Matlijoska v. Atty Gen USA , 82 F. App'x 267 ( 2003 )

Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
11-7-2003
Matlijoska v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 02-4193
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
Case No: 02-4193
___________
MIRJANA MATLIJOSKA;
NAUME MATLIJOSKI;
GORAN MATLIJOSKI,
Petitioners
v.
JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY
GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES
___________
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF THE DECISION
OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
___________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
on November 4, 2003
Before: McKEE, SMITH, and WEIS, Circuit Judges,
(Filed: November 7, 2003)
___________
OPINION
___________
SMITH, Circuit Judge
I.
Mirjana Matlijoska and her two sons, Goran and Naume, seek review of the
Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of their asylum petitions. Ms. Matlijoska is a native of
Serbia, and a citizen of Macedonia. Both her sons are citizens of Macedonia. Ms.
Matlijoska first entered the country in 1990 following her then husband, who had entered
the country the previous year. In 1992 she returned to Macedonia to bring her sons to the
United States. Ms. Matlijoska and her sons entered the United States together on
September 5, 1992. App. at 267-72. On April 2, 1993, Ms. Matlijoska, her then husband,
and their two sons filed petitions for asylum. App. at 57, 211-16, 202-10, 124-42.1 In
March 2000, Ms. Matlijoska and her husband were divorced.2 It was not until July of
2000 that the Office of Political Asylum interviewed Ms. Matlijoska regarding her
petition. On July 21, 2000, the INS issued separate notices to appear, charging petitioners
with removability under § 237(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act, 8
U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). Petitioners requested asylum, withholding of removal under the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). and withholding of removal under the
1
The government seems to imply, based on the manner in which it sequences the facts, that
the petitioners did not apply for asylum until after they received notices to appear on July 27,
2000. That is not the case. Petitioners applied for asylum within seven months of entering the
United States in September 1992, and the INS waited until 2000 to act upon the applications.
2
Mr. Matlijoska’s whereabouts and immigration status are unknown. Neither issue is
pertinent to this appeal.
2
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (“Torture Convention”).
At the hearing before the IJ, Ms. Matlijoska testified that in 1991 her home in
Macedonia was burned down by persons she believed to be Albanians. Her son Naume
testified that he had been present along with his mother when the house was burned
down. Ms. Matlijoska testified that another reason for her flight was that she was afraid
that her sons, who were 17 and 12 at the time of their entry into the United States, would
be drafted into the Macedonian army. She explained that she was afraid of returning to
Macedonia, because she had nothing there.
In the final hearing, the IJ issued an oral ruling, denying petitioners’ applications
for asylum. Although the IJ found Ms. Matlijoska’s testimony credible, he noted that
there was no evidence other than her own testimony that her home in Macedonia was
burned down. The IJ determined that none of the reasons provided by petitioners rose to
the level required for asylum. Instead, nothing in the country conditions report indicated
that Albanians were outside the control of the Macedonian government, nor that they had
an effect on civilians. The IJ also found that young men of Naume’s and Goran’s ages
were not likely to be drafted into the Macedonian army, and that even if they had been,
Macedonia was at not war, so that it was unlikely that either Naume or Goran would be
involved in an armed conflict. Although he acknowledged that it was unfortunate that the
law required the Matlijoskas to leave the United States and return to a country where they
3
would be without property, the IJ could see no alternative to removal. The IJ found the
Matlijoskas to be people of good character and granted them voluntary departure. The
BIA affirmed the IJ without opinion.
II.
The INA, 8 U.S.C. §§ 208(a) and 241(b)(3) gave the IJ subject matter jurisdiction.
The BIA had appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(b)(3). This court has
jurisdiction over the BIA’s decision pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). Where the BIA
affirms an IJ’s decision without opinion we review the IJ’s determination directly.
Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 n.2 (3d Cir. 2001). An IJ’s determination that
petitioners did not meet their burden is reviewable on a substantial evidence standard.
Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483 (3d Cir. 2001). The IJ’s determination is
conclusive unless “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the
contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(4)(B). We may reverse the IJ’s findings on furture
persecution only where “the evidence presented by [petitioner] was such that a reasonable
factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution existed.” INS v.
Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992). Similarly, with claims of past persecution “we
must ascertain whether the [IJ’s] factual determinations are supported by substantial
evidence . . . ” and “we may decline to uphold the [IJ’s] findings only if the evidence
compels a contrary conclusion.” Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214, 216-17 (3d Cir. 2003)
4
(internal citations omitted).
