Scott v. Graphic Communications International Union, Local 97-B , 92 F. App'x 896 ( 2004 )

Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
3-17-2004
Scott v. Local 97-B Graphic
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 03-2005
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 03-2005
ROBIN SCOTT
Appellant,
v.
GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL UNION, LOCAL 97-B;
GEORGE HILL, Individually and as President of Graphic Communications International
Union, Local 97-B; GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL UNION
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
(D.C. Civil No. 02-cv-00806)
District Judge: The Honorable John E. Jones, III
ARGUED JANUARY 27, 2004
Before: NYGAARD and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
O’NEILL*, District Judge
(Filed : March 17, 2004)
*Honorable Thomas N. O’Neill, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Cynthia L. Pollick, Esq. (Argued)
126 S. Main Street, Suite 201
Pittston, PA 18640
Counsel for Appellant
Robert D. Mariani, Esq. (Argued)
Richardson T. Eagen, Esq.
Robert D. Mariani, P.C.
P.O. Box 230
108 N. Washington Avenue
Scranton, PA 18501-0230
Counsel for Appellee Graphic Comm. Int’l Union, Local 97B, et al.
Peter J. Leff, Esq. (Argued)
Martin R. Ganzglass
O’Donnell, Schwartz & Anderson, P.C.
1300 L Street, N.W., Suite 1200
Washington, D.C. 20005
Stephen C. Richman
Markowitz & Richman
121 S. Broad Street
1100 North American Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Counsel for Appellee Graphic Comm. Int’l Union, AFL-CIO, CLC
OPINION OF THE COURT
O’NEILL, District Judge
I.
On May 10, 2002, appellant Robin Scott filed an eleven count complaint against
her union, appellee Graphic Communications International Union, Local 97-B (Local 97-
2
B), the former President of Local 97-B, appellee George Hill and appellee Graphic
Communications International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC (GCIU). She alleged
discrimination, harassment, and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2, et seq., and the Pennsylvania Human
Relations Act (PHRA) and asserted a claim for breach of the duty of fair representation
arising from Local 97-B’s failure to file grievances against her employer, Eureka Security
Printing Company, Inc. Local 97-B and Eureka had entered into a collective bargaining
agreement covering the terms and conditions of employment of several Eureka employees
including Scott on October 1, 1998.
Scott alleges that the discrimination and harassment began in or around August
2000 after she became pregnant and requested medical/pregnancy leave. She spoke with
her foreman Butch Hendrickson, a member of Local 97-B, about her request and was
directed to speak with Ronald Tully, the president of Eureka. She alleges she was
thereafter advised that Eureka would not grant leave pursuant to the collective bargaining
agreement and company policies. Scott then approached Karen Smargiassi, Union
Steward for Local 97-B, about filing a grievance. Smargiassi informed her she needed a
doctor’s excuse before a grievance could be filed. Scott subsequently filed a grievance on
September 12, 2000. On September 14, she alleges, Smargiassi called her and threatened
that she would file a grievance against Scott if Scott failed to take Smargiassi’s name off
the grievance. Scott refused to change her grievance.
Scott alleges she was contacted by Hill on September 15, 2000 and informed that
3
he would not hand in her grievance. She alleges he claimed not to like what she had
written in her grievance and that he told her “if you could not afford children, then you
should not have any.” Scott then alleges her baby went into distress on September 17,
2000, due to the stress caused by the Union’s conduct. She asserts that she subsequently
filed additional grievances, but because she filed discrimination and harassment charges
with the PHRC and the EEOC1 the Union has not followed up on them.
Appellees filed motions to dismiss or for summary judgment on June 7, 2002, June
11, 2002 and June 14, 2002. On June 26, 2002, Scott filed separate briefs in opposition to
the motions by GCIU, Local 97-B and Hill. Scott’s attorney filed an affidavit in
conjunction with her opposition briefs stating that “[n]o discovery has taken place since
this Court has had jurisdiction over this matter” and that “this Court has not issued a Joint
Case Management Order outlining discovery deadlines.” The affidavit also stated “I
believe discovery, including the depositions of GCIU representatives, will provide
justification for the denial of GCIU’s Motion for summary judgment.” The affidavit did
not explain why discovery had not been taken and included no elaboration on what
information Scott hoped to uncover through discovery.
