United States v. Tyson Baker , 928 F.3d 291 ( 2019 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 18-1663
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
TYSON BAKER,
Appellant
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 1-16-cr-00018-001)
District Judge: Hon. Sylvia H. Rambo
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 25, 2019
Before: JORDAN, KRAUSE, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: May 24, 2019)
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OPINION
_______________

This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.
Tyson Baker appeals his convictions for stealing public property and for related
offenses. He complains of the District Court’s denial of his request for a jury instruction
on entrapment, the jury instruction that was given on intent, and the exclusion of his
wife’s testimony regarding her medical expenses. For the reasons that follow, we will
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History1
Baker was employed as a police officer by the Fairview Township Police
Department in York County, Pennsylvania. In 2015, the FBI approached Baker’s fellow
officer Michael Bennage to assist in an investigation into allegations that Baker was
involved in the theft of drug proceeds. Bennage reluctantly agreed to “keep [his] ear to
the ground” and “report back to them what [he] saw or heard.” (App. at 45.)
He did so. A few months later, he relayed to the FBI that Baker had suggested to
him that “we … start ripping off drug dealers as a means to help financially with our
individual bills and stresses of life.” (App. at 48.) An FBI agent then gave Bennage a
recording device to capture any future incriminating conversations. In September 2015,
Bennage recorded a conversation with Baker during which, in response to Bennage’s
“Because the jury returned a verdict in favor of [the government], we must
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examine the record in a light most favorable to [the government], giving [it] the benefit of
all reasonable inferences… .” Mancini v. Northampton Cty., 836 F.3d 308, 314 (3d Cir.
2016) (citation omitted).
2
statement that he had heard of a drug dealer who would be transporting a large sum of
money, Baker said it sounded “like a rip to me, a straight up rip.” (App. at 52.)
A few weeks passed without incident. Then, on November 17th, Baker apparently
learned from a police report prepared by Bennage that Bennage had found cash on a
drug-overdose victim, and Baker indicated he wanted some of the money. He texted,
“Where’s mine? LOL.” (App. at 57.) Bennage responded that other officers had been
watching him, to which Baker texted, “next time. LOL.” (App. at 58.)
Three days afterwards, on November 20, Bennage secured a search warrant for a
residence suspected to be used in illegal drug transactions. In the process of executing
that warrant, Bennage and other officers discovered multiple stacks of cash amounting to
$1,000 each. Baker arrived at the scene hours later, after sending an unexpected text to
Bennage saying that he would help with the evidence. Baker told Bennage, “tonight’s the
night, don’t get greedy, be smart.” (App. at 70.) Later that day, after the drug proceeds
had been moved to the conference room, Baker told Bennage the stacks should be “less
two[]” for the two of them to split. (App. at 82, 472.) Baker ultimately told Bennage to
put his share, a single stack, in a toolbox in Baker’s truck.2
Less than a month later, on December 16th, the FBI and Bennage executed an
undercover operation in which Bennage and Baker would stop an FBI agent travelling
with $15,000 and posing as a drug trafficker. The operation went according to plan:
Bennage pulled over the undercover officer, and Baker arrived at the scene shortly
2
Baker, however, had driven a different car to work, so, instead, Baker unlocked
his car and Bennage hid the money under the driver’s side mat.
3
thereafter. Bennage then took the ‘trafficker’ in for booking, leaving Baker alone with
the vehicle. Once alone, Baker had the car towed to a garage and searched it. He
discovered a bag containing the $15,000. Unbeknownst to Baker, the FBI had installed
cameras in the vehicle and remotely watched the entire process. Baker took $3,000.3
Baker later described that theft as the result of his “ugly thoughts[.]” (App. at 478.)
He was taken into custody by the FBI two days later, and he confessed to the
thefts that took place on November 20th and December 16th. Procedural History
A grand jury returned an eight count indictment against Baker, including a charge
for stealing or embezzling public money, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. Baker
subsequently entered into a plea agreement, pursuant to which he pled guilty to violating
§ 641. He was later permitted to withdraw that plea, and he eventually proceeded to trial.
At trial, Baker made three requests that are at issue on this appeal. First, he asked
the District Court to give a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment, but he and the
government agreed to wait until “the conclusion of testimony” for the Court to “make
[its] decision whether … [he had] fairly raised [the defense].” (App. at 446.) After the
close of testimony, the District Court decided that an entrapment instruction was not
warranted and did not give the requested instruction.
Second, Baker requested a jury instruction requiring the government to prove a
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641 with evidence that he had an intent to permanently deprive
the government of its money, and stating that a temporary deprivation was insufficient.