III.
Asylum is proper where an alien can show that she qualifies as a refugee who is
unable or unwilling to return to her home country because of “persecut[ion] or who has a
well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in
a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). A refugee
claiming a well founded fear of persecution must show both that she is subjectively afraid
that upon returning to her home country she will be persecuted and that this fear is
objectively reasonable. INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 430-31 (1987). Where
petitioners demonstrate past persecution, they are presumed to have a well-founded fear
of persecution. Abdille, 242 F.3d at 496; 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). When petitioners’
application relies on fear of future persecution, he or she must show a well-founded
subjective fear, which is “supported by objective evidence that persecution is a reasonable
possibility.” Lin v. INS, 238 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2001). If an applicant cannot meet the
standard for asylum, it is assumed that the applicant cannot meet the higher standard for
withholding removal. Id. at 443-44; Janusiak v. INS, 947 F.2d 46, 47 (3d Cir. 1991).3
3
Withholding removal is appropriate where “the Attorney General determines that such alien's
life or freedom would be threatened in such country on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h)(1). An
applicant for withholding of removal under the Torture Convention bears the burden of
establishing “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the
proposed country of removal.” Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 174-175 (3d Cir. 2002)
5
The burden is on the petitioner to show that she meets the requirements for asylum. Li Wu
Lin v. INS, 238 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2001). Here, petitioner brings claims of past
persecution and future persecution. She must, therefore, establish that the past conduct
rises to the level of persecution and that the persecution is likely to continue into the
future. Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214 (3d Cir. 2003); 8 C.F.R. § 208.13.
Ms. Matlijoska provided only two reasons that she fears persecution in
Macedonia.4 First, her home was burned down by individuals she believed to be
Albanians. Second, at the time that the Matlijoskas left Macedonia, she was afraid that
her sons would be drafted into the military. The IJ found that, even if he were to accept
these assertions as true, they do not constitute grounds for asylum.
The dispositive question, then, is whether the IJ was correct that neither of these
circumstances rises to the level of “persecution” defined by § 1101(a)(42)(A).
Persecution is a “seemingly broader concept than threats to life or freedom.” INS v.
Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 428 n.22 (1984).5 It is not, however, a limitless concept, as
(quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)).
4
Ms. Matlijoska suggests a third reason–that she is afraid to return to Macedonia because she
has nothing left there. Although unfortunate, this is not an appropriate basis for an asylum claim.
5
Petitioners would have the court root its definition in the Handbook on Procedures and
Criteria for Determining Refugeee Status (Geneva, 1992). Although the Handbook may be
useful, petitioners agree that it does not have the force of law in the United States. INS v.
Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 427 (1999). As the Supreme Court explained in Aguirre, the
purpose of the Handbook is to give guidance, not make law. It is unclear from petitioners’ brief,
however, what the standard would be under the Handbook, and whether petitioners would meet
that standard. There is no reason, then, for us to address this assertion.
6
explained by this Court in Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993):
[T]he concept of persecution does not encompass all treatment that our
society regards as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional. If
persecution were defined that expansively, a significant percentage of the
world’s population would qualify for asylum in this country– and it seems
most unlikely that Congress intended such a result.
Persecution must be “extreme conduct” in order to qualify for asylum protection. Id at
1240 n.10. There is ample case law from which to draw the outer limits.6
Before addressing the question of whether the burning of petitioners’ house by
Albanians rises to the level of persecution, we must address the IJ’s statement that “[w]e
have no evidence that the house was burnt.” What the IJ apparently meant was that
petitioners had not offered corroborating evidence on this point. But we have held that it
is difficult for those individuals who flee persecution to provide the requisite
corroboration necessary to prove persecution. Senathirajah v. INS, 157 F.3d 210, 215-16
(3d Cir. 1998). As explained in Senathirajah,
Common sense establishes that it is escape and flight, not litigation and
6
Compare Ahmed, 341 F.3d at 214 (discrimination against stateless Palestinians in Saudi
Arabia does not constitute persecution), Skalak v. INS, 944 F.2d 364, 365 (7th Cir 1991) (two
incidents where petitioner was jailed for questioning for three days after political activity
insufficient to show persecution), Kubon v. INS, 913 F.2d 386, 388 (7th Cir. 1990) (no
persecution found where petitioner was detained for five days for transporting literature for a
revolutionary organization), and Zalega v. INS, 916 F.2d 1257 (7th Cir 1990) (petitioner was not
persecuted when repeatedly arrested, interrogated, fired from employment, and parents
questioned when he left for the United States), with Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 472 (3d
Cir. 2003) (repeated sexual abuse, including gang rape along with brutal murder of family
members sufficient to show persecution), and Lin, 238 F.3d at 244 (repeated attempts by Chinese
government to arrest petitioner for student demonstrations after 700 students were killed at
Tiananmen Square constituted reasonable fear of persecution).
