Brightful v. Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency (In Re Brightful) , 267 F.3d 324 ( 2001 )

Opinions of the United
2001 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
10-3-2001
In Re: Brightful
Precedential or Non-Precedential:
Docket 00-1250
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Recommended Citation
"In Re: Brightful" (2001). 2001 Decisions. Paper 226.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2001/226
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Filed October 3, 2001
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
NO. 00-1250
IN RE: PATRICIA A. BRIGHTFUL
PATRICIA A. BRIGHTFUL
v.
PENNSYLVANIA HIGHER EDUCATION ASSISTANCE
AGENCY; SALLIE MAE TRUST; FIRST UNION BANK
CHRISTINE SHUBERT, ESQ., Chapter 7 Trustee;
FREDERICK BAKER, ESQ., U.S. TRUSTEE,
Trustees
Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance
Agency ("PHEAA"),
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil No. 99-cv-06348)
District Judge: Honorable Marvin Katz
Argued April 17, 2001
Before: ALITO, RENDELL and FUENTES, Circuit Ju dges,
(Filed: October 3, 2001)
Jason L. Swartley, Esq.
Byron F. Walker, Esq. [ARGUED]
Pennsylvania Higher Education
Assistance Agency
1200 North 7th Street
Harrisburg, PA 17102
Counsel for Appellant
Pennsylvania Higher Education
Assistance Agency
Henry J. Sommer, Esq. [ARGUED]
Miller, Frank & Miller
21 South 12th Street
640 PSFS Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Counsel for Appellee
Patricia A. Brightful
OPINION OF THE COURT
RENDELL, Circuit Judge.
The Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency
("PHEAA") appeals the District Court's affirmance of the
Bankruptcy Court's decision to discharge Patricia
Brightful's student loan obligations. The issue presented by
this appeal is whether Brightful's student loans burden her
with an "undue hardship" that would render them
dischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. S 523(a)(8). Applying
the three-pronged test we adopted in In re: Faish, 72 F.3d
298 (3d Cir. 1995), we hold that Brightful's student loans
do not constitute an "undue hardship," and will reverse the
District Court.
I. Facts and Procedural Background
This case arises out of an adversary proceeding filed by
Brightful, seeking a determination that her student loans
are dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. S 523(a)(8) because
repayment of the loans would cause "undue hardship." On
November 8, 1999, after a hearing on the merits, the
Bankruptcy Court ruled that the loans were dischargeable.
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PHEAA appealed, and the District Court affirmed the
Bankruptcy Court's decision on February 28, 2000, based
solely upon the Bankruptcy Court's Order and
Memorandum. PHEAA now appeals the District Court's
order.1
The Bankruptcy Court made the following findings of
fact. At the time of the Bankruptcy Court proceedings,
Brightful was a 46-year-old single mother of a 14-year-old
daughter. Due to their eviction from their former residence
on July 19, 1999, Brightful and her daughter reside with
Brightful's sister in a crowded three-bedroom home. The
Bankruptcy Court characterized Brightful's living situation
as "sub-marginal by any standards."
The Bankruptcy Court noted that Brightful has no
degree, but has completed the equivalent of two years of
college education. Most recently, she attended the New
School for Social Research in New York City, but she has
also attended the Community College of Philadelphia,
Temple University, and Pierce Junior College. During the
late 1980's and early 1990's, Brightful was employed full-
time as a legal secretary at the Dechert law firm in
Philadelphia. Since the early 1990's, she has worked part-
time at Dechert. At the time of the hearing, Brightful was
paid $18 per hour for her work at Dechert, but was only
working nine to 30 hours per month, and estimated that
she would earn approximately $8,500 in 1999. During
1998, she earned $20,000 at Dechert. Additionally, the
Bankruptcy Court remarked that Brightful had filed sexual
discrimination and sexual harassment charges against
Dechert in 1998.
