In Re: Hechinger Inv , 298 F.3d 219 ( 2002 )

Opinions of the United
2002 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
7-26-2002
In Re: Hechinger Inv
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Precedential
Docket No. 01-2018
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PRECEDENTIAL
Filed July 26, 2002
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 01-2018
IN RE:
HECHINGER INVESTMENT
COMPANY OF DELAWARE,
Debtor
FORMER EMPLOYEES OF BUILDERS SQUARE
RETAIL STORES
v.
HECHINGER INVESTMENT COMPANY OF DELAWARE
PATRICIA A. STAIANO,
Trustee
Edmund Adams, Vera L. Addison, Paul Ambrose,
Mary Jo-Andrews, Kok Ang, Richard C. Athey,
Chris Ausse, Carl F. Baker, William C. Barnes,
Sharon Baum, Lois J. Bednarski, William F. Behl,
Janet E. Bell, J. Brian Bird, Cheryl Blackburn,
Denise Booker, Ruth A. Borling, Carol Ann Bosley,
Myra Bowyer, Wallace E. Boykin Jr., Jim Brearley,
Richard Brimer, Yvonne D. Brooks, Shari L. Brown,
John H. Brown, William Brundies, Ella Ruth Bryant,
Daniel Bucel, Blanche Bulley, Kathleen Bush,
Charles Cahlik, Jeffery S. Cajka, Ronald T. Caldwell,
Dianne Calloway, Chester A. Capron III,
Kevin L. Carpenter, James Caswell, Sandra Cicak,
Bradley Clark, Thomas A. Clay, Mary Jo Cleary,
William Cogar, Tricia L. Cole, Stephanie Covington,
Wanda Cruz, Linda Csensich, Kenneth E. Curtis,
Karen Cusano, Michael J. D’Onofrio, Yvonne Dagy,
Sabrina Davis, Richard C. Davis, Richard R. DeJean,
Eugene DeMarco, Susan L. Dennison, Arthur J. Derk,
Martin Disque, Virginia Donnnenwirth,
Margaret Drechney, Michael E. Dubay, Thomas P. Dudley,
Thomas E. Dumski, Clarence Eacott, Barbara L. Erwin,
Jeffrey F. Evans, Daniel W. Fava Jr., Sandra Fazzini,
Debbie Felix, Kenneth M. Ferrence, Carl P. Fetsko,
Lori A. Fetsko, Michael W. Fletcher, Gary W. Flint,
Matt Forkapa, Karen E. Foster, Troy K. Fowler,
Donald E. Fowler, Jennifer J. Frank, Robert W. Frazier,
Kathleen Frederick, Patricia Galderio, Daniel E. Gallagher,
David A. Gansel, John R. Gardner, Brenda C. Getz,
Bonnie K. Gorski, James P. Gourley, Sandra L. Grace,
Robyn C. Green, David D. Gregory, Sharon Grimm,
Vivian Grimsley, Debra Gullickson, Joann M. Hale,
Joseph L. Hall Sr., James L. Harris, John F. Hausen,
Donna Hazelip, Kenneth R. Heizer, Dale A. Heppner,
David Hercules, John J. Hereshko, Tracy Hill,
Patricia A. Holt, Imre Horvath, Kim Hricko,
Dana M. Hudson, Donna J. Huelsman, William S.
Hundsdorf, Todd L. Huston, Peggy A. Huwig, Michael
Kelly Irwin, Tracy Jablonske, Frederick Jacobs, Nancy J.
Jessel, Madelyn Johanyak, Marlene Johns, George F.
Johns, Ralph Johnson, William L. Jones, Ronald W.
Kammer, Thomas P. Kanesky, Marie T. Kerg, Thomas
Kilroy, Gerald O. King, Melissa Kinsinger, Gloria Kinzig,
John Kirby, Alice M. Kissner, LeRoy N. Kline, Richard L.
Klotz III, Francis M. Kovach Jr., Clarence J. Krejci,
Cynthia C. Lacek, Kirk W. Lambert, Joseph E. Lamp, Bob
Largent, Patricia A. Latshaw, Grover E. Lawrence, Frank
D. Leatherman, Roselynn Leone, Wayne E. Lindblom,
Devon D. Logan, Mark Logan, Vickie L. Lohr, Samuel
Lopez, Lourdes Lopez, Marc Madden, Debra A. Magpoc,
Mary Kay Maihle, Fred Martz, Terrie Mast, Sharon Mauro,
Frederick McCloud, Michael G. McConnell, Norman E.
