Jason Cole v. Rick Encapera ( 2018 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
Nos. 17-2883, 17-2884, & 17-2992
_____________
JASON COLE,
Appellant in 17-2992
v.
RICK ENCAPERA; TERRY CHILDS;
JUSTIN SHULTZ; CASEY DURDINES;
BOROUGH OF CALIFORNIA; WALTER WELD, JR.
Terry Childs,
Appellant in 17-2883
Justin Shultz,
Appellant in 17-2884
_____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
District Court No. 2-15-cv-00104
District Judge: The Honorable Mark R. Hornak
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
July 10, 2018
Before: McKEE, VANASKIE, and SILER*, Circuit Judges
(Filed: December 28, 2018)
*
Hon. Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit,
sitting by designation.
________________
OPINION**
________________
Siler, Circuit Judge
In this civil rights action, former California Borough (Pennsylvania) Police
Department Officers Justin Shultz and Terry Childs challenge the district court’s
denial of qualified immunity for the claims brought by Jason Cole. Cole filed suit
against the officers and others after the officers retaliated against his business.
For the following reasons, we reverse the district court’s opinion with
respect to Cole’s Fourteenth Amendment claims against Shultz and Childs.
However, we affirm the district court’s opinion with respect to his First
Amendment and civil conspiracy claims. Further, we decline to exercise
jurisdiction over Cole’s claims against the other defendants.
I.
Cole is the owner and operator of J. Cole’s Inn, a bar located in California,
Pennsylvania. Cole alleges that he and his business became the target of police
harassment following a confrontation he had with officers of the California
Borough Police Department.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
**
not constitute binding precedent.
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Cole submits that Shultz and Childs abused their power and exploited
patrons and employees of J. Cole’s Inn. Specifically, Cole points to several
instances whereby Shultz and Childs pressured employees and patrons to engage in
sexual relations with them while the officers were on duty. Cole claims on appeal
that in October 2012, he voiced concerns about Shultz’s and Childs’s conduct to
Police Chief Rick Encapera and to members of the California Borough Council.
Cole states that he made several more unsuccessful appeals to the Borough,
Encapera, and Mayor Casey Durdines through 2013 regarding the officers’
inappropriate behavior.
Finally, Cole confronted Shultz and Childs and asked that they cease their
harassing conduct. Cole maintains that, immediately following this confrontation,
Shultz and Childs continued to harass patrons of J. Cole’s Inn. Namely, the
officers stationed their police cars in the alley across the street from the location,
followed individuals who left the bar, took photographs of customers waiting to
enter the premises, and used threatening and intimidating language in interactions
with the bar’s patrons. Cole further claims that his bar was suddenly and
inexplicably subjected to an increased level of scrutiny from the Pennsylvania
Bureau of Liquor Control Enforcement.
In June 2013, Cole attended a Borough Council meeting and complained
about police misconduct. He claims that the Borough did little in response to his
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complaints. Cole contends that J. Cole’s Inn has suffered monetary and
reputational damage because of Shultz’s and Childs’s conduct.
Cole filed suit, asserting Fourteenth Amendment, First Amendment, and 42
U.S.C. § 1983 civil conspiracy claims against Childs, Shultz, and others. The
district court granted summary judgment in favor of the other defendants.
However, the court denied motions by Shultz and Childs based on qualified
immunity. This appeal by Shultz and Childs concerns qualified immunity. Cole
cross-appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the other
defendants.
II.
We exercise plenary review of an order granting or denying summary
judgment and apply the same standard as the district court. Caprio v. Bell Atl.
Sickness & Accident Plan, 374 F.3d 217, 220 (3d Cir. 2004). We view the record
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable
inferences in that party’s favor. Bowers v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 475
F.3d 524, 535 (3d Cir. 2007). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant
shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
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III.
As an initial matter, our review in this case is limited to considering whether
Shultz and Childs are entitled to qualified immunity. Indeed, we decline to
exercise pendent jurisdiction over Cole’s claims against the other defendants. See
Griswold v. Coventry First LLC, 762 F.3d 264, 269 (3d Cir. 2014) (“Pendent
appellate jurisdiction exists where an appealable issue is so ‘inextricably
intertwined’ with a nonappealable issue that one cannot resolve the former without
addressing the latter.”). To be sure, the issues are entirely separate; our resolution
of the qualified immunity defenses does not require us to consider any of Cole’s
claims against the other defendants.
Shultz and Childs maintain that they are entitled to qualified immunity with
respect to Cole’s Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim,
Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim, First Amendment retaliation claim,
and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil conspiracy claim. Government officials are entitled to
qualified immunity for their actions if their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982).
