Alex Michel v. Dennis Levinson , 437 F. App'x 160 ( 2011 )


Menu:
  •                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
    ___________
    No. 10-4736
    ___________
    ALEX MICHEL,
    Appellant
    v.
    DENNIS LEVINSON, Atlantic County Executive;
    GARY MERLIN, Warden Atlantic County Jail;
    JOHN DOE, Director (head) of The Center For Family Guedence Health Systems;
    NURSE MARIE; NURSE KAREN
    ____________________________________
    On Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the District of New Jersey
    (D.C. Civil Action No. 07-cv-01466)
    District Judge: Honorable Noel L. Hillman
    ____________________________________
    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
    July 12, 2011
    Before: BARRY, JORDAN AND GARTH, Circuit Judges
    (Opinion filed: July 12, 2011 )
    ___________
    OPINION
    ___________
    PER CURIAM
    Alex Michel appeals from an order of the District Court granting summary
    judgment on his claims that he suffered emotional injury when he was allegedly exposed
    to Tuberculosis (“TB”) while incarcerated at the Atlantic County Justice Facility
    (“ACJF”).1 For the following reasons, we will affirm.
    I.
    Michel is one of numerous inmates/former inmates alleging violations of federal
    and state law in connection with a TB outbreak at ACJF originating with the
    incarceration of Mateen Dennis.2 On October 7, 2006, Dennis was admitted to ACJF and
    given a medical screening. He informed ACJF medical staff that he had previously been
    treated for TB but “ran out of meds.” Dennis was given a test for TB, which was read as
    negative, released into the general population, and housed in an area of the facility known
    as F Left. On October 27, 2006, Dennis was taken to a nearby hospital where he was
    diagnosed with and treated for active TB; he was returned to the jail once doctors
    determined that he was no longer contagious. Upon learning that Dennis had active TB,
    ACJF worked with the Atlantic County Department of Health to test inmates determined
    to be at risk because they were housed near Dennis. Inmates found to have been exposed
    were taken to the hospital or offered other treatment based on the extent of their
    exposure.
    1
    TB is an infectious disease caused by a bacteria, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
    Individuals with active TB will show symptoms of the disease while those with
    latent TB are infected but asymptomatic. An individual with latent TB has a small
    possibility of developing active TB at a later point in time. (Stipulated Statement
    of Material Facts ¶ 3.)
    2
    Michel was incarcerated at ACJF at the time he filed the instant lawsuit but has
    2
    Several lawsuits stemming from the outbreak were filed against the ACJF and
    other defendants by inmates seeking damages based on their exposure or fear of exposure
    to TB. Those cases brought by plaintiffs who developed active or latent TB as a result of
    their exposure to Dennis were settled. Michel, however, is among those plaintiffs who
    neither developed active TB or latent TB nor sustained any physical injury as a result of
    defendants‟ handling of the situation. Instead, Michel sought to recover compensatory
    and punitive damages for the emotional injury he allegedly sustained due to defendants‟
    failure to protect him from exposure to TB. His case was one of several consolidated
    with the lead case of Brown v. County of Atlantic, Civil Action No. 07-0824. Pro bono
    counsel was assigned to represent those plaintiffs who desired counsel, including Michel.
    Defendants moved for summary judgment against those plaintiffs whose claims
    had not been settled or dismissed – all of whom sought recovery solely for emotional
    injury – and organized their motion by separating the remaining plaintiffs into one of
    several categories. Michel, through counsel, stipulated to his inclusion in the category of
    inmates who had been housed in F Left, but not with Dennis during a time when he was
    contagious. It is undisputed that inmates in that category were never exposed to TB.
    The District Court granted summary judgment, issuing one opinion that disposed
    of the claims of all remaining plaintiffs. The District Court held that: (1) plaintiffs‟
    federal constitutional claims were barred by the Prison Litigation Reform Act and
    since been released.
    3
    applicable law pertaining to 
    42 U.S.C. § 1983
    ; (2) Michel and similarly situated plaintiffs
    could not recover on their state law claims because they had never been exposed to TB,
    rendering any fear of exposure unreasonable; (3) even if those plaintiffs had somehow
    been exposed, they lacked any proof of emotional damages; and (4) there was no basis
    for plaintiffs‟ punitive damages claims. The District Court recognized that Michel had
    submitted a letter in support of his claims, but concluded that nothing in the letter
    established that he was exposed to TB from being housed with Dennis while Dennis was
    contagious or “specifically explain[ed] the emotional injury he suffered.” (June 11, 2010
    Mem. 12 n.9.) Michel timely appealed to this Court.
