Austin v. Miner ( 2007 )

Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
5-24-2007
Austin v. Miner
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 06-3082
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
NO. 06-3082
________________
HAROLD G. AUSTIN,
Appellant,
v.
JONATHAN C. MINER
____________________________________
On Appeal From the United States District Court
For the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civ. No. 06-cv-00294)
District Judge: Honorable A. Richard Caputo
__________________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
May 14, 2007
Before: Rendell, Hardiman and Cowen, Circuit Judges
(Filed: May 24, 2007)
_________________
OPINION
_________________
PER CURIAM
Appellant Harold G. Austin was indicted in 1980, along with two co-defendants,
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on one count of First Degree Murder while Armed - Felony Murder during the course of
an armed kidnapping, D.C. Code §§ 22-2401, 22-3202 (1973), one count of First Degree
Murder while Armed - Felony Murder during the course of an armed robbery, id., and
First Degree Murder while Armed with deliberate and premeditated malice, id., all arising
from the killing of one person. See generally Byrd v. United States, 500 A.2d 1376, 1377
(D.C. Ct. App. 1985).1 A jury found Austin guilty of these charges. He was sentenced to
a term of imprisonment of 24 years to life, a judgment of sentence that was affirmed on
direct appeal.
In January 1991, Austin filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence
pursuant to D.C. Code § 23-110 in the District of Columbia Superior Court. Among other
claims, he contended that the indictment was defective because it charged him with three
counts of first-degree murder arising from the death of only one individual, and that
“cumulative” punishments for the three offenses constituted multiple punishment in
1
Mr. Byrd was one of those co-defendants. The District of Columbia Court of
Appeals described the circumstances of the crime as follows:
At trial, the government introduced evidence that [Samuel L. Byrd, Jr.] and
his two codefendants stole an automobile and drove it to a gas station.
There, [Byrd] and a codefendant left the car, and attempted to rob at
gunpoint William Bell, an employee of the gas station. When Bell resisted,
he was forced into the car with the three men. The three robbers drove off,
with the gas station owner in pursuit. Bell was thereafter pushed out of the
car. As Bell ran away, one of the codefendants, identified as [Byrd], shot
and killed him.
Id. at 1377.
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violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause. Relief was granted in July 1993 on the double
jeopardy issue to this extent, according to Austin: both felony murder convictions were
vacated, leaving only the conviction for first degree premeditated murder. Austin’s
sentence was amended to a term of imprisonment of 22 years to life. Relief was denied as
to all other claims. The District of Columbia Court of Appeals affirmed and the United
States Supreme Court denied certiorari.
Austin is now incarcerated at the Allenwood United States Penitentiary in White
Deer, Pennsylvania. In February 2006, he filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus under
28 U.S.C. § 2241 in United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania,
challenging the validity of his remaining District of Columbia conviction and sentence.
Although Austin raised a number of claims (which are set forth specifically in the District
Court’s Memorandum), his primary contention was that, because he was merely an
accomplice, he cannot be guilty of first degree premeditated murder under D.C. Code §
22-2401 (1973). (Petitioner’s Memorandum in Support of Habeas Corpus Petition, at 3-
4.) Specifically, the jury was never instructed to find that he had a specific intent to kill,
and in fact it did not find beyond a reasonable doubt that he had a specific intent to kill,
see In re: Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). Austin further claimed that the collateral
appeal remedy provided by D.C. Code § 23-110 was inadequate or ineffective to address
this constitutional error.
In an order entered on May 9, 2006, the District Court summarily dismissed the
petition pursuant to Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases, and, thereafter,
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the court, in an order entered on June 12, 2006, denied a timely motion for
reconsideration. In sum, the District Court concluded that federal courts lack jurisdiction
to entertain the habeas corpus petition of a District of Columbia prisoner, absent a
showing that his remedy pursuant to D.C. Code Ann. § 23-110 is inadequate or
ineffective to test the legality of the detention. Section 23-110 clearly is broad enough to
encompass Austin’s claim, and is not inadequate or ineffective simply because he is
prevented from the using the remedy a second time to litigate or re-litigate this claim, or
because the sentencing court originally granted some but not all of the relief requested.
See Wilson v. Office of Chairperson, 892 F. Supp. 277, 280 (D.D.C. 1995) ("The
determination of whether the remedy available to a prisoner under § 23-110 is inadequate
or ineffective hinges on the same considerations enabling federal prisoners to seek habeas
review: 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and D.C. Code § 23-110 are coextensive."). Cf. Cradle v.