The Bankruptcy Court described Brightful as "very
intelligent" and "physically healthy." However, the court
also determined that Brightful had "glaring psychiatric
problems" and that she was "emotionally unstable." The
court noted that Brightful had made two suicide attempts,
one in the last year. The court concluded that it was
_________________________________________________________________
1. We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 158(d).
The Bankruptcy Court had jurisdiction over the original adversary
proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 157(b), and the District Court had
jurisdiction over the first appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 158(a).
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unlikely that Brightful would ever attain her college degree,
and that Brightful lacked useful vocational training. Finally,
the court determined that Brightful's pursuit of sexual
discrimination charges against Dechert had both scarred
her future prospects with that firm and accounted for the
sharp reduction in her income in 1999 as compared to
1998.
II. Standard of Review
The trier of fact in this case was the Bankruptcy Court,
not the District Court. Therefore "[w]e are in as good a
position as the district court to review the findings of the
bankruptcy court, so we review the bankruptcy court's
findings by the standards the district court should employ,
to determine whether the district court erred in its review."
Fegeley v. United States, 118 F.3d 979, 982 (3d Cir. 1997)
(quoting Universal Minerals, Inc. v. C.A. Hughes & Co., 669
F.2d 98, 102 (3d Cir. 1981)). We must accept the
Bankruptcy Court's findings of fact unless they are clearly
erroneous, but we exercise plenary review over legal issues.
Id. We therefore exercise plenary review over the
Bankruptcy Court's application of our three-pronged Faish
test to the facts of this case. See Brunner v. New York State
Higher Educ. Servs. Corp., 831 F.2d 395, 396 (2d Cir. 1987)
(noting that whether debtor suffers "undue hardship" under
11 U.S.C. S 523(a)(8) is a conclusion regarding the legal
effect of the bankruptcy court's factual findings).
III. Discussion
The Bankruptcy Code provision at issue provides that:
(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a),
1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an
individual debtor from any debt -- . . .
(8) for an educational benefit overpayment or loan
made, insured or guaranteed by a governmental unit,
or made under any program funded in whole or in part
by a governmental unit or nonprofit institution, or for
an obligation to repay funds received as an educational
benefit, scholarship or stipend, unless excepting such
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debt from discharge under this paragraph will impose
an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor's
dependents;
11 U.S.C. S 523(a)(8) (emphasis added).
In In re: Faish, 72 F.3d 298 (3d Cir. 1995), we analyzed
this statutory section in detail.2 We noted the difficulty in
applying the "undue hardship" exception of 11 U.S.C.
S 523(a)(8), because the drafters of the Bankruptcy Code
did not define "undue hardship." Id. at 302. As a result, we
had to look to the legislative purpose behind 11 U.S.C.
S 523(a)(8) for guidance. Ultimately, we adopted the Second
Circuit's three-pronged test for determining "undue
hardship," found in Brunner v. New York State Higher
Education Services Corp., 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987),
because the Brunner test was the "most logical and
workable of the established tests" for assessing"undue
hardship." Faish, 72 F.3d at 306.
Under this test, "undue hardship" requires a three-part
showing: (1) that the debtor cannot maintain, based on
current income and expenses, a minimal standard of living
for herself and her dependents if forced to repay the loans;
(2) that additional circumstances exist indicating that this
state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of
the repayment period for student loans; and (3) that the
debtor has made good faith efforts to repay the loans. Id. at
304-05. The debtor has the burden of establishing each
element of this test by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
at 306; see also Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 291 (1991)
(holding that "the standard of proof for the dischargeability
exceptions in 11 U.S.C. S 523(a) is the ordinary
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard"). If one of the
elements of the test is not proven, the inquiry must end
there, and the student loans cannot be discharged. Faish,
72 F.3d at 306. Moreover, this test must be strictly
construed: equitable concerns or other extraneous factors
_________________________________________________________________
2. At the time that Faish was decided, the "undue hardship" exception
appeared in 11 U.S.C. S 523(a)(8)(B). In 1998, Congress amended the
statute by incorporating this exception into 11 U.S.C. S 523(a)(8). This
change is irrelevant to our analysis, however, because the language of
the two versions is exactly the same.