    II.
    The District Court had jurisdiction over Michel‟s complaint pursuant to 
    28 U.S.C. §§ 1331
     & 1367. We have jurisdiction under 
    28 U.S.C. § 1291.3
     We review a district
    court‟s grant of summary judgment de novo. Pichler v. UNITE, 
    542 F.3d 380
    , 385 (3d
    Cir. 2008). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, the discovery and
    disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to
    any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”4 Fed. R.
    3
    The District Court‟s order granting summary judgment was not appealable until
    the District Court modified that order by disposing of the cross-claims remaining
    in the litigation. See Owens v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 
    654 F.2d 218
    , 220 n.2 (3d
    Cir. 1981). Since Michel filed his notice of appeal within 30 days of the District
    Court‟s modified order, his appeal is timely.
    4
    The text of Rule 56 changed as of December 1, 2010, but we will apply the
    4
    Civ. P. 56(c)(2) (2010). We must “view all evidence and draw all inferences in the light
    most favorable to the non-moving party,” Startzell v. City of Phila., 
    533 F.3d 183
    , 192
    (3d Cir. 2008), and may affirm on any ground supported by the record. Berardi v.
    Swanson Mem‟l Lodge No. 48, 
    920 F.2d 198
    , 201-02 (3d Cir. 1990).
    On appeal, Michel argues that the District Court failed to consider his allegations
    that he was exposed to Bernard Snead (who had apparently become infected by Dennis)
    but was not tested for TB despite his requests to see the doctor. Michel therefore
    suggests that he was placed in the incorrect category of inmates since he was, in fact,
    exposed to TB, and contends that the District Court simply lumped him in with other
    plaintiffs because of the consolidated nature of the proceedings. Defendants respond that
    even if Michel should have been classified with those inmates exposed to TB as a result
    of their incarceration in F Left with Dennis – as was another plaintiff who alleged
    exposure to an individual infected by Dennis – there is still no basis for his claims.
    Specifically, they argue that summary judgment was warranted because Michel failed to
    submit sufficient evidence of emotional injury to survive summary judgment.
    Summary judgment was warranted on Michel‟s state law claims for emotional
    distress regardless of whether the District Court placed him in the proper category. New
    Jersey precludes recovery for emotional injuries absent physical injury unless the plaintiff
    can establish “emotional distress „so severe that no reasonable man could be expected to
    version of the rule in effect at the time the District Court granted defendants‟
    5
    endure it.‟” Schillaci v. First Fid. Bank, 
    709 A.2d 1375
    , 1380 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.
    1998) (quoting Buckley v. Trenton Sav. Fund Soc‟y, 
    544 A.2d 857
    , 865 (N.J. 1988))
    (internal quotations omitted); see also Gendek v. Poblete, 
    654 A.2d 970
    , 973 (N.J. 1995).
    Furthermore, a plaintiff who has not been physically injured but who seeks damages for
    emotional distress based on exposure to disease must establish “a reasonable concern that
    he or she has an enhanced risk of future disease.” Ironbound Health Rights Advisory
    Comm‟n v. Diamond Shamrock Chem. Co., 
    578 A.2d 1248
    , 1250 (N.J. Super. Ct. App.
    Div. 1990); see also Williamson v. Waldman, 
    696 A.2d 14
    , 23 (N.J. 1997) (“Emotional-
    distress damages must be based on the fears experienced by a reasonable and well-
    informed person.”).
    It is undisputed that Michel was never exposed to Dennis while Dennis was
    contagious. Furthermore, there are no affidavits nor any other evidence in the record
    establishing that Michel was exposed to Snead while Snead was allegedly infected.
    Accordingly, Michel has not established that he was actually exposed to TB or that his
    TB-related concerns were reasonable.
    Additionally, Michel has not produced sufficient evidence of severe and
    substantial distress to create a jury question. The only evidence of Michel‟s alleged
    emotional injury is a January 24, 2007 medical request slip seeking a chest x-ray “due to
    TB concern,” and an April 11, 2007 medical request slip seeking mental health treatment
    motion.