3
Baker gave Bennage $1,000 and kept $2,000 for himself.
4
The District Court disagreed and instructed the jury that “[t]o steal or knowingly convert
[within the meaning of § 641] means … [to do so] with intent to deprive the owner of its
use or benefit either temporarily or permanently.” (App. at 557.)
Third, Baker wanted to present testimony by his wife about the financial burden
created by her cancer-related medical bills. Baker gave two reasons for offering that
evidence: first, to demonstrate that he did not intend to permanently deprive the
government of its money, and, second, to respond to the government’s evidence showing
his nice home.4 The District Court concluded that the first purpose was irrelevant. As to
the second purpose, the Court excluded the proposed testimony, saying there was a risk
of unfair prejudice to the government due to sympathy for a cancer survivor. The District
Court did, however, rule that Baker and his wife could explain the fine quality of the
house, by saying, for example, that Mrs. Baker’s parents helped pay for it.5 And, the
Court allowed Baker himself to testify about the burdens associated with his wife’s
medical bills, though it did not allow Mrs. Baker to discuss them.
The jury found Baker guilty of violating § 641 by stealing or embezzling public
funds, and also convicted him of related offenses in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1001, 1519,
4
The government presented photographic evidence of Bakers’ home, which
Baker argued would cause the jury to think that, since he has “this big nice house with a
pole barn, tractors, and all that stuff, therefore he must be stealing money.” (App. at
442.)
5
Baker did not call Mrs. Baker to testify at trial.
5
and 2232.6 The District Court sentenced him to forty-two months’ imprisonment, to be
followed by two years of supervised release. Baker timely appealed.
II. DISCUSSION7
Baker argues on appeal that the District Court erred by (1) refusing to instruct the
jury on entrapment, (2) refusing to instruct the jury that an intent to permanently deprive,
as opposed to temporarily deprive, the government of property is necessary to establish
theft under § 641, and (3) excluding Mrs. Baker’s testimony about her medical expenses.
We disagree with his contentions on all points.
A. The District Court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on
entrapment.
Baker argues that the District Court erred in denying his “request for an
entrapment instruction despite there being evidence to support one.” (Opening Br. at 13.)
An entrapment instruction is warranted when there is “inducement by the government to
commit the crime,” and “the defendant[] lack[s] [the] predisposition to commit the
crime.” United States v. Dennis, 826 F.3d 683, 690 (3d Cir. 2016). “Under our
6
Baker was found guilty of false statements, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1001,
falsification of records in a federal investigation, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1519, and two
counts of destruction or removal of property to prevent seizure, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 2232.
7
The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have appellate
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We exercise plenary
review over a denial of a request for an entrapment instruction, United States v. Dennis,
826 F.3d 683, 690 (3d Cir. 2016), and in assessing whether a jury instruction stated the
proper legal standard, United States v. Coyle, 63 F.3d 1239, 1245 (3d Cir.1995). We
review the District Court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Knight, 700 F.3d 59, 62 (3d Cir. 2012).
6
jurisprudence, to make an entrapment defense a defendant must come forward with some
evidence as to both inducement and non-predisposition.” United States v. El-Gawli, 837
F.2d 142, 145 (3d Cir. 1988). At the least, Baker failed to carry his burden with respect
to inducement, and thus an entrapment instruction was not warranted.
Inducement is not “mere solicitation” or “merely opening an opportunity for a
crime[.]” Dennis, 826 F.3d at 690. Rather, “the defendant must show that law
enforcement engaged in conduct that takes the form of persuasion, fraudulent
representation, threats, coercive tactics, harassment, promises of reward or pleas based on
need, sympathy or friendship.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
There is, however, no evidence that the government did anything of the sort here.
At the outset, the FBI did not instruct Bennage to set up a crime or organize a sting
operation. Bennage was simply asked to “keep [his] ear to the ground” regarding Baker.8
(App. at 45.) The first theft, on November 20, 2015, confirms that Baker, not Bennage,
was the orchestrator. Baker unexpectedly inserted himself into the processing of a crime
scene, texting and offering to help with the evidence. Baker’s own testimony made clear
that Bennage did not influence or otherwise motivate the decision to steal on that
occasion. Instead, Baker’s motivation was:
8
Moreover, according to Bennage, the FBI only provided Bennage with a
recording device after Baker had expressed interest in “ripping off drug dealers.” (App.
at 48.) Baker offered a conflicting account at trial, claiming that his recorded exchange
with Bennage in September 2015 was the first time they had discussed the idea to steal
from drug dealers, and that the suggestion to do so originated with Bennage. But even if
we disregarded the evidence indicating otherwise, Baker’s testimony reveals no action
taken by Bennage that went beyond “mere solicitation[.]” Dennis, 826 F.3d at 690.