McFeeders, Robert C. Mehaffie, Sharon A. Meredith, Lana
L. Mieyal, Vincent Miller, Richard Miller, LaDonna Miller,
Patricia A. Millman, John L. Minute, Laverne K. Miozzi,
Patricia Mitchell, Ann Moody, Michelle K. Morgan, Alan R.
Moriarty, Cathy J. Moulin, Steven W. Murray, Mark R.
Muska, Phillip E. Nelson, Kenneth P. Nemeth, Marlin
Nester, Lori Nimnicht, Joseph H. O’Neill, Karen M.
Oakley, Marcia E. Orr, Charles R. Owens, Roger E. Paden,
Harold L. Pair, Albert Parker, Marilyn J. Parks, Pravin A.
Patel, Terry L. Peoples, Lisa Pettit, Holly K. Phipps,
2
Kenneth Phipps, Robert H. Pierson, Gregory J. Plasity,
Joanne M. Pratt, Cheryl Priebe, Margaret A. Pullin,
Thomas D. Purtell, Maxine Rak, Jeffrey E. Randall,
Brittany E. Reed, Kathy L. Reed, Jeff Reed, Lance Reep,
Debra V. Rhoad, Betty J. Riley, Thomas R. Rister, Angus
R. Robinson, Jerry L. Rose, Daniel J. Ross, Scott Roten,
Robin Roy, Debra Rumbaugh, Linda L. Runchey, Theresa
E. Sabatino, Peggy Sawyers, Willie J. Scott, Daniel A.
Sedlak, Patrick V. Seymour, Christopher Shane, Seth
Sherban, Joseph A. Sherbert Jr., Geraldine Shukait,
Robert Sines, Barbara A. Slade, Steve Smith, Larry Smith,
Elaine T. Snider, Theodore J. Snyder, Charity A. Spicer,
James Staats, Michael J. Stauder, Sharlene Stevens,
Shirley H. Stewart, Mark Stoughton, Barbara J.
Stoughton, Norman J. Suplicki, Linda M. Swihart, Lynette
Szymczyk, Darrell Tarver, Andrew S. Taylor, Patricia
Taylor, Valerie A. Terry, Debra S. Thomas, Eric
Thompson, Gary G. Tichy, Paul T. Tinch, Erik Toth,
Nicolinna Travaglini, Roger Tubbs Jr., Patricia A. Turley,
Judith M. Tyree, Kim VanBlaricum, Frank Villwock,
Louise Walunis, Michael T. Ward, Donald Watson, Brian
D. Watts, Susan Wendling, Lora R. Wheeler, Julie
Wiencek, Gladys M. Wilders, Williams Williams, James W.
Willis, Joseph P. Wilson, Brian C. Winland, John Yencho,
Danena Young, Jimmie D. Young,
*Appellants
*Pursuant to Rule 12(a) of the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure.
ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
(Dist. Court No. 00-CV-00171)
District Court Judge: Joseph J. Farnan, Jr.
Argued: March 5, 2002
Before: ALITO, RENDELL, and HALL,1
Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
1. The Honorable Cynthia Holcomb Hall, Circuit Judge for the Ninth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
3
(Opinion Filed: July 26, 2002)
Brain E. O’Connor (Argued)
Julie O. Veit
Willkie Farr & Gallagher
787 Seventh Avenue
New York, NY 10019
Deborah E. Spivack
Mark D. Collins
Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A.
