Grayer v. Township of Edison ( 2006 )

Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
8-1-2006
Grayer v. Edison
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-1623
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-1623
LAURA GRAYER;
MARIE FLOYD
v.
TOWNSHIP OF EDISON; EDISON POLICE DEPARTMENT;
DETECTIVE EDWARD WHEELER; DETECTIVE SGT. MARK ANDERKO;
DETECTIVE RICHARD BUCK; OFFICER DAVID STERN;
DETECTIVE ANDY NAGY, JR.; OFFICER KOLE;
POLICE CHIEF EDWARD COSTELLO;
JOHN DOE, 1-10, said names being fictitious
Edward Wheeler,
Appellant
No. 05-1624
LAURA GRAYER;
MARIE FLOYD
v.
TOWNSHIP OF EDISON; EDISON POLICE DEPARTMENT;
DETECTIVE EDWARD WHEELER; DETECTIVE SGT. MARK ANDERKO;
DETECTIVE RICHARD BUCK; OFFICER DAVID STERN;
DETECTIVE ANDY NAGY, JR.; OFFICER KOLE;
POLICE CHIEF EDWARD COSTELLO;
JOHN DOE, 1-10, said names being fictitious
Mark Anderko,
Appellant
No. 05-1994
LAURA GRAYER;
MARIE FLOYD
v.
TOWNSHIP OF EDISON; EDISON POLICE DEPARTMENT;
DETECTIVE EDWARD WHEELER; DETECTIVE SGT. MARK
ANDERKO; DETECTIVE RICHARD BUCK; OFFICE DAVID STERN;
DETECTIVE ANDY NAGY, JR.; OFFICER KOLE;
POLICE CHIEF EDWARD COSTELLO;
JOHN DOE, 1-10, SAID NAMES BEING FICTITIOUS
Township of Edison,
Appellant
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
D.C. Civil 02-cv-02969
District Judge: The Honorable Jose L. Linares
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 27, 2006
Before: BARRY, VAN ANTWERPEN and SILER,* Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: August 1, 2006)
*
The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
2
__________
OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge
Appellees Laura Grayer and Marie Floyd brought suit in the United States District
Court for the District of New Jersey pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against a host of
defendants, including appellants Detective Sgt. Mark Anderko and Detective Edward
Wheeler of the Township of Edison police department. At the summary judgment stage,
appellants asserted the defense of qualified immunity, which the District Court rejected.
We will reverse the judgment of the District Court.
I.
We derive our jurisdiction from 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Although the claims against
Anderko and Wheeler are before us on denials of summary judgment, which are not
generally appealable, this appeal is properly before us because the issue in the District
Court was appellants’ entitlement to qualified immunity. Qualified immunity protects
officials from suit, not just liability, and thus “is effectively lost” when a case proceeds to
trial. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985); see McKee v. Hart, 436 F.3d 165,
168-69 (3d Cir. 2006). Therefore, “[w]hen a defendant moves for summary judgment
based on qualified immunity, the denial of the motion may be appealed immediately
under the collateral-order doctrine. . . .” Forbes v. Twp. of Lower Merion, 313 F.3d 144,
3
147 (3d Cir. 2002).1
“We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s conclusions of law in its
qualified immunity analysis,” McKee, 436 F.3d at 169, and “we may ‘review whether the
set of facts identified by the district court is sufficient to establish a violation of a clearly
established constitutional right,’ but we may not ‘consider whether the district court
correctly identified the set of facts that the summary judgment record is sufficient to
prove.’” Forbes, 313 F.3d at 147 (quoting Ziccardi v. City of Philadelphia, 288 F.3d 57,
61 (3d Cir. 2002)).
II.
Because we write primarily for the parties, we will, quite literally, cut right to the
chase. On June 22, 2000, Edison police officers, led by appellant Anderko, were looking
1
The District Court also denied the Township’s motion for summary judgment on the
New Jersey Tort Claims Act claims brought against it, a denial the Township appeals.
