United States v. Thomas , 305 F. App'x 960 ( 2009 )


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  •                               UNPUBLISHED
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
    No. 08-6977
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff - Appellee,
    v.
    LENDRO MICHAEL THOMAS,
    Defendant - Appellant.
    Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
    Maryland, at Baltimore.     J. Frederick Motz, District Judge.
    (1:03-cr-00189-JFM-1; 1:07-cv-02741-JFM)
    Submitted:    December 17, 2008             Decided:   January 5, 2009
    Before MICHAEL, KING, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.
    Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
    Lendro Michael Thomas, Appellant Pro Se. John Francis Purcell,
    Jr., Assistant United States Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for
    Appellee.
    Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
    PER CURIAM:
    Lendro   Michael    Thomas    appeals         the   district    court’s
    order denying his 
    28 U.S.C.A. § 2255
     (West Supp. 2008) motion.
    The district court granted Thomas a certificate of appealability
    on his contention that his trial attorney was ineffective for
    failing to move to dismiss the indictment pending against him
    because of a violation of the Speedy Trial Act and Thomas’ Sixth
    Amendment right to a speedy trial.               After a careful review of
    the   record,   we    conclude    Thomas   did       not    receive    ineffective
    assistance of counsel; accordingly, for the reasons discussed
    below, we affirm the district court’s order.
    In April 2005, Thomas was convicted, following a jury
    trial, of various drug and firearms offenses and was sentenced
    to    204   months’   imprisonment.        Thomas      appealed,       and   in   an
    unpublished     opinion,   this    court   affirmed         his   conviction      and
    sentence.     See United States v. Thomas, 189 F. App’x 219 (4th
    Cir. 2006) (No. 05-4496).
    Thomas   subsequently    filed      a    motion      to   vacate,    set
    aside, or correct his sentence, pursuant to 
    28 U.S.C.A. § 2255
    ,
    raising multiple issues.          Relevant to this appeal, however, is
    the single issue of whether Thomas’ attorney was ineffective for
    2
    failing to object to the delay in trying Thomas. 1                             Construed
    liberally, Thomas’ § 2255 motion raised this issue pursuant to
    both the Speedy Trial Act (the “Act”), codified at 
    18 U.S.C. §§ 3161-3174
     (2006), and the Sixth Amendment.                        Thomas maintained
    the    Government      exceeded      by   twenty-three        days    the    seventy-day
    period allotted by the Act within which to try a defendant on
    felony charges.           Thomas claimed he was prejudiced by this delay
    because, prior to commencement of his trial, his co-defendant,
    Edwin Matthews, died, and was unavailable to provide what Thomas
    asserted would be exculpatory testimony.
    Citing      Barker     v    Wingo,     
    407 U.S. 514
        (1972),     the
    district court denied the claim, noting that, “[i]f for no other
    reason,      Thomas’      Speedy    Trial   Act     claim    fails     because    he    has
    demonstrated no prejudice resulting from the delay in bringing
    him    to    trial.”       The     district       court    concluded       Matthews    died
    before Thomas could viably assert his speedy trial right, and
    that       Thomas   had     not    established       that     Matthews       would     have
    testified at all or provided exculpatory testimony.
    Thomas filed a timely Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion for
    reconsideration arguing that, because counsel’s failure to move
    1
    This is the sole issue we address because it is the single
    issue on which the district court granted a certificate of
    appealability,   and  Thomas   has  not   moved  to   expand  the
    certificate of appealability to include any other issues.     4th
    Cir. R. 22(a)(2).
    3
    for a dismissal based on a violation of the Act was not subject
    to   harmless        error     review,    counsel’s     error      was     presumptively
    prejudicial under Strickland. 2                  Thomas further alleged actual
    prejudice because, had counsel raised the issue, the indictment
    would have been dismissed as violative of the Act.                          The district
    court denied the motion in a margin order.