One Rodney Square
Wilmington, DE 19899
Counsel for Appellee
Lawrence E. Oscar
Alan S. Kopit
Julie K. Zurn (Argued)
Hahn Loeser & Parks LLP
3300 BP Tower
200 Public Square
Cleveland, OH 44114
Robert D. Gary
Thomas R. Theado
Thomas A. Downie
Gary, Naegele & Theado
446 Broadway
Lorain, OH 44042
Morton Branzburgh
Klehr Harrison Harvey
Branzburgh & Ellers LLP
260 South Broad Street
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Steven K. Kortanek
Klehr Harrison Harvey
Branzburgh & Ellers LLP
919 N. Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19083
Counsel for Appellants
4
OPINION OF THE COURT
ALITO, Circuit Judge:
In this bankruptcy appeal, former employees of
Hechinger Investment Company and related entities
("Hechinger") contest an order under which certain
employee benefits are treated as administrative expenses
only to the extent that they are attributable to employment
services performed after Hechinger filed for relief under
Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. For the reasons stated
below, we affirm the order of the District Court.
I.
Hechinger operated 206 general home improvement
stores under a variety of names, including Hechinger,
Builders Square, and Home Quarters Warehouse. Due to
financial difficulties, Hechinger decided to close 34 of its
Builders Square Stores in February of 1999. In order to
liquidate the inventory of these stores, Hechinger held
"going out of business" sales. Wishing to ensure that each
store would retain experienced staff to run these sales,
Hechinger offered two types of special benefits (hereinafter
collectively "Stay-On Benefits"). First, Hechinger offered to
increase the percentage of "BHQ Time" for which an
employee would be paid on termination. Employees
accumulated BHQ Time (a combination of vacation, sick,
holiday, and personal days) at rates that varied based on
length of service. Employees not participating in the Stay-
On Benefits program, received payment for 50% of their
BHQ time upon termination. Under the Stay-On Benefits
program, however, employees were to be paid for 100% of
this time. Second, participating employees were to receive
severance pay in amounts that varied based on length of
service with the company. Full-time employees who had
completed at least nine months of continuous service as of
the date of termination were eligible to receive one week of
severance for each completed year of service, up to a
maximum of 13 weeks. To be eligible to receive any of these
enhanced benefits, however, an employee had to remain
5
with the company until the employee’s store was closed or
the employee was released by the company.
On June 11, 1999, Hechinger voluntarily filed petitions
for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. On
August 3, 1999, employees of the 34 closing Builders
Square stores ("employees") filed a motion in the United
States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware
requesting immediate payment of benefits owed under the
Stay-On Benefits plan as administrative expenses under 11
U.S.C. SS 503(b)(1)(A), 507(a)(1), and 105.
The Bankruptcy Court granted this relief only in part.
The Court apportioned both the BHQ time payments and
the severance pay between the period of pre- and post-
petition employment and treated only the latter as
administrative expenses. The District Court affirmed, and
this appeal followed.
We have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
S 158(d). Our review of the District Court’s decision
effectively amounts to review of the bankruptcy court’s
opinion in the first instance. See In re Telegroup, Inc., 281
F.3d 133, 136 (3d Cir. 2002). Interpretations of the
Bankruptcy Code are subject to plenary review. See In re
Abbotts Dairies, 788 F.2d 143, 147 (3d Cir. 1986). We
review a refusal to exercise jurisdiction under 11 U.S.C.
S 105 for an abuse of discretion. See Nordhoff Invs., Inc. v.
Zenith, 258 F.3d 180, 182 (3d Cir. 2001).
II.
The dispute between the parties is limited to the priority
to be afforded to the Stay-On Benefits claims. The
employees argue that the entirety of their claims qualify as
administrative expenses under S 503(b)(1)(A) because the
benefits were not "earned," i.e., employees could not expect
payment, until after the last day of business of the
individual store or the individual employee’s release date.
Each named employee completed employment after
Hechinger’s petition date. The employees contend that this
feature of the Stay-On Benefits distinguishes them from
conventional severance pay and that therefore this case is
not controlled by our precedents allowing administrative
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priority to claims for severance benefits only inasmuch as
the claims arose post-petition. Based on their contention
that the benefits at issue here were earned after the
petitions were filed, the employees argue that they are
administrative expenses under S 503(b)(1)(A).
Section 503(b) provides:
After notice and a hearing, there shall be allowed
administrative expenses, other than claims allowed
under section 502(f) of this title, including
(1)(A) the actual, necessary costs and expenses of
preserving the estate, including wages, salaries, or
commissions for services rendered after the
commencement of the case.
