United States v. Hlinak ( 2007 )

Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
2-9-2007
USA v. Hlinak
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 06-1239
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 06-1239
____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JEFFREY HLINAK,
Appellant.
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(Criminal No. 04-cr-00091)
District Judge: Hon. William W. Caldwell
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 26, 2007
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, FUENTES and CHAGARES, Circuit Judges.
____________
(Filed February 9, 2007)
OPINION OF THE COURT
CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.
In this appeal, Jeffrey Hlinak argues that the District Court inappropriately applied
the sentencing guideline for money laundering and failed to articulate the factors set forth
in 18 U.S.C. § 3553 in imposing a sentence. We will reject both arguments and affirm.
I.
Because we write solely for the parties, we present the facts briefly.
In hundreds of fraudulent transactions, Hlinak received refunds from retail stores
for returning items actually purchased at other stores. For a given item, he would obtain
more in the refund than the amount he paid. His scheme included altering receipts to
allow for multiple returns from a single purchase and altering advertisements so as to buy
items at lower prices from stores with “price match guarantees.” In May of 2001, he
caused a wire transfer of proceeds from this scheme from one bank account to another,
and then deposited the funds in a brokerage account. For these activities, Hlinak pleaded
guilty to an information listing two counts: wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957
and forfeiture of $801,850.72 in criminally derived proceeds pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 982.
The District Court first sentenced Hlinak in September of 2004. The court applied the
sentencing guideline for money laundering, U.S.S.G. § 2S1.2, and calculated the
applicable sentencing range as forty-six to fifty-seven months.
The District Court imposed a sentence of fifty and one-half months of
imprisonment. We remanded the sentence in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
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220 (2005), and, at re-sentencing, the District Court imposed the same imprisonment
term.
II.
We have jurisdiction to review a sentence for reasonableness pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 3742(a)(1). See United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 327 (3d Cir.2006). The
arguments Hlinak raises on appeal were not presented to the District Court, and as such,
we review for plain error only. An error is plain only if it is clear or obvious. See, e.g.,
United States v. Dragon, 471 F.3d 501, 505 (3d Cir. 2006). If we conclude plain error
exists we “exercise our discretion to correct the error only if it seriously affect[s] the
fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted) (alteration in original).
A.
The first issue we consider is whether the sentencing court should have applied the
fraud guideline instead of the money laundering guideline in calculating Hlinak’s
sentencing range. Under the fraud guideline, Hlinak’s offense level would have been
lower, resulting in a less severe guideline sentencing range.
Hlinak relies on United States v. Smith, 186 F.3d 290 (3d Cir. 1999), to argue that
the money laundering guideline was inappropriate because the conduct for which he was
sentenced was not in the “heartland” of that guideline. In Smith, we held that courts
should only apply the money laundering guideline if a defendant’s conduct falls within
the “heartland” of the guideline, conduct such as “money laundering activity connected
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with extensive drug trafficking and serious crime.” Smith, 186 F.3d at 300. Later cases
explained that the money laundering guidelines, U.S.S.G. §§ 2S1.1 and 2S1.2, are
appropriate in cases “involving typical money laundering, financial transactions that are
separate from the underlying crime and that are designed either to make illegally obtained
funds appear legitimate, to conceal the source of some funds, or to promote additional
criminal conduct by reinvesting the funds in additional criminal conduct.” See United
States v. Diaz, 245 F.3d 294, 310 (3d Cir. 2001).
When we developed the “heartland” analysis in Smith, we relied on language in
the Statutory Index of the guidelines, Appendix A. Smith, 186 F.3d at 297. That
appendix provides a list of criminal statutes and matches them to the corresponding
guideline section. At the time of Smith, the introductory commentary to the appendix
provided the following instruction: “If, in an atypical case, the guideline section indicated
for the statute of conviction is inappropriate because of the particular conduct involved,
use the guideline section most applicable to the nature of the offense conduct charged in
the count of which the defendant was convicted.” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
app. A at 417, introductory cmt. (1998).