To determine whether qualified immunity shields a government official’s
action from § 1983 liability, courts apply a two-step test and inquire (1) whether
the facts alleged by the plaintiff establish a violation of a constitutional right and
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(2) whether the constitutional right at issue was clearly established at the time of
the alleged violation such that a reasonable official would understand that what he
is doing violates that right. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009).
Although courts performing a qualified immunity analysis should analyze
the specific conduct of each defendant separately, see Grant v. City of Pittsburgh,
98 F.3d 116, 118 (3d Cir. 1996), because Cole has alleged that Shultz and Childs
acted in concert, the court may consider the officers’ actions together.
A.
To establish a substantive due process claim, a plaintiff must prove the
particular interest at issue is (1) protected by the due process clause and (2) the
government’s deprivation of that protected interest shocks the conscience.
Chainey v. Street, 523 F.3d 200, 219 (3d Cir. 2008).
The district court described the rights at issue as Cole’s liberty and property
rights “to hold specific private employment and to pursue a calling or occupation
free from unreasonable government interference and his property right of the use
and enjoyment of his property to operate J. Cole’s Inn.” Upon review, the district
court found that the evidence was sufficient such that a jury could find that
Childs’s actions shocked the conscience.
However, even if we assume that Cole has established a Fourteenth
Amendment due process violation—which is not readily apparent—Shultz and
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Childs are entitled to qualified immunity on these facts because their conduct does
not violate Cole’s clearly established constitutional rights.
“To be clearly established, the very action in question need not have
previously been held unlawful.” Dougherty v. Sch. Dist., 772 F.3d 979, 993 (3d
Cir. 2014) (citing Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)). Moreover,
the Supreme Court has provided lower courts with the guiding premise that “a
legal principle must have a sufficiently clear foundation in then-existing
precedent.” D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589 (2018). The rule must be “settled
law,” which means it is dictated by “controlling authority” or “a robust consensus
of cases of persuasive authority.” Id. at 589–90 (internal quotation marks omitted).
“It is not enough that the rule is suggested by then-existing precedent.” Id. at 590.
“The precedent must be clear enough that every reasonable official would interpret
it to establish the particular rule the plaintiff seeks to apply.” Id. “In other words,
immunity protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate
the law.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1151 (2018) (per curiam) (quoting
White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551 (2017)).
Cole cites Thomas v. Independence Township, as demonstrating that his due
process rights were clearly established. 463 F.3d 285 (3d Cir. 2006). In Thomas,
the Third Circuit addressed the assertion of qualified immunity in a motion to
dismiss, holding that a plaintiff’s ability to succeed on such a due process claim
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depends on whether he can show that the alleged harassment removed or
significantly altered the plaintiff’s liberty and property interests in his business. Id.
at 297. However, the court did not affirmatively address the extent to which a
business must suffer reputational and fiscal harm before a plaintiff’s liberty and
property interest in his business becomes “significantly altered.”
Although Thomas appears applicable at first glance, on closer review, it
merely stands for the proposition that Cole has adequately pled a Fourteenth
Amendment due process claim. By no means did Thomas “place[] the . . .
constitutional question” here “beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731,
741 (2011). It simply cannot be said that Third Circuit precedent sufficiently
establishes the legal principle Cole advances such that “every reasonable official
would interpret it to establish the particular rule [Cole] seeks to apply.” Wesby,
138 S. Ct. at 590. Furthermore, Supreme Court case law appears to diverge from
Cole’s position. See Conn v. Gabbert, 526 U.S. 286, 292 (1999) (noting that
government actions that cause “a brief interruption” of a person’s occupational
calling do not amount to a deprivation of this liberty interest in the same way as “a
complete prohibition of the right to engage in a calling”).
Because no Supreme Court or Third Circuit precedent clearly establishes the
right at issue, we look to other circuits for a consensus. Kedra v. Schroeter, 876
F.3d 424, 449–50 (3d Cir. 2017). Childs and Shultz point to Fifth Circuit
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precedent that contradicts Cole’s position that his rights were clearly established.
See Doss v. Morris, 642 F. App’x 443, 447 (5th Cir. 2016) (holding that a bar
owner’s property interest in lost profits was not clearly established and that “a brief
interruption” of a person’s occupational calling was not a cognizable deprivation of
his liberty interest). Doss therefore adds support for the conclusion there is no
“robust consensus of cases” that clearly establishes Cole’s due process rights at
issue. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 591.
We thus reverse the district court’s denial of summary judgment to the
officers and hold that Shultz and Childs are entitled to qualified immunity on
Cole’s Fourteenth Amendment due process claim.