We will not consider the Township’s appeal. We have recognized that “‘the right to an
interlocutory appeal from the denial of a claim of absolute or qualified immunity under
state law can only exist where the state has extended an underlying substantive right to be
free from the burdens of litigation arising from acts taken in the course of [official]
duties.’” Brown v. Grabowski, 922 F.2d 1097, 1106-07 (3d Cir. 1990) (quoting Marrical
v. Detroit News, Inc., 805 F.2d 169, 172 (6th Cir. 1986)) (alteration in Brown). “New
Jersey confers no such right.” Rivas v. City of Passaic, 365 F.3d 181, 193 (3d Cir. 2004)
(“[W]e lack jurisdiction to consider [the police officers’] arguments that the District
Court erred in denying their defense of qualified immunity under New Jersey’s Tort
Claims Act.”); cf. Brown, 922 F.2d at 1108 (“The Tort Claims Act’s dominant
consideration of immunity and policy of deterrence are equally consistent . . . with the
view that the Act was intended to shield public officials and entities only from ultimate
liability – and not initially from suit.”) (emphasis in original). We will, therefore, dismiss
the Township’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
4
for and eventually spotted Thomas Raiford, for whom they had an arrest warrant for
aggravated assault. Upon seeing the police, Raiford ran and the officers gave chase.
Raiford entered the back of a nearby apartment and officers followed him in, but lost
sight of him. Raiford had run out the front of the apartment and could not be located.
Anderko had reason to believe Raiford thereafter entered the nearby apartment of
Raiford’s aunt, appellee Laura Grayer. Anderko ordered three officers to the rear of the
building and he, along with two other officers, including appellant Wheeler, stayed in the
front. Shortly thereafter, Grayer returned home to find the police surrounding her
building. Anderko approached her, explained the situation, and requested her consent to
enter her apartment to arrest Raiford. Grayer contends that she gave Anderko, and only
Anderko, consent to enter.
Grayer led Anderko, Wheeler, and one other police officer to her front door.2 She
unlocked the door and entered the apartment first, calling up the stairs for Raiford.
Raiford responded, and Anderko instructed him to come down the stairs with his hands
2
The record indicates that just prior to the time the officers entered the front of the
apartment with Grayer they were notified by the officers in the rear that Raiford could be
seen inside. (See Anderko Dep. at 97-98, JA163a-64a; Wheeler Dep. at 116, JA307a
(“Right about [the time Grayer was opening the door] I guess [Raiford] was talking to
some of the officers out back so we knew for sure now at this point that he was in
there.”); Kole Dep. at 64, JA569a; Stern Dep. at 34-35, JA643a.) Indeed, Anderko was
questioned during state court proceedings about Raiford’s communications with officers
in the rear of the apartment prior to Anderko’s entry. (JA949a-50a ([Q]: “Is it fair for me
to say that Raiford verbally gave himself to the detectives in the rear of the building?”
[Anderko]: “Raiford made a verbal acclamation to the detectives to the rear. . . .”).)
5
up. Raiford complied, and Anderko and the other officer proceeded to detain him at the
foot of the stairs, near the front door.
At that point, Wheeler began walking toward the adjoining kitchen in the rear of
the apartment, where the back door was located, to notify the officers in the rear that
Raiford had been detained. Before he was able to do so, however, Grayer got between
Wheeler and the door and told him not to open it.3 Grayer testified that Wheeler pushed
her aside in order to reach the door. Upon opening the door, additional officers entered
the apartment, along with two bystanders.4 Grayer testified that, at this point, Wheeler
again pushed her away with his arm and twisted her arm behind her back to handcuff her.
She was arrested, but, she testified, was not informed prior to the application of the cuffs
that she was under arrest.5
While these events in the kitchen were taking place, Marie Floyd, who lived next
door to Grayer and was her foster sister, came to Grayer’s apartment to see what was
happening. Police officers at the front of the house let her and another sister, Alma, enter
the apartment. Floyd proceeded toward the rear of the apartment but, she testified, before
3
Wheeler claimed that Grayer used force in her attempts to prevent him from opening
the door.
4
See Grayer Dep. at 32, JA410a (“He pushed me to the side and opened the door and
let the other cops in.”).
5
Meanwhile, Raiford was yelling at the officers something to the effect of “Don’t hurt
my aunt.” Moreover, additional individuals had been allowed through the back door and
were present when Wheeler arrested Grayer.
6
she could make it into the kitchen, Wheeler punched her in the chest without provocation.
Floyd fell backward and was caught by Alma.
Grayer and Floyd filed suit in the United States District Court on June 21, 2002
against the Township of Edison, the Edison Police Department, the chief of police,
Wheeler, Anderko, and the other police officers present on June 22, 2000, raising a
number of federal and state causes of action. For our purposes, it suffices to say that
appellees’ § 1983 causes of action against Anderko and Wheeler were based on
appellees’ claims, inter alia, that the entry into Grayer’s home and the use of force against
them violated the Constitution. The District Court denied appellants’ assertions of
qualified immunity, and this appeal followed.
