Steven Voneida v. John Johnson ( 2018 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 15-3671
___________
STEVEN A. VONEIDA,
Appellant
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL PENNSYLVANIA;
JOHN JOHNSON, U.S. Probation Officer
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil Action No. 1-15-cv-01911)
District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 13, 2017
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., VANASKIE and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 20, 2018)
___________
OPINION *
___________
PER CURIAM
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Steven Voneida appeals the District Court’s orders dismissing his petition filed
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and denying his motion for reconsideration. For the
reasons below, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand the matter for
further proceedings.
The procedural history of this case and the details of Voneida’s claims are well
known to the parties, set forth in the District Court’s memorandum order, and need not be
discussed at length. Briefly, in 2008, Voneida was convicted of transmitting a
threatening communication in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). We affirmed his
conviction and sentence on appeal. United States v. Voneida, 337 F. App’x 246 (3d Cir.
July 15, 2009). He then filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which the District
Court denied, as well as a subsequent § 2255 motion, which was dismissed as second or
successive.
In October 2015, Voneida filed a petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, arguing
that the Supreme Court’s decision in Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2001 (2015),
rendered his conduct not criminal. The District Court concluded that Voneida had not
shown that § 2255 was inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his sentence and
dismissed the § 2241 petition for lack of jurisdiction. After the District Court denied
Voneida’s motion for reconsideration, Voneida filed a notice of appeal. The parties were
requested to address four issues in their briefs: (1) whether Voneida may bring his claim
in a petition filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241; (2) whether the evidence supports a
claim of actual innocence such that a remand is necessary; (3) whether Voneida admits to
posting the statements at issue; and (4) if not, whether he is precluded from challenging
2
that he intended or knew that the posts would be viewed as threats. 1 We turn now to the
first of these issues. 2
Whether Voneida may proceed under 28 U.S.C. § 2241
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and exercise plenary review over the
District Court’s legal conclusions. Cradle v. U.S. ex rel. Miner, 290 F.3d 536, 538 (3d
Cir. 2002). Under the explicit terms of § 2255, a § 2241 petition cannot be entertained by
a court unless a §2255 motion would be “inadequate or ineffective.” Id. We have held
that a defendant may proceed via a § 2241 petition if a subsequent statutory interpretation
renders the defendant’s conduct no longer criminal and he did not have an earlier
opportunity to raise the claim. Bruce v. Warden Lewisburg USP, 868 F.3d 170, 180 (3d
Cir. 2017); In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245, 251 (3d Cir. 1997). As noted above, Voneida
argues that the Supreme Court’s statutory interpretation of § 875(c) in Elonis renders his
conduct not criminal.
In Elonis, the Supreme Court addressed the mental state the Government was
required to prove to obtain a conviction under § 875(c). A person violates § 875(c) when
he “transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat
to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 875(c).
The District Court in Elonis had rejected his request that the jury be required to find that
1
Because the District Court dismissed the petition without ordering an answer, the
Government has not filed an appearance in the appeal. In the Clerk’s March 20, 2017
order lifting the stay, the attorney representing the Government in Voneida’s criminal
case was invited to respond. The Government has not filed an appearance in the appeal.
2
Because Voneida admits in his brief that he authored the postings at issue, we need not
address the third and fourth issues in the briefing order.
3
he intended the communications at issue to be threats. Elonis, 135 S. Ct. at 2007. The
jury was instructed that the Government needed to prove only that the communications
would be regarded by a reasonable person as threats. 3 Id. at 2012. The Supreme Court
rejected this “negligence” standard and concluded that “the mental state requirement in
Section 875(c) is satisfied if the defendant transmits a communication for the purpose of
issuing a threat, or with knowledge that the communication will be viewed as a threat.”
