 1196 (Pa. 2015).
1
Res judicata includes the legal concepts of claim preclusion and issue preclusion. Claim
preclusion prevents the relitigation of identical cases, whereas issue preclusion prevents
the relitigation of discrete issues. Here, the District Court analyzed this case through the
lens of claim preclusion and we will apply that same analysis here.
2
Two months after the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the denial of his
claims, Coppolino filed a civil rights action in the District Court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983 against Noonan. He alleged that Megan’s Law IV retroactively punished him for
past actions in violation of the ex post facto clause and also that his rights to due process
were violated because the state statute was vague and overbroad. The District Court,
after a hearing on the matter, dismissed Coppolino’s case based on res judicata.
Specifically, it concluded that Coppolino fully litigated the ex post facto and due process
claims in state court and that any amendment to his complaint would be futile.
Coppolino timely appealed.
We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s dismissal because of its
procedural posture—a motion to dismiss based on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6)—and because of the legal basis for the dismissal, res judicata. See e.g., Allah v.
Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir. 2000); Morgan v. Covington Twp., 648 F.3d 172,
177 (3d Cir. 2011). 2
The preclusive effect of a state court judgment in a subsequent federal lawsuit is
determined by the Full Faith and Credit Statute. Metro. Edison Co. v. Pa. Pub. Util.
Comm’n, 767 F.3d 335, 350 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1738). That statute
mandates that state judicial proceedings “shall have the same full faith and credit in every
court within the United States ... as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State .
. . from which they are taken.” Id. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted this
statute to require federal courts to look to state law to determine the preclusive effect of a
2
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
3
prior state judgment. Marrese v. Am. Acad. of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373,
380–81 (1985). Therefore, we look to Pennsylvania law on res judicata to determine
whether it applies in this case.
Under Pennsylvania law, and in the context of § 1983 cases, res judicata applies to
claims previously litigated in state court. Indeed, we have instructed that where a litigant
raises federal constitutional claims in a state court (as opposed to bringing those claims to
federal court via a § 1983 case), res judicata may bar that litigant from relitigating those
claims in the federal forum. Lehman v. Lycoming Cty. Children’s Serv. Agency, 648 F.2d
132, 145-46 (3d Cir. 1981), aff’d 458 U. S. 502 (1982). Put another way, Coppolino’s
suit is barred by res judicata only if a Pennsylvania court would bar his complaint on res
judicata grounds under Pennsylvania law.
For res judicata to apply, Pennsylvania courts require the two actions to share the
following characteristics: “(1) the thing sued upon or for; (2) the cause of action; (3) the
persons and parties to the action; and (4) the capacity of the parties to sue or be sued.”
Turner v. Crawford Square Apartments III, L.P., 449 F.3d 542, 548 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing
Bearoff v. Bearoff Bros., Inc., 327 A.2d 72, 74 (1974)). Res judicata bars Coppolino’s
present suit. First, in both his state and federal cases, Coppolino challenges the
constitutionality of Pennsylvania’s Megan’s Law IV on ex post facto and due process
grounds. Second, the causes of action in the state suit are the same as those raised in the
federal litigation: in this action, Coppolino’s ex post facto claim asserts that Megan’s
Law IV “creates or enhances penalties that did not exist when [his] offenses were
committed.” App. at 23a. The Commonwealth Court decided that identical issue:
4
whether “Megan’s Law IV constitutes an impermissible ex post facto law as to
Coppolino, where he completed his sentence prior to the enactment o these new
provisions.” Coppolino, 102 A.3d at 1263. His due process claims are also identical.
Coppolino claims that, by requiring the disclosure of internet identification, Megan’s
Law IV violates his privacy and is “vague, ambiguous and fails to sufficiently define its
terms such that ordinary people can understand a person’s . . . obligations under the law.”
For its part, the Commonwealth Court’s decision resolves this very issue: the state
statute is “not overbroad with respect to the requirement that registrants disclose their
Internet identifiers,” and further concludes that “the requirement that registrants disclose
their Internet identifiers does not burden the right to anonymous speech.” Id. at 1285.
Third, Coppolino and Noonan are the identified parties in both cases. It is of no import,
contrary to Coppolino’s suggestion, that Commissioner Noonan has now been replaced
by Commissioner Blocker. It is the office that is being sued, not the individual officer,
and such substitutions are pro forma under our federal rules. See Fed. R. App. P. 43(c);
Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d). 3 Fourth, there is no argument that Coppolino has the capacity to
sue and that Noonan be sued. In the end, the District Court properly thwarted
Coppolino’s attempt at a second bite at the apple, and properly dismissed his case.
3
Coppolino contends that the District Court committed reversible error by its refusal to
permit him to amend his complaint to sue Commissioner Noonan in his individual
capacity. Not so. Amendment would have been futile because any such claim would
have been barred by the applicable statute of limitations. See Kach v. Hose, 589 F.3d
626, 634 (3d Cir. 2009). And Coppolino makes no allegation that Commissioner Noonan
was personally involved in the alleged wrongdoing, as he must be before he can be on the
hook for monetary damages under § 1983. See, e.g., Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347,
353 (3d. Cir. 2005).
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We will affirm.
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