On May 15, 2002, before the appellees’ motions were filed, Judge Caputo sent the
parties a letter indicating his intent to schedule a case management conference. However,
there was no follow up to his letter and the parties never met with him. The case was then
1
Scott filed a charge of discrimination and complaint against GCIU and Local 97-
B with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Pennsylvania
Human Relations Commission (PHRC) on or about October 31, 2001.
4
transferred to Judge Jones on September 18, 2002. There is no evidence he arranged a
joint case management conference with the parties.
On March 10, 2003, the district court issued a Memorandum and Order granting
the motions for summary judgment. Scott timely filed a notice of appeal on April 9,
2003.
Appellant raises three issues on appeal: 1) whether the district court abused its
discretion when it denied her request to delay its ruling on appellees’ motions for
summary judgment; 2) whether the district court abused its discretion when it treated
appellees’ “Motions to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint Or For Summary Judgment” as
motions for summary judgment; and 3) whether the district court properly granted
summary judgment to appellees on Scott’s discrimination, harassment, retaliation and
breach of duty of fair representation claims. We will affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment.
II.
We review the district court’s refusal to delay action for an abuse of discretion. St.
Surin v. Virgin Islands Daily News, Inc., 21 F.3d 1309, 1313 (3d Cir. 1994); Radich v.
Goode, 886 F.2d 1391, 1393 (3d Cir. 1989).
Review of the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment is plenary.
Boyle v. County of Allegheny Pennsylvania, 139 F.3d 386 (3d Cir. 1998); Hilfirty v.
Shipman, 91 F.3d 573, 577 (3d Cir. 1996); Olson v. General Electric Astrospace, 101
F.3d 947, 951 (3d Cir. 1996). In our review of the district court’s decision to grant
5
summary judgment, we must apply the standard used by the district court. Aman v. Cort
Furniture Rental Corp., 85 F.3d 1074, 1081 (3d Cir. 1996); Spangle v. Valley Forge
Sewer Auth., 839 F.2d 171, 173 (3d Cir. 1988). Summary judgment is appropriate if “the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with
the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. See
also, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
An issue is “material” only if the dispute over facts “might affect the outcome of
the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248
(1986). If the record taken as a whole in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party
“could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no
‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)
(citation omitted).
III.
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied appellant’s request to
delay its ruling on appellees’ motions for summary judgment. Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 56(f) gives a district court discretion to delay action on a motion for summary
judgment “[s]hould it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the
party cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s
opposition.” Rule 56(f) “specifies the procedure to be followed and explicitly provides
6
that the party must file an affidavit setting forth why time is needed.” Pastore v. Bell
Telephone Co., 24 F3d 508, 510-11 (3d Cir. 1994). A series of our decisions has
established that where a party seeks to avoid the entry of summary judgment under Rule
56(f), he/she must move beyond mere generalities and specify what particular information
is sought; how, if uncovered, it would preclude summary judgment; and why it has not
previously been obtained. See Pastore, 24 F.3d at 511; Lunderstadt v. Colafella, 885 F.2d
66 (3d Cir. 1989); Dowling v. City of Philadelphia, 855 F.2d 136, 139-40 (3d Cir. 1988).
The district court found Scott’s affidavit did not justify a stay of decision on
summary judgment because it “provides no information as to the particular information
sought, how it would preclude summary judgment and why it has not been previously
obtained.” Scott v. Graphic Comm. Int’l Union, et al., No. 02-00806 at 10-11 (M.D. Pa.