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not contemplated by the test may not be imported into the
analysis of "under hardship." Id.
Applying this test to Brightful's situation, we must first
determine whether she has met her burden of
demonstrating that she cannot maintain, based on current
income and expenses, a minimal standard of living for
herself and her dependent daughter if forced to repay the
loans. We note that this inquiry is made difficult by the fact
that the Bankruptcy Court made no factual findings
regarding Brightful's expenses. Brightful did submit some
information and testified briefly regarding her expenses, but
PHEAA contends that much of this information is
inaccurate, incomplete and undocumented.
For its part, the Bankruptcy Court appeared merely to
assume that Brightful could not maintain a "minimal"
standard of living because her 1999 income, which the
court estimated at $8,500, was so low. While this might be
a reasonable assumption, it is also true that Brightful
earned significantly more money in 1998 ($20,000), is not
on public assistance, and apparently has no significant
housing expenses because she is living in her sister's home.
Furthermore, in its November 8, 1999 order, the
Bankruptcy Court did not even mention the amount of
Brightful's loan payments. Our own examination of the
record, however, reveals that as of October 20, 1999,
Brightful's student loan indebtedness totaled $52,261.70 in
principal and interest, which corresponds to a loan
payment of $626 per month over the ten year life of the loans.3
Despite the dearth of information regarding Brightful's
expenses, we nonetheless will assume, for the sake of
argument, that at the time of the Bankruptcy Court
proceedings, Brightful could not make her student loan
payments and still maintain a minimal standard of living
for herself and her daughter. As detailed below, we think it
clear that Brightful has failed to meet her burden under the
second prong of the Faish test, and thus we will not
_________________________________________________________________
3. PHEAA points out, however, that Brightful is eligible to consolidate
her
student loans for a period of twenty-five years, which apparently would
reduce her monthly payments to $355.57.
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concern ourselves with the deficient state of the record
regarding the first prong.
Under the second element of the test, Brightful must
prove that additional circumstances exist indicating that
she cannot maintain a minimal standard of living for a
significant portion of the repayment period if forced to
repay her loans. This is a demanding requirement. As we
indicated in Faish, it is not enough for Brightful to
demonstrate that she is currently in financial straits;
rather, she must prove "a total incapacity . . . in the future
to pay [her] debts for reasons not within[her] control." Id.
at 307 (quoting In re: Brunner, 46 B.R. 752, 758 (S.D.N.Y.
1985)). In other words, "dischargeability of student loans
should be based upon the certainty of hopelessness, not
simply a present inability to fulfill financial commitment."
Brunner, 46 B.R. at 755 (quoting In re: Briscoe, 16 B.R.
128, 131 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1981)); see also In re: Ballard, 60
B.R. 673, 675 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 1986) (explaining that "[a]
finding of undue hardship is reserved for the exceptional
case and requires the presence of unique or extraordinary
circumstances which would render it unlikely that the
debtor ever would be able to honor his obligations").
As noted earlier, the Bankruptcy Court concluded that
Brightful most likely would never attain her college degree,
lacks useful vocational training, suffers glaring psychiatric
problems, is emotionally unstable, and that her pursuit of
sexual discrimination charges against Dechert had both
scarred her future prospects with that firm and accounted
for the sharp reduction in her income in 1999 as compared
to 1998. On the basis of these factual findings, the court
believed that there was a "substantial likelihood that
[Brightful's] sub-marginal economic circumstances will
persist for many years, probably for the rest of her life," and
that therefore she had satisfied the second prong of the
Faish test.