11 U.S.C. S 503(b) (emphasis added).
Under S 507, certain categories of expenses and claims
enjoy priority. Administrative expenses allowed under
S 503(b) receive first priority in the distribution of the assets
of the debtor’s estate. See 11 U.S.C. S 507(a)(1). In a
Chapter 11 case, a court cannot confirm a distribution plan
unless the plan provides full cash payment of allS 503(b)
administrative expense claims or the claim holder agrees to
different treatment. See 11 U.S.C. SS 943(b)(5),
1129(a)(9)(A).
The employees also argue that Hechinger will be unjustly
enriched if all Stay-On Benefits are not treated as
administrative expenses and that immediate payment of
their claims should be ordered under Bankruptcy Code
Section 105, 11 U.S.C. S 105.
III.
The employees’ principal argument is that the Stay-On
Benefits are entitled to administrative expense priority
because they were earned after the filing of the petition and
directly and substantially benefitted the estate. Noting that
employees qualified for these benefits only if they remained
until released, the employees state that these benefits "were
not earned ratably over time" but "were earned upon the
Employees’ release." Appellants’ Br. at 7 - 8. The employees
explain:
7
[T]he "Stay-On Benefits" are distinct from wages and
other traditional compensation benefits which
compensate employees for their daily work. This
separate element cannot be prorated between
prepetition and postpetition periods; no Stay-On
Benefits would be due and owing if an employee left
the employ of Hechinger before his/her release by
Hechinger.
Appellants’ Br. at 12. In addition, the employees argue that,
even if the Stay-On Benefits are treated like ordinary
severance benefits, the Stay-On Benefits must be classified
as administrative expenses because the employees’
consideration -- remaining in good standing at the time of
termination -- was furnished after the filing of the petition.
In analyzing the employees’ argument, we begin with the
language of Section 503(b)(1)(A). Under that provision, as
noted, "wages, salaries, or commissions for services
rendered after the commencement of the case" may be
allowed as administrative expenses. Thus, in order for the
Stay-On Benefits to qualify in toto, as the employees desire,
these benefits must have been "for services rendered after
the commencement of the case." It is apparent, however,
that all of the Stay-On Benefits cannot meet this
requirement. Suppose that the employees, after enlisting in
the Stay-On Benefits program, had absented themselves
from work until the moment when the bankruptcy petition
was filed and had then showed up professing a willingness
to remain on the job until release. The employees would
have been ready to perform all of the services to be
"rendered after the commencement of the case," but
because they had not rendered the specified services prior
to that point, they would not qualify for the Stay-On
Benefits (or, presumably, for continued employment with
the debtor).
Under the Stay-On Benefits program, the consideration
furnished by the employees was the work that they did
every day from the time when they agreed to the Stay-On
Benefits program until the closing of their stores or their
release by the company. Some of these services were
rendered before the bankruptcy case was commenced and
some were rendered after. Accordingly, it seems clear to us
8
that some sort of apportionment between the two periods is
needed.
The employees’ reliance on the date when the Stay-On
Benefits were to be paid -- at the end of the employees’
term -- is misplaced. Section 503(b)(1)(A) does not give
administrative priority to "wages, salaries, or commissions
due to be paid after the commencement of the case." It looks
to the time when the services were "rendered" not when
they were scheduled for payment. See e.g., In re Commercial
Fin. Servs., Inc., 246 F.3d 1291, 1295 (10th Cir. 2001) (to
determine administrative priority, courts look to"when the
acts giving rise to a liability took place, not when they
accrued") (quotation omitted); In re Sunarhauserman, Inc.,
126 F.3d 811, 818-19 (6th Cir. 1997) (same); In re
Continental Airlines, Inc., 148 B.R. 207, 212 (D. Del. 1992)
("Congress was quite specific about which wage claims were
to receive administrative priority . . . [and] made it clear
that the only wages which were to be given priority in
S 503(b)(1)(A) were those for services rendered post-
petition"); In re M Group, Inc, 268 B.R. 896, 900-02 (Bankr.
D. Del. 2001) (it was not determinative that the payment of
a lump sum severance was contingent on termination,
which occurred post-petition).