Mar. 10, 2003). See also, Pastore, 24 F.3d at 511, quoting Dowling, 855 F.2d at 140(outlining the information required in a Rule 56(f) affidavit). Scott asserts that, contrary
to the district court’s conclusion, her affidavit was sufficient to justify postponing the
summary judgment decision because she had not yet had an adequate opportunity to
conduct discovery. We disagree.
St. Surin v. Virgin Islands Daily News, 21 F.3d 1309, 1314 (3d Cir. 1994) and
Sames v. Gable, 732 F.2d 49 (3d Cir. 1984), on which the appellant relies to support her
contention that the district court erred in granting summary judgment before she could
conduct discovery, are distinguishable. In St. Surin, we held summary judgment was
improper while a Rule 56(f) motion was pending where the motion identified “two
7
specific depositions that had not yet been taken” and where “St. Surin had no other
method of securing the evidence.” 21 F.3d. at 1314. “The delay in scheduling [the two
specific depositions] does appear to have resulted from St. Surin’s accommodation of the
Daily News and its counsel.” Id. at 1315. Here, Scott’s affidavit was far less specific,
not identifying any specific persons to be deposed and not explaining why the information
she sought had not yet been obtained. Appellants also did not actively prevent Scott from
proceeding with discovery as the moving party had done in St. Surin.
In Sames, the district court denied a defense motion to limit the scope of plaintiff’s
discovery and did so before ruling on defendants’ motion for summary judgment. 732
F.2d at 50. Before defendants responded to the interrogatories that were the subject of
their unsuccessful motion to limit discovery, the district court granted summary judgment
to defendants. We reversed and remanded the case holding “that it was error for the
district court to grant defendants’ motion for summary judgment while pertinent
discovery requests were outstanding.” Id. at 52. Sames was decided before our decisions
in Dowling. Lunderstadt, and Pastore which required the parties to identify specific
reasons why the court should postpone its judgment under Rule 56(f). Appellant’s Rule
56(f) allegations of the additional facts that she believed discovery would uncover and
that would preclude summary judgment were not sufficiently specific to meet the
requirements established in Dowling. Further, unlike in Sames, there were no specific,
pertinent discovery requests outstanding here as the parties had not conferred about
discovery under Rule 26(f).
8
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(d) provides that “a party may not seek
discovery from any source before the parties have conferred as required by Rule 26(f).”
(emphasis added). Appellant argues she was prevented from conducting discovery
because neither Judge Caputo nor Judge Jones ever scheduled a joint case management
meeting. Although such a meeting is required in the Middle District by Local Rule 16.1,2
appellant was not required to wait for a conference date to be set before conferring with
appellees about a discovery plan under Rule 26(f).
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f),
the parties must, as soon as practicable and in any event at least 21 days
before a scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under
Rule 16(b), confer to . . . develop a proposed discovery plan . . . . The
attorneys of record . . . are jointly responsible for arranging the conference,
for attempting in good faith to agree on the proposed discovery plan, and
for submitting to the court within 14 days after the conference a written
report outlining the plan.
(emphasis added). Rule 26(f) does not require the parties to delay conferring until after a
scheduling conference has been held or a scheduling order has been issued.3 The
responsibility for arranging this conference and initiating discovery is placed squarely on
the shoulders of the attorneys of record and not on the district court.
In the M iddle District of Pennsylvania, Local Rule 16.3 further specifies that
lead counsel for each party shall confer at least ten (10) days prior to the
2
“Unless otherwise ordered by the court, there shall be a minimum of two (2) court
conferences in every civil action: an initial case management conference and a final
pretrial conference.” M.D. Pa. L.R. 16.1.
3
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b) requires the district court to issue a
scheduling order only “after receiving the report from the parties under Rule 26(f) or after
consulting with the attorneys for the parties . . . by a scheduling conference . . . .”
9
initial case management conference to consider the matters set forth on the
court’s case management form . . . and shall thereafter file a concise joint
case management statement . . . . It shall be the duty of the plaintiff to take
the initiative in holding such a conference and in assuring the completion
and filing of the joint case management plan form[, which] satisfies the
requirement of a proposed discovery plan under Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(f).