Id. The Supreme Court declined to address whether a mental state of recklessness would
be sufficient. Id. at 2012-13. 4
Elonis effected an intervening change in substantive law which may render
Voneida’s conduct no longer criminal. Because he had no earlier opportunity to raise the
claim, Voneida may raise it via a § 2241 petition. See United States v. Tyler, 732 F.3d
241, 246 (3d Cir. 2013); In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d at 251. To support his claim of actual
innocence, Voneida must establish that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror
would have convicted him. See Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623-24 (1998);
see also Tyler, 732 F.3d at 246 (Bousley standard applies to innocence claims brought
under § 2241). Thus, we turn to whether the evidence supports a claim of actual
3
Voneida’s jury instructions were similar. His jury was told that: “[t]he Government is
not required to prove, one, that Steven Voneida or anyone else actually intended to carry
out the threat. They do not have to prove that Voneida had a subjective intent to instill
fear. They do not have to prove that Voneida knew his act was against the law.”
4
This appeal was initially stayed pending our decision in Elonis on remand from the
Supreme Court. On remand, we concluded that the erroneous jury instruction in Elonis
was harmless error. United States v. Elonis, 841 F.3d 589, 592 (3d Cir. 2016) cert.
denied, No. 16-1231, 2017 WL 1365652 (U.S. Oct. 2, 2017).
4
innocence such that a remand is necessary to allow Voneida to establish his claim. Tyler,
732 F.3d at 250.
Whether Voneida’s claim of actual innocence requires a remand
Based on the law at the time, the prosecution during Voneida’s trial focused on the
statements made, 5 proof that Voneida made them, and their effect on witnesses who saw
the postings. 6 Evidence of Voneida’s intent was considered irrelevant. Because the
District Court dismissed the § 2241 petition for lack of jurisdiction and without ordering
an answer, the record has not been developed on the issue of Voneida’s actual innocence
5
In our opinion addressing Voneida’s direct appeal, we described the internet postings at
issue:
Two days after the tragic shootings at Virginia Tech, Voneida, a student at
the Harrisburg campus of Penn State University, posted several statements
and pictures to different parts of his internet MySpace page that were the
subject of his conviction. These statements and pictures included:
“Someday: I'll make the Virginia Tech incident look like a trip to an
amusement park”; “the weary violent types who are sick of self-righteous,
lecherous, arrogant, and debauched attitudes displayed by [A]merican
youth would band together with me for a day, and allow everyone at
schools and universities across the nation to reap the bitter fruit of the seeds
that they have been sowing for so long”; expressed “shock [ ]” that after the
Virginia Tech shootings his classmates “were actually surprised that there
are people out there who would shoot them if given the opportunity”; “lost
my respect for[ ] the sanctity of human life”; captioned a posting “Virginia
Tech Massacre—They got what they deserved,” where he noted his current
mood was “extatically [sic] happy,” and included a poem dedicated to the
Virginia Tech shooter that concluded that the shooter’s “undaunted and
unquenched” wrath would “sweep across the land”; and a picture of the
bloodied Virginia Tech shooter holding two guns superimposed on a cross
with the words “martyr,” “massacre,” “enrage,” and “recompense.”
Voneida, 337 F. App’x at 248 (footnotes omitted).
6
In his brief, Voneida argues that the audience for his postings was made up of his close
friends who did not take the postings as threats. He offers three witnesses who would
testify that they did not perceive the postings as a genuine threat.
5
and a remand is required for further proceedings. We note that the District Court is not
limited to the existing record but should consider “all the evidence, including that alleged
to have been illegally admitted (but with due regard to any unreliability of it) and
evidence tenably claimed to have been wrongly excluded or to have become available
only after the trial.” Bruce, 868 F.3d at 184 (quoting Schulp v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327-
28 (1995)). We leave it to the District Court to decide in the first instance, if necessary,
whether a mens rea of recklessness would satisfy the mental state requirement in Section
875(c). 7
For the above reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand
the matter for further proceedings. Voneida’s motion for summary reversal is denied.
7
In Elonis, we declined to address whether a mens rea of recklessness would satisfy the
mental state requirement in Section 875(c). Elonis, 841 F.3d at 598.
6