At the outset, we think the Bankruptcy Court's finding
that Brightful lacks useful vocational training is clearly
erroneous. It is undisputed that Brightful has worked for
over a decade in both a full-time and part-time capacity as
a legal secretary at Dechert. As part of this employment,
she is trained to operate office equipment and computer
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software. Brightful has never suggested that she lacked the
skills to perform the duties of a legal secretary-- indeed,
such a suggestion would contradict the fact that she
currently holds that position, albeit in a part-time capacity.
Thus, we reject the Bankruptcy Court's unsupported
conclusion that Brightful lacks useful vocational training.
Similarly, we reject the Bankruptcy Court's conclusions
that Brightful's pursuit of sexual discrimination charges
against Dechert had both scarred her future prospects with
that firm and accounted for the sharp reduction in her
income in 1999 as compared to 1998. During the
Bankruptcy Court proceedings, neither the circumstances
surrounding Brightful's sexual discrimination charges nor
the consequences flowing from these charges were
adequately explored. Rather, as the Bankruptcy Court
noted in the beginning of its opinion, the circumstances
surrounding the charges were "unexplained." There is
simply no basis in the record for the Bankruptcy Court's
conclusion that Brightful was the victim of retaliation for
bringing charges against Dechert. Indeed, such a
conclusion would seem to be contradicted by Brightful's
continued employment at Dechert a higher rate of pay ($18
per hour) than she received prior to filing her charges. In
any event, the Bankruptcy Court's conclusions on this
matter were purely speculative, and accordingly, we reject
them.4
_________________________________________________________________
4. Furthermore, even were we to accept the Bankruptcy Court's
conclusions, they would not support a finding of"additional
circumstances" indicating that Brightful cannot maintain a minimal
standard of living for a significant portion of her loan repayment period.
If Brightful's employment prospects at Dechert were foreclosed, it would
be her responsibility to diligently pursue employment elsewhere --
something that the record indicates she has not done, as evidenced by
her failure to have a current resume and her inability to recall the
names of temporary employment agencies that she allegedly contacted in
the past. See, e.g., In re: Greco, 251 B.R. 670, 677 (Bankr. E.D. Pa.
2000) (holding that the debtor had failed to meet her burden under the
second prong of Faish because "[t]he testimony offered by the Debtor at
trial does not reveal a diligent effort on her part to secure a stable,
salaried job," and "the Debtor has not demonstrated any efforts to seek
employment in another field").
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The Bankruptcy Court gave great weight to Brightful's
alleged emotional and psychiatric infirmities, concluding
from Brightful's testimony that she was emotionally
unstable and that she had "glaring" psychiatric problems.
We think these findings have some support in the record,
especially considering that Brightful has apparently
attempted suicide twice in her life. PHEAA argues, however,
that such findings require expert testimony, and cannot be
made simply on the basis of the debtor's testimony. We
disagree. It was appropriate for the Bankruptcy Court, as
the trier of fact, to assess Brightful's testimony and draw
reasonable conclusions regarding her mental and emotional
state. E.g., In re: Cline, 248 B.R. 347, 350 (B.A.P. 8th Cir.
2000) (explaining that "[t]here is no reason to view the trial
court's findings [regarding the debtor's emotional state] as
unreliable merely because no expert evidence was
introduced").
What is missing from the Bankruptcy Court's analysis,
however, is any discussion of the nature of Brightful's
emotional and psychiatric problems, or how these problems
prevent her from being gainfully employed. The Bankruptcy
Court seems to have merely assumed that Brightful's
emotional and psychiatric problems would automatically
preclude her from holding full-time employment. Yet
Brightful's testimony, while perhaps supporting the general
conclusion that she has emotional and psychiatric
problems, is notable for its lack of detail. It contains no
explanation of the precise nature of her problems, and no
explanation of how her condition would impair her ability to
work as a legal secretary. Nor does she claim that her
problems have greatly intensified in 1999, and are therefore
responsible for the sharp reduction in her hours in 1999 as
compared to 1998. Rather, it is clear from her testimony
that her mental and emotional difficulties have existed
throughout her adult life.