7
corroboration, that is foremost in the mind of an alien who comes to these
shores fleeing detention, torture and persecution. Accordingly,
corroboration is not required to establish credibility. The law allows one
seeking refugee status to “prove his persecution claim with his own
testimony if it is credible.”
Id. (quoting Mosa v. Rogers, 89 F.3d 601, 604 (9th Cir. 1996)). Thus, an individual
wishing to establish past persecution may do so simply through her own testimony, where
the IJ finds the individual credible. The IJ’s decision states that he found Ms. Matlijoska
and Naume credible. It was improper, therefore, for the IJ to require corroboration that
the petitioners’ house was burned down.
However, the IJ’s determination that there was no evidence to support the
petitioners’ claim that Albanians burned the house is supported by the record. Ms.
Matlijoska did not explain why she believed that it was Albanians who had burned down
her home. Naume testified that he did not know that the house was on fire until a
neighbor came over and informed them. Thus, the petitioners themselves did not provide
the IJ with sufficient evidence that Albanians, as opposed to some other group or
individual, were responsible for burning Petitioners’ house. Furthermore, the country
conditions report available to the court indicates through numerous examples where
ethnic Albanians, not Macedonians, have been victims of abuse. The IJ, then, had ample
reason to reject petitioners’ suggestion that Albanians had burned down their home.
The IJ concluded that, even if he were to accept Ms. Matlijoska’s testimony that
Albanians burned down her home, this does not constitute persecution. We agree. Where
8
persecution is alleged to have occurred at the hands of a group that is not part of the
government, that group must be shown to be beyond the control of the government. See
Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 494 (3d Cir. 1991); Elnager v. INS, 930 F.2d 784, 787
(9th Cir. 1991). There was no such evidence presented to the IJ. Nothing in Ms.
Matlijoska’s testimony, nor in Naume’s testimony, supports a finding that ethnic
Albanian factions were beyond the control of the Macedonian government. The IJ was
correct, then, that even a finding that the petitioners’ home was burned by ethnic
Albanians would not rise to the level of persecution.7
Ms. Matlijoska also seeks asylum because at the time of her flight, she was
concerned that her sons would be drafted into the Macedonian Army. She gave no
explanation as to why she feared their service in the Macedonian Army. Compulsory
military service by itself falls short of persecution. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 482;
Kaveh-Haghigy v. INS, 783 F.2d 1321, 1323 (9th Cir. 1986). Because petitioners failed
to provide any evidence, testimonial or otherwise, as to why it was appropriate to believe
that Naume and Goran, then 17 and 12 years old, would be drafted into the military, or
that their conscription would lead to anything other than routine military service, they
failed to meet their burden to show persecution.
Additionally, petitioners argue that, even though they did not supply it, the IJ
7
Petitioner’s argument that they are part of a “social group” as defined by the United Nations,
and thus subject to persecution by ethnic Albanians is unpersuasive. Nothing in the record
supports the assertion that ethnic Albanians targeted petitioners because they were Macedonian.
9
should have obtained the country report on Macedonia. The country conditions report for
Macedonia, released by the State Department in February 2001, was available to the IJ
prior to M s. Matlijoska’s testimony and marked as exhibit number 7. App. at 84, 157-66.
Petitioners also assert that the IJ chastised them for omitting the country report.
Appellant’s Br. at 13. The IJ commented in his oral ruling that, “The respondent has
shown no country conditions in the year 1992, which would have indicated that either of
her sons would have been taken into the army at that time . . . .” App. at 62. The IJ was
not intimating, however, that petitioners had not provided any country conditions, but
rather that those country conditions provided did not support petitioners’ fears. A review
of that report indicates that he could have made an even stronger statement, that the
country report actually paints a picture of Albanians as suffering persecution at the hands
of Macedonians, not the other way around.
The IJ’s determination that no past persecution had occurred, nor that petitioners
have a well-founded fear of future persecution, is supported by the record viewed as a
whole. W e therefore affirm the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s decision.
TO THE CLERK:
Please file the foregoing Opinion.
/s/ D. Brooks Smith
Circuit Judge
10