7
Being tired, not sleepy tired. Tired. Tired, tired mentally. Tired – I don’t
remember what movie, but it was the Rocky movie that said, “Did you ever
get punched in the face a thousand times? It starts to sting after a while.”
Well, I was getting punched in the face, and I was tired.
(App at 473.)
Baker’s second theft, on December 16, 2015, likewise does not present evidence
of inducement. While that theft was based on an FBI undercover operation, according to
Baker’s own testimony, his motivation was internal, stemming from “ugly” thoughts and
being “tired” and “weak.” (App. at 478.) Baker testified, moreover, that Bennage did not
harass or persuade him to steal:
Q: Officer Bennage wasn’t there with you saying, take that money, take
that money, was he?
A: No, sir.
Q: That was your personal decision, correct?
A: Yes, sir.”
(App. at 495.) Baker’s actions, according to his testimony, were the result of his own
decision-making, and that decision-making was, by his own admission, motivated by his
mental state, not inducement by the government. Cf. United States v. Fedroff, 874 F.2d
178, 181 (3d Cir. 1989) (“Entrapment is a relatively limited defense that may defeat a
prosecution only when the Government’s deception actually implants the criminal design
in the mind of the defendant.” (citations and quotations omitted)).
Baker thus failed to meet his burden of production with respect to entrapment.
The District Court thus properly refused his request for an entrapment instruction.
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B. The District Court did not err in its instruction to the jury regarding
specific intent.
Baker argues that the District Court erred in refusing to include a jury instruction
that an “inten[t] to permanently deprive another of their property [is necessary to
demonstrate a theft] and that [a] temporary deprivation [is] not sufficient… .” (Opening
Br. at 20.) That argument fails because intent to permanently deprive is not an element of
the offense, and its absence is not a defense.
Section 641 of Title 18 of the United States Code prohibits the stealing of public
money.9 “The Supreme Court has made clear that … § 641 was designed to apply to not
only larceny and embezzlement but all instances … under which one may obtain
wrongful advantages from another’s property.” United States v. Crutchley, 502 F.2d
1195, 1201 (3d Cir. 1974) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also Morissette
v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 266 n.28, 266-67 (1952) (describing the scope of § 641,
and noting “that it was to apply to acts which constituted larceny or embezzlement at
common law and also acts which shade into those crimes but which, most strictly
considered, might not be found to fit their fixed definitions”). Accordingly, courts have
followed that guidance and concluded that intent to temporarily or permanently deprive
9
18 U.S.C. § 641 provides, in relevant part: “Whoever embezzles, steals,
purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or the use of another, or without authority,
sells, conveys or disposes of any record, voucher, money, or thing of value of the United
States or of any department or agency thereof, or any property made or being made under
contract for the United States or any department or agency thereof; or Whoever receives,
conceals, or retains the same with intent to convert it to his use or gain, knowing it to
have been embezzled, stolen, purloined or converted… [s]hall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than ten years[.]”
9
the government of its money satisfies the intent element of § 641. See United States v.
Dowl, 619 F.3d 494, 500-01 (5th Cir. 2010) (collecting cases from the Fifth, Seventh,
Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits).10
We have addressed the same issue with respect to a similar statute, 18 U.S.C.
§ 661, and determined that “intent to steal” does not require an intent that there be a
permanent deprivation.11 United States v. Henry, 447 F.2d 283, 284-86 (3d Cir. 1971).
Following the Supreme Court’s lead, we said that in “various federal statutes the word
‘stolen’ or ‘steal’ has been given a meaning broader than larceny at common law.” Id. at
285 (citation omitted); accord Morissette, 342 U.S. at 266 n.28, 266-67. We thus
rejected the defendant’s argument that the statute required “the intent to permanently
deprive an owner of his property” and held that a jury instruction requiring simply “intent
10
To support his argument, Baker cites two cases. Both are inapposite. The first
merely re-states the statutory language of 18 U.S.C. § 641. United States v. Dupee, 569
F.2d 1061, 1062 n.2 (9th Cir. 1978). Moreover, that case rejected an argument similar to
the one Baker now makes, that failing to return government funds amounts to a
temporary deprivation or a “debtor-creditor relationship[,]” as opposed to embezzlement.