B.
The district court also denied Shultz and Childs qualified immunity with
respect to Cole’s Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim. The court
principally relied on Cole’s contentions that the officers unnecessarily singled out
and surveilled J. Cole’s Inn and harassed and threatened patrons.
Cole does not seek protection as a member of a protected class. Therefore,
in order to establish an equal protection violation, he must satisfy the elements of
the “class-of-one” theory: (1) the defendants treated him differently from others
similarly situated; (2) the defendants did so intentionally; and (3) there was no
rational basis for the difference in treatment. Phillips v. Cty. of Allegheny, 515
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F.3d 224, 243 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225,
239 (3d Cir. 2006)).
To establish that entities were similarly situated for purposes of an equal
protection claim, they must be “alike in all relevant aspects.” Startzell v. City of
Philadelphia, 533 F.3d 183, 203 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Because there is no evidence that any of the other bars in the Borough were
similarly situated to J. Cole’s Inn, we reverse the district court’s denial of qualified
immunity for Shultz and Childs on Cole’s equal protection claim.
C.
Finally, with regard to Cole’s First Amendment claim, he has the burden to
put forward evidence to show “(1) that he engaged in constitutionally protected
activity; (2) that the government responded with retaliation; and (3) that the
protected activity caused the retaliation.” Miller v. Mitchell, 598 F.3d 139, 147 (3d
Cir. 2010) (quoting Eichenlaub v. Twp. of Indiana, 385 F.3d 274, 282 (3d Cr.
2004)).
On this claim, Cole can easily make out a violation of his First Amendment
rights. First, he exercised his First Amendment rights to free speech and to petition
the government for a redress of grievances. See City of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S.
451, 461 (1987) (“The First Amendment protects a significant amount of verbal
criticism and challenge directed at police officers.”).
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As to the second element of Cole’s retaliation claim, the parties dispute
whether there was a retaliatory act “sufficient to deter a person of ordinary
firmness.” Thomas, 463 F.3d at 296. However, evidence suggests that Shultz and
Childs engaged in retaliation following Cole’s February 2013 complaints by
stationing cars outside of the bar, following patrons who left the bar, taking
photographs of customers as they waited in line, and using threatening or
intimidating language to customers as they entered the bar. Viewing the facts in a
light most favorable to Cole, the district court correctly found that a person of
ordinary fitness would be deterred from exercising his First Amendment rights
following the officers’ respective actions.
Additionally, the record establishes that, following Cole’s complaint,
officers maintained a constant presence outside of Cole’s bar. The standard is
“but-for” causation. See Mirabella, 853 F.3d at 652. As just mentioned, Cole has
presented evidence that, after he lodged complaints concerning the officers’
actions, his business faced targeted actions by those officers.
Still, we must ask whether Cole’s rights were clearly established. In this
inquiry, we may not “define clearly established law at a high level of generality.”
Id. at 653 (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742). “More specifically, the Supreme
Court has given us guidance on defining a right in the First Amendment retaliation
context.” Id. “In Reichle v. Howards, the Supreme Court clarified that it is too
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broad to define the right as the ‘right to be free from retaliation for one’s speech.’”
Id. (quoting Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 665 (2012)).
Thus, we must more exhaustively consider what Cole alleges. Here, Cole
may appropriately be viewed as having the right to be free from police retaliation
directed toward his business because he complained about the officers’ conduct. In
Thomas, we found such allegations sufficient to state a claim. 463 F.3d at 296.
And, unlike in the due process context discussed above, the discussion in Thomas
placed officers like Schultz and Childs on notice of what actions would constitute a
First Amendment violation. See id. at 290, 296. For this reason, the district court
correctly denied the officers qualified immunity on Cole’s First Amendment claim.
See Hope v. Pelzer, 537 U.S. 730, 741 (2002).
Additionally, by presenting evidence that his rights under the First
Amendment were violated and that Shultz and Childs acted in concert, Cole has
presented sufficient evidence to defeat summary judgment on his civil conspiracy
claim. See Startzell, 533 F.3d at 205 (“To constitute a conspiracy, there must be a
‘meeting of the minds.’”).
IV.
Because the district court erred by refusing to grant Schultz and Childs
qualified immunity on Cole’s Fourteenth Amendment claims, we will reverse with
respect to those claims. However, because Cole has presented sufficient evidence
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of the violation of his First Amendment rights, we affirm the district court’s
refusal to grant summary judgment on Cole’s First Amendment and civil
conspiracy claims. We also decline to exercise pendent jurisdiction over the
remaining claims.
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