It is similarly irrelevant whether the services that the
employees performed prior to the filing of the petition
continued to benefit the debtor after the case was
commenced. Section 503(b)(1)(A) does not provide that
services that have the effect of benefitting the estate are
entitled to treatment as administrative expenses. (Such a
test would be unworkable because services rendered years
before the commencement of a bankruptcy case -- e.g.,
constructing the steps leading to the debtor’s principal
facility -- might well continue to result in benefit for the
estate during the post-petition period.) Instead,
S 503(b)(1)(A) refers to services that are"rendered after the
commencement of the case" and that are needed for the
purpose "of preserving the estate." An estate cannot be
preserved until it comes into existence, and as the
Bankruptcy Court observed, "[t]he estate does not exist
prepetition." App. 34.
9
We also note that the employees have not shown that the
work performed pre-petition represents an "actual,
necessary cost[ ] and expense[ ] of preserving the estate." 11
U.S.C. S 503(b)(1)(A). Hechinger’s closed the stores in an
attempt to remain liquid. It is easy to imagine a case in
which the pre-petition sale of inventory decreases the value
of the estate because inventory is sold at drastically
reduced prices in an attempt to remain liquid and avoid
bankruptcy. An expense incurred "in exchange for
something that is not beneficial to the estate cannot be
considered as an expense necessary for preserving the
estate." 2 Collier Bankruptcy Manual S 503-18 (3d ed.
2002). For all these reasons, it seems clear that some
method of allocation between the pre- and post-petition
periods must be used.
Under some circumstances, an argument that the
allocation should not be based strictly on the length of the
two periods might make sense. (Suppose that a company’s
business is seasonal, that the going wage varies based on
the season, and that the company would have paid different
daily wages if it had entered into contracts for two separate
periods of time.) But here, the employees do not argue that
the Bankruptcy Court used the wrong allocation method;
rather, they argue that no allocation was proper. We reject
that argument and thus have no occasion to consider
alternative methods of allocation.
The appellees argue, and we agree, that the decisions of
the District Court and the Bankruptcy Court are supported
by circuit precedent. Our Court first addressed the
classification of employment benefits as administrative
expenses in In re Public Ledger, Inc., 161 F.2d 762, 771-73
(3d Cir. 1947). In that case, several different types of
benefits were at issue. The first concerned vacation pay.
Under the company’s contract with one of its unions,
covered employees who worked for the full calendar year
received two weeks of paid vacation, while all others
received one day’s vacation with pay for each 26 days
worked. Id. at 765. The Court held that only the vacation
pay earned after the trustees took charged should be
classified as administrative expenses. Id. at 773. The Court
wrote:
10
[T]he vacation pay . . . earned before the trustees took
charge does not constitute wages as administration
expenses because the service was not given during the
reorganization period, and it follows logically that
vacation pay earned under the trustees’ management
does not constitute administration expense, and is
within the priority such status entitles it to enjoy.
Id. at 768.
Some of the company’s employees were also entitled to
severance pay in amounts that varied based on the length
of their employment. The Court held that these benefits,
like the vacation pay, should be allocated between the
periods before and after the beginning of the trustees’
management. Id. at 772.
The final type of benefit was based on a provision of a
contract entitling covered employees to two days’ notice
before layoff. Such notice was not given, and the Court held
that payment for the two days’ lost wages was an
administrative expense. Id. at 769. The court wrote that
this pay, "in that it moves to all employees regardless of
length of service, is held to be wages wholly earned and
accrued under the trustees’ management and, therefore is
entitled to priority as such." Id. at 770.
Using the Public Ledger framework, we have
distinguished between "(i) pay at termination in lieu of
notice; and (ii) pay at termination based on length of
employment," with the prior receiving administrative
expense priority and the latter receiving no additional
priority other than that allowed under S 507(a)(3). In re Roth
American, Inc., 975 F.2d 949, 957 (3d Cir. 1992) (quotation
omitted). Traditionally, pay at termination in lieu of notice
is allowed administrative expense priority because the
payments are made in consideration of quick departure
from employment after the petition date -- consideration
given after the petition. Severance pay at termination based
on length of employment is given in consideration of work
performed both pre- and post-petition, and thus not all
such pay is entitled to treatment as an administrative
expense. Id. at 958; see also In re Health Maintenance
Found., 680 F.2d 619, 621 (9th Cir. 1982); In re Mammoth
11
Mart, Inc., 536 F.2d 950, 955 (1st Cir. 1976); In re
Allegheny Int’l, Inc. 118 B.R. 276, 280 (Bank. W.D. Pa.