Without any further explanation of Brightful's mental and
emotional condition (or at least some indication that this
condition will deteriorate in the future), there is simply no
record basis for the conclusion that Brightful's emotional
and psychiatric problems constitute the sort of"additional
circumstances" contemplated by Faish's second prong.
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While we do not belittle Brightful's problems, nevertheless
Brightful has the burden of demonstrating how these
problems impair her ability to work. In our view, she has
not even attempted to meet this burden. At the very least,
such an attempt would include an explanation as to how
she was able to work full-time as a legal secretary in the
past (and indeed was able to work a significant number of
hours in 1998), and yet cannot do so in the future. E.g., In
re: Wardlow, 167 B.R. 148, 152 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 1993)
(holding that the debtor had failed to satisfy the second
prong of the Brunner test because the debtor"offered no
proof of the severity of [her] medical condition. [She] is
sufficiently healthy to perform her job, and offered no
indication she would be unable to perform in the future.").
In sum, Brightful has failed to demonstrate the type of
exceptional circumstances that are necessary in order to
meet her burden under the second prong of Faish . She is
intelligent, physically healthy, currently employed,
possesses useful skills as a legal secretary, and has no
extraordinary, non-discretionary expenses. While she does
have one dependent, her daughter is now only two years
from the age of majority, and therefore this legal
dependency is nearly at end. Thus we readily conclude that
Brightful has failed to satisfy her burden. E.g. , In re:
Roberson, 999 F.2d 1132, 1137 (7th Cir. 1993) (explaining
that the second prong of the test requires a showing of "the
type of barrier that would lead us to believe [the debtor] will
lack the ability to repay for several years," such as
psychiatric problems preventing work, lack of usable job
skills and severely limited education, or the necessity of
fully supporting several dependents); Brunner , 831 F.2d at
396-97 (holding that the debtor had failed to carry her
burden under the second prong because, inter alia, "[s]he is
not disabled, nor elderly," and "[n]o evidence was presented
indicating a total foreclosure of job prospects in her area of
training"); Brunner, 46 B.R. at 755 (noting that
circumstances that would satisfy the second prong"have
been found most frequently as a result of illness . . . a lack
of usable job skills . . . the existence of a large number of
dependents . . . or a combination of these"). Because
Brightful has failed to meet her burden under the second
prong of the Faish test, we hold that her student loans are
10
not dischargeable, and there is no need for us to address
the third prong of the test. Faish, 72 F.3d at 306.
We realize that our result in this case might appear
harsh, especially given the fact that Brightful does not have
her college degree and is unlikely ever to attain it, as the
Bankruptcy Court found. Therefore, unlike many student
loan debtors, she cannot anticipate significantly increased
earnings in the future that would flow from her educational
investment. Instead, she must for the foreseeable future
rely upon her existing legal secretarial skills to fund her
expenses and educational debt. This situation is
unfortunate, but it does not excuse Brightful from meeting
her student loan obligations. As we observed in Faish:
[F]ederal student loan programs were not designed to
turn the government into an insurer of educational
value. Students who benefit from guaranteed loan
programs normally would not be eligible to receive any
financing or only financing at a higher rate of interest.
Since the decision of whether or not to borrow for a
college education lies with the individual, it is the
student, not the taxpayers, that must accept the
consequences of the decision to borrow.
Id. at 305 (internal quotations marks and citations
omitted).
In other words, when a student loan borrower accepts
money from the government, she strikes a bargain. And
"[l]ike all bargains, it entails risk. It is for each student
individually to decide whether the risks of future hardship
outweigh the potential benefits of a deferred-payment
education." Brunner, 46 B.R. at 756. Here, Brightful struck
her bargain, she took her risk, and unfortunately, things
did not work out as planned. Brightful's hardship is real,
but under the Faish test, it is not "undue," and therefore
we cannot discharge her obligation to repay her student
loans.
In light of the foregoing, we will REVERSE the February
28, 2000 order of the District Court.
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A True Copy:
Teste:
Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
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