Id. at 1064. The second case does not support Baker’s proposed characterization of intent
either. On the contrary, the court said, “[w]hen one wrongfully and intentionally
embezzles or misappropriates the property of another … the offense is complete. The
mere fact [that the defendant] intends subsequently to return the property or to make
restitution to the rightful owner does not relieve his wrongful act … . Hence, the mere
fact that [a] defendant at a subsequent date made restitution of the amount of the shortage
does not wipe out the offense.” United States v. Powell, 294 F. Supp. 1353, 1355 (E.D.
Va. 1968), aff’d, 413 F.2d 1037 (4th Cir. 1969).
11
18 U.S.C. § 661 provides, in relevant part: “Whoever, within the special
maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, takes and carries away, with
intent to steal or purloin, any personal property of another shall be punished… .” That
statute criminalizes the taking and carrying away of personal property with the “intent to
steal or purloin.” Id.
10
to deprive the owner of the benefit of ownership” was appropriate. Henry, 447 F.2d at
284, 286.
In short, “[a]n intent to return the property does not exculpate the defendant.”
United States v. Faulkner, 638 F.2d 129, 130 (9th Cir. 1981) (discussing 18 U.S.C.
§ 659); see also Henry, 447 F.3d at 286. The crime is complete when the theft or
embezzlement of funds occurs. See United States v. Duncan, 598 F.2d 839, 858 (4th Cir.
1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 871 (1979) (discussing 18 U.S.C. § 656, and stating that “it
is sufficient that the defendant at least temporarily deprive[d] the [government] of the
possession, control or use of its funds” and that “[s]ubsequent restitution … is not a
defense since the crime [of embezzlement or theft] is complete when the misapplication
occurs”).
Whether Baker told himself he was just borrowing the government’s money is not
relevant to his guilt. The jury was appropriately instructed with respect to § 641.
C. The District Court did not err in refusing to allow Mrs. Baker’s
testimony regarding her breast cancer and medical expenses.
Finally, Baker argues that the District Court abused its discretion by excluding the
testimony of his wife regarding her prior medical expenses. Baker sought to use that
evidence for two purposes. First, he said “it was evidence of [his] lack of intent to
permanently deprive the government of its property.” (Opening Br. at 15.) Second, he
thought it would rebut “the false impression that he had stolen money to improve his
property[,]” an impression he feared was created by the government’s introduction of
11
pictures of his house.12 (Opening Br. at 16.) But the District Court did not abuse its
discretion in excluding that evidence.
Federal Rule of Evidence 401 provides that “[e]vidence is relevant if: (a) it has
any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence;
and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Thus, with respect to
Baker’s first stated purpose, because intent to permanently deprive is not an element of
the offense and an intent to return is not a defense, evidence offered to prove those points
would be irrelevant. And, even if Mrs. Baker’s testimony regarding her medical
expenses were relevant, the District Court was within its discretion in deciding that the
probative value of such testimony was substantially outweighed by danger that the
testimony regarding her cancer and medical expenses could mislead the jury due to
“sympathy” for her status as a cancer survivor. Fed. R. Evid. 403. (App. at 443.)
Nor did the District Court err in excluding that testimony despite the second
proffered purpose, i.e., to rebut the “insinuati[on] or … impression that [Baker] has this
giant house and all these luxury items in the house, [and that] therefore he must be
stealing.” (App. at 443.) Baker is correct that his second purpose might be relevant to
explaining or otherwise providing context behind the improvements to his home. Again,
however, Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides that a court “may exclude relevant
12
To the extent that Baker argues that Mrs. Baker’s testimony about her medical
expenses would have “supported his defense” of entrapment, we are similarly
unpersuaded. (Opening Br. at 16.) Baker was not entitled to a jury instruction of
entrapment (even if that evidence had been offered to that effect), so Mrs. Baker’s
testimony for that purpose would have been irrelevant and was rightly excluded.
12
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of
the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” In a Rule 403 analysis, we
may take into account “the availability of other means of proof” when considering
whether such evidence should be excluded. Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172,
184-85 (1997).
Here, less prejudicial evidence was available to support the same purpose. The
District Court made clear that Mrs. Baker could testify to “how they obtained the house,
the whole history with her mother and father … and how they got things up until the
relevant time here when those pictures were taken.” (App. at 444.) Moreover, it also
provided that Baker himself could testify about his wife’s parents, their history with the
house, and his wife’s medical expenses. Given that Baker and his wife were permitted to
testify about their financial difficulties, and Baker was able to testify about the medical
expense burden, the District Court provided him ample opportunity to rebut whatever
impression the Government’s evidence may have given about Baker’s spending. The
District Court was within its discretion in deciding that any particular benefit of
Mrs. Baker’s testimony about her cancer-related medical expenses was substantially
outweighed by the risk of understandable but irrelevant sympathy.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of conviction.
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