M.D. Pa. L.R. 16.3 (emphasis added). The local rule places the burden of ensuring the
26(f) conference takes place on the plaintiff. As with the federal rule, the local rule does
not require the parties to wait for the court to schedule a case management conference
before conferring about discovery matters.
“Since 1938, civil discovery has been an attorney-initiated, attorney-focused
procedure. The vast majority of federal tools operate, when used properly, almost entirely
without the court’s involvement.” Sempier v. Johnson & Higgins, 45 F.3d 724, 734 (3d
Cir. 1995)(citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f), requiring the parties to devise and submit a
discovery plan). In this case, the parties waited for the district court to schedule a case
management conference rather than taking the initiative to confer about discovery on their
own as is clearly required by both Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f) and Local Rule
16.3. As the district court correctly explained in a footnote, “[t]he fact that a deadline for
the close of discovery has not yet been determined does not preclude the initiation of
discovery by the parties.” Scott, No. 02-00806 at 11 n.4 (emphasis in original).
Appellant was not foreclosed from initiating discovery in order to locate the
information she needed to defend appellees’ motions or from providing a specific
explanation of why additional time for discovery was necessary under Rule 56(f). Given
10
the emphasis we have placed on the requirements for a proper Rule 56(f) affidavit, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in following the Dowling line of cases in finding
that appellant’s affidavit was insufficient to preclude summary judgment and choosing
not to grant appellant her requested delay.
IV.
Scott argues the district court erred by not giving her notice that it was converting
appellees’ motions to dismiss into motions for summary judgment. We rejected this
argument in Hilfirty v. Shipman, 91 F.3d 573 (3d Cir. 1996). In Hilfirty, an action for
malicious prosecution brought by Hilfirty and another plaintiff, Miller, Miller argued on
appeal that the lower court’s decision granting summary judgment was premature and that
“the District Court erred in failing to provide notice that it was treating the motions to
dismiss as motions for summary judgment . . . .” Id. at 578. We found that Miller had
adequate notice of the conversion of defendant’s motions to dismiss into summary
judgment motions because two of the five motions to dismiss were framed in the
alternative as motions for summary judgment. We explained:
[t]hat the two motions were framed only in the alternative as motions for
summary judgment does not alter our conclusion. Miller was on notice that
the Court was considering two motions for summary judgment and she had
the opportunity to respond over a period of nearly eight months, between
the filling of Defendants’ motions to dismiss in late October 1993 and the
District Court’s final judgment in June of 1994.
Id. We held it was appropriate for the district court to treat the motions as motions for
summary judgment. Id. at 579.
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Scott’s claim that she had no notice the district court was considering appellees’
motions to dismiss as motions for summary judgment fails under the reasoning in Hilfirty.
Local 97-B and Hill’s motion was entitled “Motion to Dismiss or for Summary
Judgment” and GCIU’s motion was entitled “Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for
Summary Judgment.” 4 Scott thus had notice that the district court might consider the
motions as motions for summary judgment. Further, like Miller in Hilfirty, Scott had nine
months to respond to appellees’ motions. Between June 7, 2002 when the motions were
filed and March 10, 2003, when the district court entered final judgment, Scott did not
object to the submission of affidavits or other exhibits filed with the motions. Scott only
submitted the inadequate 56(f) affidavit. Because she had notice that appellees’ motions
could be considered motions for summary judgment, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in ruling on the motions.
V.
The district court’s grant of summary judgment to Local 97-B and Hill was
appropriate as Scott did not identify any genuine issues of material fact with respect to her
claim that the Local Union failed to fulfill its duty of fair representation and unlawfully
discriminated against her because of her gender/pregnancy under Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 200e, et seq., by failing to represent her in grievances filed
4
Appellant’s responses to appellee’s briefs indicate she knew the motions had been
framed in the alternative, as they were titled “Brief in Opposition to Defendant Graphic
Communications International Union’s Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative for Summary
Judgment,” and “Brief in Opposition to Defendant Local-97B’s Motion to Dismiss, or in the
Alternative for Summary Judgment.”