1990).
Numerous courts have followed Roth American’s
teachings that length-of-service severance pay should be
allowed administrative expense priority only to the extent
that the entitlement arose post-petition. See e.g. In re World
Sales, Inc., 183 B.R. 872 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1995) (the division
of severance benefits between pre- and post-petition
employment was appropriate); In re Wean Inc., 171 B.R.
528, 531-32 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 1994) (even though
employees were paid severance benefits only if they stayed
until their severance date, "portions of severance pay
attributable to services performed for Debtor post petition
[we]re entitled to administrative priority under Roth
American . . . Amounts in excess of the [service performed
post-petition] constitute unsecured claims"); In re Allegheny
Int’l, Inc., 118 B.R. at 280 (severance benefit tied to
seniority was awarded priority "only to the extent that it
was earned post-filing or within 90 days prior thereto"). But
see In re Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg,
Manley, Myerson & Casey, 160 B.R. 882, 890 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 1993) (when termination occurs post-petition,
severance pay is automatically classified as an
administrative expense regardless of the benefit to the
estate).
Under the Roth American taxonomy, the Stay-On Benefits
resemble length-of-service pay much more closely than
severance pay in lieu of notice. Under the Stay-On Benefits
plan, as noted, employees were obligated to provide services
both before and after the filing of the bankruptcy petition.
Under Roth American, severance pay claims"only have
administrative priority to the extent that they are based on
services provided to the bankruptcy estate post-petition."
975 F.2d at 757; see also In re Health Maintenance Found.,
680 F.2d at 621; In re Mammoth Mart, Inc., 536 F.2d at
953. Consequently, only the Stay-On Benefits attributable
to post-petition services are entitled to administrative
expense priority.
12
IV.
The employees’ remaining arguments do not require
lengthy discussion. The employees argue that the debtor
and its creditors will be unjustly enriched if all of the Stay-
On Benefits are not classified as administrative expenses.
According to the employees, this will allow "them to retain
the benefit of the [employees’] consideration without
expending the promised compensation." Appellants’ Br. at
22. The employees do not cite any provision of the
Bankruptcy Code in support of this argument, but they rely
on our decision in In re Visual Indus., Inc., 57 F.3d 321 (3d
Cir. 1995), and several bankruptcy court decisions.
In re Visual Indus., Inc. concerned Section 506(c) of the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. S 506(c), which provides that
"[t]he trustee may recover from property securing an
allowed secured claim the reasonable, necessary costs and
expenses of preserving, or disposing of, such property to
the extent of any benefit to the holder of such claim." The
employees do not explain how this provision can be applied
in the present case, and we see no basis for doing so. We
have considered all of the employees’ authorities but are
not persuaded that the decision of the Bankruptcy Court in
this case results in unjust enrichment or that there is a
ground under the Code for treating all of the Stay-On
Benefits as administrative expenses.
V.
The employees finally assert that immediate payment
should be ordered under 11 U.S.C. S 105, which provides:
The court may issue any order, process, or judgment
that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the
provisions of this title. No provision of this title
providing for the raising of an issue by a party in
interest shall be construed to preclude the court from,
sua sponte, taking any action or making any
determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or
implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an
abuse of process.
Here, where other provisions of the Code are specifically
controlling, the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its
13
discretion under S 105. See In re Arrowmill Dev. Corp., 211
B.R. 497, 505 n.9 (Bankr. D. N.J. 1997) ("section 105 does
not authorize relief inconsistent with more specific law")
(quotation and citations omitted). The Bankruptcy Court
determined "[t]o the extent that the clear language of S 503
relegates their claims to general prepetition status, an order
for immediate payment under S 105 is inappropriate," and
ordered that "[t]o the extent that S 503 and S 507 grant
administrative expense status to the Employees’ claims,
payment will be made according to the schedule of
payments for similar claims." App. at 396 n.8. This order is
a clear application of S 503 and does not represent an
abuse of discretion under S 105.
VI.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the
District Court.
A True Copy:
Teste:
Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
14