    6
    because he was experiencing insomnia, anxiety, and nightmares. Yet despite his claims
    of anguish and distress, Michel acknowledges that he never experienced “any problem in
    [his] ability to function on a daily basis or in [his] ability to carry out [his] every-day
    activities as a result of any alleged mental or emotional injuries.” (Stipulated Statement
    of Material Facts ¶ 21.) We conclude that Michel‟s concern and anxiety – the extent and
    duration of which are unspecified – are insufficient as a matter of law to warrant
    recovery.5 See Buckley, 544 A.2d at 865 (evidence of “aggravation, embarrassment, an
    unspecified number of headaches, and loss of sleep” did not constitute severe emotional
    distress sufficient to support recovery on intentional infliction of emotional distress);
    Trisuzzi v. Tabatchnik, 
    666 A.2d 543
    , 548 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1995) (“nightmares,
    anticipatory anxiety and feelings of guilt” that did not significantly interfere in plaintiff‟s
    life did not equate to severe distress).
    We also conclude that the District Court correctly granted summary judgment on
    Michel‟s federal constitutional claims to the extent he sought compensatory damages.
    5
    In his brief, Michel suggests that he cannot establish a medical basis for his
    injury because ACJF staff did not respond to his requests for treatment. But our
    rejection of his claims is not based on the lack of medical records. Instead, it is
    apparent that the symptoms for which Michel sought treatment and his “TB
    concern” do not reflect that he was suffering from the type of severe mental
    distress compensable under New Jersey law. See Decker v. Princeton Packet, Inc.,
    
    561 A.2d 1122
    , 1129 (N.J. 1989). We also note that, to the extent Michel was
    pursuing medical malpractice claims, he failed to file an affidavit of merit in
    accordance with New Jersey law. See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:53A-29; Chamberlain
    v. Giampapa, 
    210 F.3d 154
    , 160-61 (3d Cir. 2000).
    7
    The PLRA states that “[n]o Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in
    a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury suffered while
    in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e); see also
    Mitchell v. Horn, 
    318 F.3d 523
    , 533 (3d Cir. 2003). Michel was incarcerated at ACJF
    when he filed suit and stipulated that his claims for compensatory damages are limited to
    recovery for “mental or emotional injury.” (Stipulated Statement of Material Facts ¶ 12.)
    Accordingly, § 1997e(e) bars him from recovering compensatory damages on his federal
    claims. See Herman v. Holiday, 
    238 F.3d 660
    , 666 (5th Cir. 2001) (holding that §
    1997e(e) barred damages claims based on emotional distress stemming from fear of
    asbestos exposure); Davis v. Dist. of Columbia, 
    158 F.3d 1342
    , 1349 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
    (holding that § 1997e(e) barred claims for emotional injury despite physical
    manifestations of weight loss, appetite loss, and insomnia). Indeed, Michel appears to
    have conceded as much in his opposition to defendants‟ motion for summary judgment.
    (Pls.‟ Opp‟n 6 (“generally” agreeing with defendants‟ discussion of the PLRA and
    arguing only that state law claims and punitive damages claims are not barred).)
    Although § 1997e(e) does not preclude Michel from seeking punitive damages on
    his federal claims, Mitchell, 
    318 F.3d at 533
    , we agree with the District Court that there is
    nothing in the summary judgment record that would justify such recovery.6 A plaintiff is
    6
    Section 1997e(e) also does not bar claims for nominal damages. See Allah v. Al-
    Hafeez, 
    226 F.3d 247
    , 251 (3d Cir. 2000). Michel does not request nominal
    damages in his complaint, but we have recognized that nominal damages need not
    8
    not entitled to damages on a § 1983 claim for a deprivation of constitutional rights absent
    a showing that a state official‟s conduct “is shown to be motivated by evil motive or
    intent” or “involves reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of
    others.” Smith v. Wade, 
    461 U.S. 30
    , 56 (1983). Even assuming that defendants
    exhibited negligence or gross negligence in connection with the TB outbreak, there is no
    evidence from which to infer that they acted maliciously or recklessly. See Savarese v.
    Agriss, 
    883 F.2d 1194
    , 1205 (3d Cir. 1989) (observing that “punitive damages in general
    represent a limited remedy, to be reserved for special circumstances”).
    In sum, we conclude that the District Court properly granted summary judgment
    on Michel‟s claims. We will therefore affirm.
    be pled. 
    Id.
     However, nothing in Michel‟s opposition reflects that he seeks
    nominal damages, nor has Michel made any suggestion on appeal that the District
    Court erred in disregarding such a claim. Accordingly, Michel has waived the
    issue by failing to pursue it. See Timson v. Sampson, 
    518 F.3d 870
    , 874 (11th Cir.
    2008) (per curiam). For the same reasons, we conclude that Michel has waived
    any claims based on the New Jersey constitution.
    9