United States v. Wilson ( 2007 )

Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
12-10-2007
USA v. Wilson
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 06-1063
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No: 06-1063
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
CHARLES WILSON
Appellant
Appeal from Judgment of Conviction
in Criminal No. 04-330 in the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(Crim. No. 04-cr-00330)
District Judge: Hon. Berle M. Schiller
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 23, 2007
Before: McKEE, AMBRO, Circuit Judges
and ACKERMAN, Senior District Judge*
(Filed December 10, 2007)
_____________________
OPINION
_____________________
McKEE, Circuit Judge
Charles Wilson appeals his convictions for illegal possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and possession of a controlled substance, in
*
Honorable Harold A. Ackerman, Senior United States District Judge for the District of
New Jersey sitting by designation.
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). For the following reasons, we will affirm.1
Because we write primarily for the parties who are familiar with this case, we will only
recite the factual and procedural background to the extent necessary to our discussion.
I. The Jury Instruction on Unanimity.
We review jury instructions for an abuse of discretion. United States v. McLaughlin, 386
F.3d 547, 551-52 (3d Cir. 2004). Wilson claims the district court erred in telling the jury: “you
have to be unanimous on whatever you do” when the jury asked whether one juror had “the right
to block an otherwise guilty decision.” Wilson contends that the instruction was erroneous
because it was coercive and improperly suggested that the jury had an obligation to reach a
unanimous decision without informing the jurors that a “hung jury” is an acceptable outcome
where unanimity can not be reached. We disagree.
Absent some evidence of coercion or confusion, the jury need not be specifically
informed that a unanimous verdict is not required. United States v. Price, 13 F.3d 711, 725 (3d
Cir. 1994). “The mere absence of such an instruction [that a hung jury is an acceptable result]
does not in and of itself suggest coercion.” Id. There is no evidence of confusion or coercion
on this record, and nothing to suggest that any juror would believe it was necessary to
compromise his/her view of the evidence to allow the jury to return a unanimous verdict.
Wilson mistakenly relies on United States v. Fioravanti in challenging the instruction.
There, we stated that judges should not direct a juror “to distrust his own judgment if he finds a
large majority of the jurors taking a view different from his.” 412 F.2d 407, 420 (3d Cir. 1969).
1
The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
However, Wilson ignores that here the judge here specifically told the jurors that they must
reach a unanimous verdict “if you can do so without violence to your own individual judgment.”
The court also explained that each juror’s “final vote must reflect your conscientious conviction
as to how issues should be decided.” Accordingly, Wilson’s claim of a coercive instruction is
without merit.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence and Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal.
Wilson argues that the evidence was not sufficient to support his conviction. Since
Wilson failed to file a timely motion for judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 29(c),2 our review is for plain error, and Wilson has the burden of establishing any
such error.3 United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 741 (1993). The evidence was clearly
sufficient to establish Wilson’s constructive possession of the .357 magnum.
Constructive possession is established when “a person who, although not in actual
possession, knowingly has both the power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion
or control over a thing, either directly or through another person or persons.” United States v.
Garth, 188 F.3d 99, 112 (3d Cir. 1999). Mere proximity is insufficient to establish intent to
exercise dominion and control over the item. United States v. Jenkins, 90 F.3d 814, 818 (3d Cir.
1996) (quoting United States v. Brown, 3 F.3d 673, 680 (3d Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S.
1017 (1993)).
2
To be timely, Wilson had to file his motion by May 26, 2005. It was not submitted
until May 31, 2005.
3
In order to demonstrate plain error Wilson must establish error, that was “plain” that
substantially affected his rights, and “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67 (1997)
(internal citations omitted) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993)). If he
establishes such error, we then have discretion to award relief. Id.
3
The .357 magnum was in Wilson’s bedroom in a residence where Wilson had been living
for four months. Access to his bedroom was controlled by locks on the door, and the evidence
supported a finding that only Wilson stayed in the bedroom. “Where a person is the sole
occupant of a room and has the right to exclude all others from it, it may logically be inferred
that he has knowing dominion and control over objects so situated in his room that he is likely to
be aware of their presence.” United States v. Bonham, 477 F.2d 1137, 1138 (3d Cir. 1973).