12
against her employer. Unions are prohibited from discriminating on the basis of
impermissible considerations (e.g., gender) for the same reasons as employers. See
McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co., 427 U.S. 273, 285 (1976). A union therefore
cannot discriminate in the application of the terms of its collective bargaining agreement.
Local 97-B did not discriminate against Scott. The evidence shows that Local 97-
B actively pursued Scott’s grievance seeking the maternity leave she was denied by
Eureka. Local 97-B ultimately submitted the grievance to final and binding arbitration
where it was denied. The evidence also demonstrates that Local 97-B President Hill filed
a grievance on behalf of Scott against Eureka on November 16, 2000 which alleged that
Scott had been laid off for filing a discrimination grievance and/or worker’s
compensation claim. The Local Union subsequently dropped its pursuit of the second
grievance when it determined the grievance lacked merit because no employee with less
seniority than Scott was retained when she was laid off. Although appellant alludes to
“several other grievances” that she claims were not pursued by appellees, she has not
provided evidence of these grievances and may not rest upon mere allegations in her
pleading to establish that there is a genuine issue for trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e);
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324.
Additionally, viewing the facts alleged in Scott’s complaint in the light most
favorable to her, any alleged harassment did not rise to the high level required to maintain
a claim for a hostile work environment. Title VII is violated when the workplace is
permeated with “discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult” that is “sufficiently
13
severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an
abusive working environment.” Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1996).
The district court correctly concluded that:
Scott’s allegations [of a hostile work environment] do not reach a level of
sufficient severity or pervasiveness to alter the conditions of her
employment. At most Scott has alleged a few instances of unpleasant
comments by co-workers. Courts before us have found that hostile and
abusive work environments did not exist in cases which were seemingly far
more abusive and hostile than that described by Scott.
Scott, No. 02-00806 at 14.
Finally, the district court did not err by preempting Scott’s state discrimination and
harassment claims against Local 97-B and Hill. “[S]tate-law claims are presumptively
preempted by the NLRA when they concern conduct that is actually or arguably either
protected or prohibited by the NLRA, . . . and by the LMRA when such claims rely upon
an interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement.” Pennsylvania Nurses Ass’n v.
Pennsylvania State Educ. Ass’n, 90 F.3d 797 (3d Cir. 1996), citing Belknap, Inc. v. Hale,
463 U.S. 491, 498 (1983); and Lingle v. Norge Div. of Magic Chef, Inc., 486 U.S. 399,
405-06 (1988). Scott’s claims derive from Local 97-B’s duty of fair representation. The
duty of fair representation implicates section 9(a) of the National Labor Relations Act. 29
U.S.C. § 159(a). A complaint that sounds in a duty of fair representation claim thus
alleges, as the district court correctly noted, “a breach by the union [of] a duty grounded
in federal statutes and . . . federal law therefore governs the cause of action.” Scott, No.
02-00806 at 15, citing Vacca v. Snipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177 (1967). See also BIW
14
Deceived v. Local S6, Indus. Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of Am., 132
F.3d 824, 830 (1st Cir. 1997) (“Preemption also can occur by operation of the so-called
duty of fair representation”); Welch v. Gen. Motors Corp., 922 F.2d 287 (6th Cir. 1990)
(holding Michigan Handicappers Civil Rights Act preempted and subsumed within the
union’s duty of fair representation).
Because Scott has not identified any genuine issues of material fact in her claim
against Local 97-B and its former president, we will affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment in their favor.
VI.
The district court’s grant of summary judgment to GCIU was also appropriate.