III.
“Government officials performing discretionary functions are ‘shielded from
liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’”
Sharrar v. Felsing, 128 F.3d 810, 826 (3d Cir. 1997) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457
U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). Courts must inquire “whether a reasonable officer could have
believed that his or her conduct was lawful, in light of the clearly established law and the
information in the officer’s possession.” Id. Ultimately, if the officers here “‘reasonably
but mistakenly’ conclude[d] that their conduct comport[ed] with the requirements of the
Fourth Amendment,” they “are entitled to immunity.” Id. (quoting Hunter v. Bryant, 502
7
U.S. 224, 227 (1991) (per curiam)). For the reasons we outline below, Anderko and
Wheeler are entitled to immunity.
A.
The District Court denied Anderko’s motion for summary judgment, determining
that Anderko, “by executing a warrantless search and exceeding the bounds of Ms.
Grayer’s consent, knowingly violated settled law.” (Dist. Ct. Op. at 7, JA16a.)
Moreover, the District Court preserved the claims of supervisory liability against Anderko
based on his alleged failure to communicate to Wheeler the limitations Grayer placed on
consent. (Id. at 14-15, JA23a-24a.) We disagree with both decisions.
“It is axiomatic that the ‘physical entry of the home is the chief evil against which
the wording of the Fourth Amendment is directed.’” Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740,
748 (1984) (quoting United States v. United States District Court, 407 U.S. 297, 313
(1972)). Therefore, “[w]arrantless searches and seizures inside someone’s home . . . are
presumptively unreasonable unless the occupants consent or probable cause and exigent
circumstances exist to justify the intrusion.” United States v. Coles, 437 F.3d 361, 365
(3d Cir. 2006) (emphasis in original). One example of exigent circumstances is “hot
pursuit of a suspected felon.” Id. at 366.
Here, in a separate opinion deciding the Township’s motion for summary
judgment, the District Court found “that a fleeing and potentially dangerous suspect
sought refuge in Ms. Grayer’s apartment.” (Dist. Ct. Letter Order and Op. at 2, A26a.)
8
The Supreme Court has made clear that “a suspect may not defeat an arrest which has
been set in motion in a public place, and is therefore proper . . . , by the expedient of
escaping to a private place.” United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 43 (1976). We need
not determine whether the entry of Grayer’s home would fall squarely within the hot
pursuit exception to the warrant requirement. Police officers had been chasing Raiford,
for whom they had an arrest warrant, lost sight of him, had reason to believe he was in
Grayer’s apartment, and, apparently, saw him from the rear of the building at or around
the time Anderko and Wheeler entered the building. We conclude, based on the facts
identified by the District Court, that an objectively reasonable police officer could believe
that the pursuit of Raiford into Grayer’s home, even in the absence of the owner’s
consent, was constitutional. Cf. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 206 (2001) (“[E]ven if a
court were to hold that the officer violated the Fourth Amendment . . . Anderson still
operates to grant officers immunity for reasonable mistakes as to the legality of their
actions.”).
Moreover, here, “Anderko sought Ms. Grayer’s consent to enter her apartment and
apprehend the suspect,” and “some manner of consent was granted.” (Dist. Ct. Letter
Order and Op. at 2, JA26a.) “Under such a scenario, at least from the perspective of the
officers on the ground, the Fourth Amendment issues are, at best, nuanced.” (Id. at 3,
J27a) In short, it is not at all clear that Anderko was mistaken in believing he could enter
Grayer’s house without a search warrant, and if he were, that mistake – in light of the
9
exigency and at least a measure of consent – was reasonable. Cf. Hunter, 502 U.S. at 228
(“[T]he court should ask whether the agents acted reasonably under settled law in the
circumstances, not whether another reasonable, or more reasonable, interpretation of the
events can be constructed five years after the fact.”); Forbes, 313 F.3d at 148 (“If an
official could have reasonably believed that his or her actions were lawful, the official
receives immunity even if in fact the actions were not lawful.”).6
B.
Turning to Grayer’s claim of excessive force against Wheeler, the District Court
found that Grayer’s testimony that Wheeler “intentionally pushed her out of his way and
knocked her onto the kitchen table, all before indicating that he was arresting her,” was
“sufficient, assuming that it is truthful, to establish objectively unreasonable force.”
(Dist. Ct. Op. at 8, JA17a (emphasis removed).) Again, we disagree.