The gun was found in a “ready” position that was demonstrated at trial and established
that the gun was positioned so it could quickly and easily be retrieved. Moreover, it was clearly
visible from Wilson’s bed and could be reached without moving the adjacent dresser and was
visible without using a flashlight. This was sufficient to allow the jury to conclude that Wilson
intended to exercise dominion and control over that weapon.
Although Wilson testified that the gun was planted by the arresting officers, the jury
obviously rejected that testimony. Jurors also obviously disbelieved his testimony that he was
unaware of the gun’s existence. Thus, there was no error in denying his motion for judgment of
acquittal, and certainly no plain error.
III. Jury Instruction Regarding “Knowing” Possession
The district court did not err in failing to instruct the jury that Wilson could not be
convicted of “knowingly” possessing the three packets of cocaine if he momentarily possessed
those packets by mistake or accident or other innocent reason. Because Wilson did not challenge
the district court’s jury instruction on knowing possession at the time of trial, we again review
for plain error. Olano, 507 U.S. at 734, United States v. Antico, 275 F.3d 245, 265 (3d Cir.
2001); see also supra note 2 (explaining the plain error standard).
4
Wilson asserts that there was plain error because the instruction deprived him of the
defense of mistaken, accidental, or innocent possession in the context of constructive possession.
However, there is nothing on this record to suggest that his possession was innocent or mistaken.
Absent any such evidence, the defense of innocent or mistaken possession simply did not apply
here, and there was no reason for the court to give an extraneous instruction. The authority
Wilson attempts to rely on is not to the contrary. Wilson merely cites cases where we defined
such terms as “knowingly.” See, e.g., United States v. Palmieri, 21 F.3d 1265, 1273 (3d Cir.
1994) (defining “knowingly” as “with knowledge, that is, voluntarily and intentionally and not
because of mistake or accident or other innocent reason”); United States v. Agee, 597 F.2d 350,
360, 360 n.35 (3d Cir. 1979) (upholding a jury instruction without further explanation that
defined “knowingly” as “an act voluntarily and intentionally and not because of mistake,
accident or other innocent reason”). None of those cases suggests that such a charge must be
given in the absence of an appropriate foundation.
Moreover, assuming arguendo that the court erred in not giving such a charge here, the
error still would not rise to the level of “plain” error because, given the absence of any testimony
to support the charge, its omission would not “seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of [the] judicial proceedings[.]” See Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67
(1997).
IV. Mistrial
We also review the district court’s failure to grant a mistrial for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Weaver, 267 F.3d 231, 245 (3d Cir. 2001). Wilson claims the court erred in not
granting a mistrial based on the testimony of his parole officer, Akaga Campbell. She testified
that Wilson had recently been released from prison, that Wilson was an “offender,” and that he
5
had recently failed a urinalysis test. Wilson is particularly troubled by her statements informing
the jury of his positive urinalysis. However, the trial court immediately gave a cautionary
instruction, and gave another instruction pertaining to that testimony during the general charge.
The evidence was clearly relevant for a purpose other than Wilson’s character because the
officer was familiar with Wilson’s room and the layout of the house where he stayed. The
testimony was not introduced to inform the jury of his drug use, or for any other improper
purpose.
We “normally presume that a jury will follow an instruction to disregard inadmissible
evidence inadvertently presented to it, unless there is an ‘overwhelming possibility’ that the jury
will be unable to follow the court’s instructions . . . and a strong likelihood that the effect of the
evidence would be ‘devastating’ to the defendant . . . .” United States v. Fisher, 10 F.3d 115,
199 (3d Cir. 1993) (quoting Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756, 766 n.8 (1987) (citations omitted)).
We repeatedly have found that the proper remedy for improper testimony is a curative
instruction rather than a mistrial. See, e.g. United States v. Hakim, 344 F.3d 324, 326 (3d Cir.
2003) (holding a curative instruction sufficient to remove any prejudice resulting from improper
testimony regarding drug use).
Given the trial court’s instructions here, we can not conclude that Wilson has satisfied his
burden of showing that the jury could not have followed the instructions and instead considered
the evidence for an improper purpose.
V.
For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the conviction.
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