Just New Homes, Inc. v. Beazer Homes ( 2008 )


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  •                                                                                                                            Opinions of the United
    2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
    for the Third Circuit
    9-26-2008
    Just New Homes Inc v. Beazer Homes
    Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
    Docket No. 07-1518
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    Recommended Citation
    "Just New Homes Inc v. Beazer Homes" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 481.
    http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/481
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    NOT PRECEDENTIAL
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
    No. 07-1518
    JUST NEW HOMES, INC.; D. RICHARD TONGE,
    Appellants
    v.
    BEAZER HOMES; PULTE HOMES; TOLL BROTHERS;
    ELLIOT BUILDING GROUP LTD.; K. HOVNANIAN COMPANIES;
    KATZ BUILDERS & DEVELOPERS, INC.;
    MICHAEL ANTHONY HOMES; RYAN HOMES; SAL LAPIO HOMES;
    RICHMOND AMERICAN HOMES; C&M HOME BUILDERS, INC.;
    WEICHERT REALTORS; COLDWELL BANKER REALTY CORP.; RE/MAX 440
    REALTY, INC.; LONG & FOSTER REAL ESTATE, INC.; ERA WAYNE SLOTTER
    REALTY, INC.; HBA OF BUCKS & MONTGOMERY COUNTIES
    _________________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
    (D.C. Civil Action No. 05-cv-04198)
    District Judge: Honorable John P. Fullam
    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
    September 25, 2008
    Before: BARRY, AMBRO, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges
    (Opinion filed September 26, 2008)
    OPINION
    AMBRO, Circuit Judge
    Just New Homes, Inc., a buyer’s brokerage firm with an Internet-based business
    model, along with its President and CEO D. Richard Tonge (collectively, “Just New
    Homes”), brought this antitrust suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern
    District of Pennsylvania. It alleges that the defendant home builders refused to do
    business with it at the behest of the defendant realtors (in part through the activities of a
    trade association, which is also a defendant), who wished to stifle competition from Just
    New Homes. The District Court granted summary judgment to the defendants. We
    affirm.
    In 1999, Just New Homes launched its brokerage business with two main aspects.
    First, it employed a team of researchers to assemble a database of new-construction
    properties across 14 states and the District of Columbia. It created a website based on
    that database to attract prospective buyers to become clients. Second, it developed a
    system for registering prospective buyers as brokerage clients. This system, based on
    printable coupons that clients would submit to the builder or seller-broker, was designed
    to allow Just New Homes to represent its clients as a buyer-broker without being
    physically present at buyers’ initial visits to properties.
    Just New Homes alleges that the defendants—11 builders, 5 realtors, and the
    Home Builders Association of Bucks and Montgomery Counties (“HBA”), a trade
    association including both builders and realtors—conspired to boycott its services, in
    violation of the Sherman Act, 
    15 U.S.C. § 1
     (“Every contract, combination in the form of
    2
    trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce . . . is declared to be
    illegal.”). The defendants’ alleged refusal to deal with Just New Homes was effected
    through a physical presence requirement for buyer-brokers—to receive a commission, a
    buyer-broker must show up at the buyer’s first visit. The defendants justify this policy as
    a method of avoiding conflicts over sales commissions by verifying the buyer-broker’s
    identity in the presence of the buyer and the seller-broker.
    The District Court had jurisdiction over Just New Homes’ suit under 
    28 U.S.C. § 1337
    (a). We have appellate jurisdiction under 
    28 U.S.C. § 1291
    . We review the
    District Court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. AT&T Corp. v. JMC Telecom,
    LLC, 
    470 F.3d 525
    , 530 (3d Cir. 2006). We review the facts in the light most favorable to
    Just New Homes as the party opposing the motion, and we will uphold summary
    judgment for the defendants only if no genuine issue of material fact remains. 
    Id.
    In Rossi v. Standard Roofing, Inc., 
    156 F.3d 452
     (3d Cir. 1998), we explained that
    direct evidence would best overcome the usual “difficult[y] for the plaintiff to
    demonstrate that what the manufacturer or supplier did was inconsistent with independent
    action or that the claimed conspiracy makes economic sense,” 
    id. at 456
    . Circumstantial
    evidence can sometimes allow an antitrust plaintiff to survive summary judgment. 