Wheeler was permissibly in the house to effectuate the arrest of Raiford. Once
there, he was permitted to take reasonable measures to ensure the safety of officers and
the suspect, including entering the adjoining kitchen and opening the back door.
Cf. Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 327, 334 (1990) (permitting “a quick and limited
search of premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of police
6
Moreover, there is no indication that Anderko was personally involved or actually
knew and acquiesced in Wheeler’s alleged violative activities in the kitchen. See
Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh, 120 F.3d 1286, 1294 (3d Cir. 1997). He therefore is
entitled to summary judgment on the supervisory liability claims against him as well.
10
officers or others” which includes searching “closets and other spaces immediately
adjoining the place of arrest from which an attack could be immediately launched”).7
Grayer’s own account of what happened in the kitchen makes clear that she
attempted to intercept Wheeler and prevent him from opening the back door. By doing
so, she interfered with his attempt to secure the house and complete the arrest of Raiford.
He, therefore, was permitted to use a reasonable amount of force to get to the door if
necessary. Similarly, the force used by Wheeler in the moment before and while cuffing
Grayer does not move his conduct outside the protection of qualified immunity. “Not
every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge’s
chambers, violates the Fourth Amendment.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396
(1989) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, by all accounts, Wheeler was “forced to make split-second judgments – in
circumstances that [were] tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving – about the amount of
force that [was] necessary in [the] particular situation.” Id. at 396-97. The circumstances
as identified by the District Court permitted the officer to apply a measure of force to
reach the back door and secure those who attempted to interfere. The force applied here,
we note, inflicted no injury upon Grayer. While “[w]e do not agree that the absence of
physical injury necessarily signifies that the force has not been excessive, . . . the fact that
7
Dist. Ct. Op. at 12, JA21a (“. . . it is certainly reasonable for police officers to secure
an unfamiliar area incident to an ongoing arrest . . . “).
11
the physical force applied was of such an extent as to lead to injury is indeed a relevant
factor to be considered as part of the totality.” Sharrar, 128 F.3d at 822. In this case,
based on the assertions of Grayer and the facts identified by the District Court, Wheeler
use of force was objectively reasonable under the circumstances.
C.
So, too, was Wheeler’s use of force against Floyd in the course of yet another split-
second judgment it is not disputed he was required to make in an undisputedly brief but
tumultuous situation. It bears mention, for what it is worth, that Floyd’s claim of
excessive force occupies but one paragraph (¶ 113) of the 128-paragraph and more than
thirty-page Statement of Facts appellees have presented in their brief to this Court.
(Appellees’ Br. at 6-37.)
As noted above, Floyd contends that as she was approaching the kitchen, Wheeler,
apparently out of the blue, punched her with a closed fist in the chest, sending her
backwards.8 According to Wheeler, as he was cuffing Grayer, a heavy-set black woman
he did not know was “pulling on my arms to try to free Mrs. Grayer,” JA 333a-34a, and,
as the District Court explained Wheeler’s version of the facts, “he merely used his
outstretched arm to shove her out of the way.” (Dist. Ct. Op. at 4, JA 13a.)
8
While, of course, credibility is not for us to decide, it does strike us as somewhat
implausible that Wheeler’s first line of defense against a woman in her mid-sixties would
be a closed fist punch to the chest.
12
Floyd would have us find that terminology matters, and that because she says it
was a “punch” (and not a “push or shove”), “historical facts material to” the question of
“whether the actions of [Wheeler] were objectively reasonable” are disputed. See
Sharrar, 128 F.3d at 828. We decline to find that the terminology matters here.
Under the circumstances of this case, the mere use of the word “punch” is simply
not enough to take this claim to a jury. Most importantly, Grayer, who clearly has her
own complaints about Wheeler, saw the incident and confirms the essential parts of
Wheeler’s account of what happened with Floyd. She agrees with him that, as she was
being cuffed, Floyd was walking up, apparently from behind Wheeler. Wheeler pushed
his arm out to the side and “shoved her back,” she lost her balance, and Alma caught her.
Grayer, who saw what happened, does not remember any punch, much less a punch with
a closed fist. JA 414a. One use of a word belied by all the relevant evidence of that one
brief contact is simply not enough to call into dispute the objectively reasonable action
Wheeler took vis-a-vis Floyd during the potentially explosive situation in the kitchen.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the denial of Anderko’s and Wheeler’s
motions for summary judgment. Furthermore, we will dismiss the appeal by the
Township of Edison for lack of jurisdiction, and remand for further proceedings before
the District Court.
13