    Thomas       subsequently        filed   an       application       for     a
    certificate          of    appealability        in   which    he        re-asserted      and
    expanded the argument raised in his Rule 59(e) motion.                             Thomas
    argued       the    district     court’s    conclusion       that       Thomas    did    not
    establish          prejudice    was    debatable     because,       pursuant      to     the
    Supreme Court’s decision in Zedner v. United States, 
    547 U.S. 489
     (2006), a violation of the Act is not subject to harmless
    error review, and other precedential authority established that
    errors       not     subject     to    harmless      error    review        are   per    se
    prejudicial under Strickland.                Thomas also reiterated his claim
    of actual prejudice: being tried and convicted on an indictment
    that       should    have    been     dismissed. 3      In   a     margin    order,      the
    district      court       granted     Thomas’    request     for    a    certificate      of
    appealability.
    2
    Strickland v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 687-88 (1984).
    3
    Thomas asserted that, between his May 1, 2003 initial
    appearance and his June 14, 2004 trial date, more than seventy
    non-excludable days elapsed, in violation of the Act.
    4
    To     succeed      on        his   claim   that     his      attorney    was
    ineffective      for    failing       to    seek    dismissal    of     the    indictment
    based on the alleged speedy trial violation, Thomas must show
    the failure on counsel’s part constituted deficient performance,
    and that Thomas suffered prejudice as a result.                          Strickland v.
    Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 687-88 (1984).                         Under Strickland’s
    first    prong,     a    defendant          must     demonstrate        that    counsel’s
    performance “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness”
    under prevailing professional norms.                    
    Id. at 688
    .            To satisfy
    the     second     prong,       a    defendant        must   show       “a     reasonable
    probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
    result of the proceeding would have been different.”                              
    Id. at 694
    .     “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
    undermine confidence in the outcome.”                    
    Id.
         Courts may bypass
    the    performance      prong       and    proceed    directly     to    the    prejudice
    prong when it is easier to dispose of the case for lack of
    prejudice.       
    Id. at 697
    .
    A criminal defendant’s right under the Act is separate
    and distinct from his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial.
    See United States v. Woolfolk, 
    399 F.3d 590
    , 594-98 (4th Cir.
    2005); United States v. Feurtado, 
    191 F.3d 420
    , 426 (4th Cir.
    1999).     Analysis of a Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim is
    governed by the Supreme Court’s holding in Barker, which sets
    forth four factors to determining whether the right has been
    5
    violated:       (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the
    delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right to a speedy
    trial;    and    (4)     the       extent      of       prejudice       to    the   defendant.
    Barker, 
    407 U.S. at 530
    .
    Under the Act, a defendant facing felony charges must
    be brought to trial within seventy days of the later of his
    indictment or his initial appearance before a judicial officer.
    
    18 U.S.C. § 3161
    (c)(1).                 If there is a violation of the Act,
    upon     counsel’s      motion,         the        indictment          must   be      dismissed,
    although the trial court has the discretion to determine whether
    the    dismissal       is    with       or     without          prejudice.          
    18 U.S.C. § 3162
    (a)(2).          Neither type of dismissal is “the presumptive
    remedy for a Speedy Trial Act violation.”                                 United States v.
    Taylor, 
    487 U.S. 326
    , 334 (1988).                        Section 3162(a)(2) lists the
    specific     factors        that    a    court          must     consider      when      deciding
    whether to dismiss a case with or without prejudice due to a
    Speedy Trial violation:                 “the seriousness of the offense; the
    facts and circumstances of the case which led to the dismissal;
    and the impact of a reprosecution on the administration of this
    chapter and on the administration of justice.”                                  Although not
    dispositive,      “the      presence          or       absence    of     prejudice       to   the
    defendant”       is      also       “relevant             for      a     district         court’s
    consideration,” and may be considered in conjunction with the
    third factor.          Taylor, 
    487 U.S. at 334, 341
    ; see also United
    6
    States v. Howard, 
    218 F.3d 558
    , 561-62 (6th Cir. 2000); United
    States v. Pierce, 
    17 F.3d 146
    , 149 (6th Cir. 1994).                                    While
    consideration       of    these    factors         guides    a   court’s     decision      to
    dismiss    an   indictment        with    or       without    prejudice,         see   United
    States    v.    Robinson,      
    389 F.3d 582
    ,     588-90    (6th   Cir.       2004)
    (conducting “substantive review” of record in light of statutory
    factors and resulting prejudice to determine dismissal without
    prejudice was appropriate), these factors are not determinative
    in assessing whether there was a violation of the Act.                                    