    Id.
     at
    465–66. But when presented with circumstantial evidence alone we evaluate the
    plaintiff’s claim under a more rigorous standard, hence requiring facially implausible
    claims (such as those that make no economic sense) to be accompanied by “‘ more
    persuasive evidence’” than otherwise required. See 
    id.
     at 466 (citing and quoting from
    3
    Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 
    475 U.S. 574
    , 587 (1986)).
    Just New Homes argues that it has successfully presented direct evidence of a
    horizontal group boycott. We disagree. Just New Homes alleges that the physical
    presence requirement was enforced through a standard form agreement including that
    requirement and distributed by the HBA to builders. Yet the record shows that the form
    was created in 1996, three years before Tonge founded Just New Homes. Just New
    Homes selectively quotes from the deposition of Steven Katz, owner of defendant Katz
    Builders and Developers, Inc., to argue that the defendants acted in concert to create the
    form. But Katz stated that “You did not have to follow [the form]. . . . There was no
    punishment if you didn’t use it.”
    In addition, Just New Homes cites a letter from Joseph J. Tarantino, Jr., President
    of Continental Realty Co., Inc. (Continental is not among the defendants in this case.)
    Tarantino’s letter states that the physical presence requirement “has been followed by all
    Brokers associated with the Montgomery County Association of Realtors and other
    associations as well.” But the letter, dated August 2000, goes on to state that the policy
    was 15 years old, undermining Just New Homes’ claim that the policy reflects a
    concerted refusal to deal with it.
    Just New Homes also mentions statements heard by Tonge at two meetings, one of
    the HBA and one of the local chapter of the National Association of Realtors. It
    attributes neither statement to any particular individual, however, leaving us with no
    evidence that a representative of one of the defendants made those statements. The fact
    4
    that Just New Homes sent a letter to the HBA objecting to what it considered to be a
    collusive policy, enforced by the trade association, is not evidence of the defendants’
    activity.
    Because the direct evidence cited by Just New Homes does not support its
    allegations, we do not treat its claim under a per se rule. Instead, we apply a rule of
    reason. Rossi, 
    156 F.3d at
    461–63. Just New Homes must rely on circumstantial
    evidence to prove all four of the following elements of an antitrust violation (rather than
    just the first and the fourth, as would be the case under a per se rule):
    (1) that the defendants contracted, combined or conspired
    among each other; (2) that the combination or conspiracy
    produced adverse, anti-competitive effects within the relevant
    product and geographic markets; (3) that the objects of and
    the conduct pursuant to that contract or conspiracy were
    illegal; and (4) that the plaintiffs were injured as a proximate
    result of that conspiracy.
    
    Id.
     at 464–65 (quoting Tunis Bros. Co., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 
    763 F.2d 1482
    , 1489 (3d
    Cir. 1985), vacated on other grounds, Ford Motor Co. v. Tunis Bros. Co., Inc., 
    475 U.S. 1105
     (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    The circumstantial evidence that Just New Homes has offered cannot prove the
    first three of these four elements. On the most basic level, no evidence exists in the
    record of conspiracy or collusion among the defendants. Moreover, Just New Homes
    itself describes the adoption and enforcement of the physical presence requirement as
    “gradual[].” Just New Homes Br. at 9. This description—and the facts in the record
    failing to show any collusion among or simultaneous actions taken by the defendants—do
    5
    not lend any support to a conclusion that the defendants acted other than independently.1
    See Rossi, 
    156 F.3d at
    466–67.
    Just New Homes argues that the realtor defendants used their market power to
    pressure the home-builder defendants. But the evidence of market power in this case is
    not specific to the region. The economic expert offered by Just New Homes merely
    mentioned an informal rule about the market share that the top 20 defendant realtors in a
    typical realty market in the United States might have. (Besides, only 11 realtors are
    defendants in this case.) Such weak evidence cannot establish the second element.
    Finally, we see no evidence in the record supporting the third element.
    Membership in a trade association, without more, does not violate the antitrust laws. See,
    e.g., American Structures, Inc. v. Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Md., 
    545 F. Supp. 1021
    , 1026
    (E.D. Pa. 1982). Moreover, the defendants have offered a legitimate justification for the
    physical presence requirement, i.e., the need to avoid conflicts over which broker has
    earned a sales commission.
    For these reasons, we affirm the District Court’s grant of the defendants’ motion
    for summary judgment.
    1
    For this reason, the claim is deficient even under a per se analysis.
    6