United States ex rel. Miner, 290 F.3d 536, 538-39 (3d Cir. 2002) (section 2255 motion
not inadequate or ineffective simply because petitioner failed previously to obtain
collateral relief or is unable to meet stringent gatekeeping requirements for successive
motions).
Austin appeals. Among other arguments we do not find persuasive, Austin has
argued that an intervening change in the law has radically altered the legal landscape
relative to his conviction. In an en banc decision issued a month after the District Court
denied his motion for reconsideration, Wilson-Bey v. United States, 903 A.2d 818 (D.C.
Ct. App. 2006), the District of Columbia Court of Appeals overruled the precedent on
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which his remaining premeditated murder conviction is based. The court has now held
that a conviction for first-degree premeditated murder on a theory of aiding and abetting
requires the prosecution to prove that the accomplice acted with premeditation and
deliberation and intent to kill. (Appellant’s Informal Brief, at 13.) Therefore, Austin
argues, the Superior Court erred in 1993, in the context of his original section 23-110
proceedings, when it denied his due process argument, because, in “curing” the double
jeopardy violation, he was left with one conviction, premeditated murder, that was not
properly argued to the jury and not supported by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Appellant’s Informal Brief, at 18-19.)
We will affirm. The District Court properly concluded that federal courts lack
jurisdiction to entertain the habeas corpus petition of a District of Columbia prisoner,
absent a showing that his remedy pursuant to D.C. Code Ann. § 23-110 is “inadequate or
ineffective to test the legality of” the detention. Swain v. Pressley, 430 U.S. 372, 381
(1977); D.C. Code Ann. § 23-110(g). Nevertheless, we acknowledge the potential
seriousness of Austin’s argument that an intervening change in the law has undermined
the basis for his only remaining conviction. However, even assuming that the Wilson-
Bey decision applies to his case such that the absence of a remedy would work an
injustice, we do not believe that it is necessary for him to resort to habeas corpus, see In
re: Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245, 249 (3d Cir. 1997). We do not agree that Austin has no
remedies in the District of Columbia courts. His argument that D.C. Code § 23-110 is
inadequate or ineffective is based on an assumption that successive motions of the kind he
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would need to bring are prohibited, just as they would be under the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) and 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
Such is not the case, however, in the District of Columbia. In rejecting the
appellant’s contention that his habeas corpus petition had been improperly converted to a
motion to vacate sentence under D.C. Code § 23-110, the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals recently noted in Graham v. United States, 895 A.2d 305 (D.C. Ct. App. 2006),
that AEDPA’s gatekeeping requirements “apply only to motions filed under section 2255
and not to motions under our local statute, D.C. Code § 23-110 . As the government
explains in its brief, ‘AEDPA applies to successive motions filed pursuant to the federal
statute,’ whereas section 23-110 ‘does not contain such stringent statutory requirements
that limit a prisoner's ability to bring a second or successive motion ....’” Id. at 306.
The en banc 2006 Wilson-Bey decision, in that it overruled existing precedent, is a
significant change in the intervening law. A section 23-110 motion is successive under
section 23-110(e) only when it raises claims that are similar or identical to those raised
and denied on the merits in a prior motion, see Bradley v. United States, 881 A.2d 640,
645 (D.C. Ct. App. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1319 (U.S. 2006). New claims may be
raised as permitted by the more generous abuse of the writ doctrine, id. at 646. See also
McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 493-94 (1991). Accordingly, like the District Court,
we find no extraordinary basis for asserting habeas corpus jurisdiction.2 Our decision is
2
Austin also argues that he cannot obtain relief from the Superior Court on the basis of
Wilson-Bey, because that court would be bound by the decision in Byrd, 500 A.2d 1376,
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without prejudice to any second motion to vacate sentence under D.C. Code § 23-110
Austin may file in the District of Columbia Superior Court, raising the same grounds for
relief that were raised in his habeas corpus petition and Informal Brief.
We will affirm the orders of the District Court denying the habeas petition and
motion for reconsideration.
that, for double jeopardy purposes, a defendant may be convicted of first-degree
premeditated murder and felony-murder of a single victim if the court imposes concurrent
sentences. (Appellant’s Informal Brief, at 21-22.) This argument is specious. As an
inferior court, the District of Columbia Superior Court is bound by Wilson-Bey, and if
Wilson-Bey conflicts in any way with Byrd, the Superior Court is equipped to address
that problem.
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