    18 U.S.C. § 3162
    (a)(2); Zedner, 
    547 U.S. at 499
    .
    We first conclude counsel’s decision not to raise a
    Sixth    Amendment       challenge      was    appropriate,          under   Barker,      and
    thus his performance was not objectively unreasonable.                                 Little
    more than a year passed between Thomas’ initial appearance and
    commencement     of      his   trial     and,       according        to   Thomas,      almost
    eleven months of that time was attributable to adjudication of
    Thomas’ motion to suppress.                The fairly short delay would not
    have triggered evaluation of Barker’s other factors.                                   United
    States    v.    MacDonald,        
    635 F.2d 1115
    ,     1117    (4th   Cir.       1980)
    (concluding     a    seven-month         delay      was     “entirely      too    short    to
    ‘trigger’ further inquiry under Barker”).                         Accordingly, Thomas
    fails to demonstrate he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to
    raise a Sixth Amendment challenge, because the result of the
    proceeding would not have been different if counsel had done so.
    7
    See Truesdale v. Moore, 
    142 F.3d 749
    , 756 (4th Cir. 1998) (“It
    is certainly reasonable for counsel not to raise unmeritorious
    claims. . . . [B]ecause these claims would have been dismissed
    had they been raised, [the defendant] cannot show a reasonable
    probability of any different outcome . . . .”).
    Nor was Thomas prejudiced by counsel’s failure to move
    to dismiss the indictment based on the Act.                      The length of
    delay, the seriousness of the narcotics and firearm charges, and
    the   lack     of     evidence    of   prosecutorial   neglect   or    misconduct
    causing the delay would have, at most, resulted in a dismissal
    without prejudice.          United States v. Gardner, 
    488 F.3d 700
    , 719
    (6th Cir. 2007); Robinson, 
    389 F.3d at 588
     (concluding thirty-
    one-day       delay,    “although       not   insubstantial,   was    not   severe
    enough to warrant a dismissal with prejudice regardless of the
    other circumstances”); United States v. Jones, 
    887 F.2d 492
    , 495
    (4th Cir. 1989).           Moreover, Thomas was not prejudiced by the
    delay       because    Matthews   was    unavailable   to   testify   as    of   his
    death in June 2003, far before the alleged violation occurred. 4
    Thus, counsel’s failure to raise the issue was not prejudicial.
    4
    For the first time in his Rule 59(e) motion, Thomas
    asserted a new basis for prejudice:      that he was tried and
    convicted on an indictment that should have been dismissed.
    However, this is plainly a deviation from Thomas’ original basis
    for prejudice — Matthews’ death prior to Thomas’ trial — and
    thus was improperly raised in the district court for the first
    time in his motion for reconsideration. “Rule 59(e) motions may
    (Continued)
    8
    Accordingly, while we grant Thomas’ motion to strike
    his   initial      informal     brief    and      to    replace    it   with     his
    supplemental     informal     brief,     we    affirm    the   district       court’s
    order denying Thomas’ § 2255 motion.                   We further deny Thomas’
    motions    for   appointment     of     counsel    and    oral    argument.        We
    dispense    with    oral      argument    because       the    facts    and    legal
    contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the
    court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
    AFFIRMED
    not be used . . . to raise arguments which could have been
    raised prior to the issuance of the judgment, nor may they be
    used to argue a case under a novel legal theory that the party
    had the ability to address in the first instance.”   Pac. Ins.
    Co. v. Am. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co., 
    148 F.3d 396
    , 403 (4th Cir.
    1998).
    9