Amendment 591, effective November 1, 2000, eliminated the text we relied on in
Smith. Specifically, as amended, the appendix no longer contained the language
regarding what to do in an “atypical” case. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual app. C at
29 (Supp. 2000). The Sentencing Commission’s commentary explained that Amendment
591 clarified “that the sentencing court must apply the offense guideline referenced in the
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Statutory Index for the statute of conviction” unless the defendant has stipulated
commission of a more serious offence in a plea agreement. Id. at 30 (emphasis added)
(indicating the “heartland” analysis in Smith partially motivated the Amendment). As
such, our reasoning in Smith stood on shaky ground. See, e.g., United States v. Mustafa,
238 F.3d 485, 496 (3d Cir. 2001) (“Given these amendments, the continued relevance of
Smith is open to question.”).
It did not take long for us to exclaim that “[t]he only fair reading of the
Amendment and of the amended guidelines is that Smith, and its approach to applying the
guidelines, is no longer good law.” Diaz, 245 F.3d at 303 (deciding that the Amendment
cannot apply retroactively to a sentence imposed before November 1, 2000 because the
Amendment represented a substantive change in the law).
The conduct giving rise to Hlinak’s wire fraud offense occurred after November of
2000, and Hlinak does not argue that the 2000 sentencing guidelines were inappropriately
applied. Cf. United States v. Omoruyi, 260 F.3d 291, 298 (3d Cir. 2001) (applying
Smith’s “heartland” analysis because conduct forming the basis of conviction occurred
prior to the effective date of the amended guidelines). It is clear that “[u]nder the
guidelines as amended,” which are applicable here, “courts have no discretion to decide
that the money laundering guideline is inappropriate or not the most applicable guideline
on the facts of a given case.” Diaz, 245 F.3d at 303. Hlinak’s argument that his conduct
fell outside the “heartland” of the money laundering guideline is irrelevant. The District
Court could not have considered that argument in calculating the appropriate guideline
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range. Accordingly, we conclude the District Court properly calculated Hlinak’s offense
level.
B.
Hlinak also argues that, if the District Court properly calculated the guideline
sentencing range, the record fails to indicate that the District Court gave “meaningful
consideration” to the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).1 See Cooper,
437 F.3d at 329. Specifically, he argues that the court should have “explain[ed] how and
1
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sets forth factors to be considered in imposing a sentence.
That provision provides:
The court shall impose a sentence sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to
comply with the purposes set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection. The court,
in determining the particular sentence to be imposed, shall consider –
(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant;
(2) the need for the sentence imposed –
(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for
the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;
(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most
effective manner;
(3) the kinds of sentences available;
(4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for –
(A) the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable
category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines. . .;
(B) in the case of a violation of probation or supervised release, the
applicable guidelines or policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission. . .;
(5) any pertinent policy statement. . .;
(6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants
with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and
(7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
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why a 51-month sentence reflect[ed] the seriousness of the offense, promoted respect for
law, and provided just punishment and deterrence, while a lesser sentence would not.”
Def. Br. at 17.
A sentencing court need not “discuss and make findings as to each of the § 3553(a)
factors if the record makes clear the court took the factors into account.” Cooper, 437
F.3d at 329. Nor must a court “routinely state that the sentence imposed is the minimum
sentence necessary to achieve the purposes set forth in § 3553(a)(2).” Dragon, 471 F.3d
at 506. Here, Hlinak argues that the sentence should be vacated because the court never
referenced the § 3553(a) factors and it never explicitly announced why anything less than
fifty and one-half months would be too light. Dragon and Cooper instruct that this does
not amount to error.2
In sentencing Hlinak, the District Court explained its sentencing rationale. After
reviewing the record, we conclude that the District Court satisfied its § 3553 obligations.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of sentence imposed by the
District Court.
2
Hlinak also argues that the District Court imposed a sentence as if the guidelines
were mandatory, but does not provide support for this claim or persuade us that this is so.
True, the District Court did not explicitly announce that the guidelines were advisory, but
that does not indicate that the court failed to recognize their advisory nature. See Cooper,
437 F.3d at 329. The re-sentencing was required because the initial sentence was set
under a mandatory-guideline regime. The record indicates participants in the hearing
knew that. App. at 91, 95.
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