GCIU could not be liable for any discriminatory and harassing conduct by Local 97-B
because the Local Union was not an agent of the International Union. When determining
the vicarious liability of an international union for the discriminatory actions of its local
union affiliates and their officers, common law agency principles apply. See, e.g., Carbon
Fuel Co. v. United M ine Workers, 444 U.S. 212 (1979); Berger v. Iron Workers
Reinforced Rodmen Local 201, 843 F.2d 1395, 1429 (D.C. Cir. 1988). A principal-agent
relationship may not be inferred solely from affiliation between an international union
and a local union. See, e.g., Carbon Fuel, 444 U.S. at 217; Coronado Coal Co. v. United
Mine Workers, 268 U.S. 295, 304-05 (1925); United Mine Workers v. Coronado Coal
Co., 259 U.S. 344, 395 (1922). “The test to determine whether an agency relationship
exists is essentially one of balancing the character of the business affairs subject to the
15
International’s control and supervision against those left to the discretion of the local.”
Alexander v. Local 496, Laborers Int’l Union of North Am., 778 F. Supp. 1401, 1420
(N.D. Ohio 1991), citing Berrigan v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 560 F. Supp. 165, 169 (D.
Mass. 1982).
The collective bargaining agreement between Local 97-B and Eureka states that
they are the only parties to the agreement, but refers to Local 97-B as “the GRAPHIC
COMM UNICATIONS UNION NO. 97-B, as a subordinate union of the GRAPHIC
COM MUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL UNION.” App. 219. GCIU’s Constitution,
notes however, that all bodies subordinate to GCIU are autonomous and self-governing.
See App. 123, 192-93. Pursuant to the GCIU Constitution and Laws, local unions have
complete autonomy from the International Union with respect to the administration of
contracts, including the processing of grievances, decisions to proceed or not to proceed
to arbitration, and enforcement of the terms of collective bargaining agreements. Id.GCIU does not select local union officers; members of the local union elect them.
App. 125. GCIU does not play a role in the decision to process a local grievance or in
how the grievance is pursued. App. at 124-25. GCIU also does not police or monitor the
terms of collective bargaining agreements between local unions and employers. App.
123-24. Local 97-B did submit its 1998 contract with Eureka Security Printing
Company, Inc. to GCIU for approval. GCIU’s Contract and Research Department
reviewed the contract and GCIU’s president approved it by signing the consent and
approval clause on the last page of the contract. App. 122-23. This clause states
16
however, that GCIU’s approval of the contract does not make it a party to the collective
bargaining agreement or make it liable for breach of the contract. App. 123. Because
Scott has not demonstrated that GCIU controlled, was involved in, or had knowledge of
the daily activities of the Local Union no genuine issue of material fact exists as to
whether there was an agency relationship between GCIU and Local 97-B.
Scott further asserts that GCIU engaged in discriminatory conduct itself, alleging
GCIU knew of Local 97-B and Hill’s discrimination, harassment and retaliation and
discriminated against her by failing to rectify her complaints. However, GCIU had no
knowledge of any of Local 97-B’s alleged conduct until Scott filed administrative charges
against it with the EEOC and PHRC in October 2001. GCIU had no duty to intervene
once it became aware of the conduct through the filing of the administrative charges. It
did not authorize and ratify the allegedly improper conduct by failing to intervene. We
have held that “[m]ere constructive knowledge of possible illegal activity on the local
level is not sufficient to impose a legal duty to intervene on the International Union.”
Brenner v. Local. 514, United Bhd. of Carpenters and Joiners of Am., 927 F.2d 1283,
1289 (3d Cir. 1991). “In the face of Congress’ clear statement of the limits of an
international union’s legal responsibility for the acts of one of its local unions, it would be
anomalous to hold that an international is nonetheless liable for its failure to take certain
steps in response to actions of the local.” Id., citing Carbon Fuel, 444 U.S. at 217-18.
Scott has provided no evidence that demonstrates GCIU controlled, authorized, or
otherwise ratified the acts of Local 97-B or Hill. She merely alleges that GCIU failed to
17
do anything. Under Brenner, the allegation that GCIU did nothing despite its knowledge
of Local 97-B’s alleged discrimination and harassment is insufficient to state a claim
against the International Union. The district court’s grant of summary judgment to GCIU
was therefore also appropriate.
18