United States v. Donald Bush ( 2019 )

PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-4385
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
DONALD SHEMAN BUSH,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
Columbia. Terry L. Wooten, District Judge. (3:17-cr-00030-TLW-12)
Argued: October 31, 2019 Decided: November 27, 2019
Before WILKINSON, KING, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge King wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson
and Judge Harris joined.
ARGUED: Zachary Thomas Dawson, FOX ROTHSCHILD LLP, Greensboro, North
Carolina, for Appellant. Benjamin Neale Garner, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: C. Fredric Marcinak,
FOX ROTHSCHILD LLP, Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellant. Sherri A. Lydon,
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia,
South Carolina, for Appellee.
KING, Circuit Judge:
Defendant Donald Sheman Bush appeals from his convictions and sentence for drug
conspiracy and related offenses in the District of South Carolina. Bush’s trial was
conducted in October of 2017, and the jury convicted him of conspiring to possess and
distribute cocaine and cocaine base, plus two charges of using a communication facility to
aid in the commission of drug felonies. On appeal, Bush presents two challenges to his
convictions. First, Bush contests the propriety of the district court’s admission into
evidence of a state court record concerning his 2013 state conviction for distribution of
cocaine base. Second, he maintains that the prosecution fatally erred in failing to correct
the false testimony of one of its witnesses. As explained below, we reject both contentions
and affirm.
I.
On January 18, 2017, the federal grand jury in Columbia, South Carolina, returned
a twenty-nine-count indictment against sixteen defendants for various controlled substance
crimes and related offenses. 1 The indictment resulted primarily from an FBI investigation
into drug distribution activities involving cocaine and cocaine base (commonly known as
1
Because this appeal arises from a jury trial, we accept the facts in the light most
favorable to the government, as the prevailing party. We recite the relevant facts
accordingly. See United States v. Louthian, 756 F.3d 295, 297 n.1 (4th Cir. 2014).
2
“crack cocaine”) in and around Sumter, South Carolina. 2 The conspiracy charge in Count
1 alleged that Bush and others, from 2008 to early 2017, conspired to possess and distribute
cocaine and cocaine base in South Carolina, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. That charge
specified that five kilograms or more of cocaine and 280 grams or more of cocaine base
were attributable to Bush. Two other charges against Bush — in Counts 21 and 22 —
alleged that he used a communication facility, that is, a telephone, to aid in the commission
of drug felonies, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). Unlike his codefendants, Bush
exercised his right to a jury trial.
Prior to trial, the district court addressed with counsel the contested admissibility of
a specific piece of the government’s evidence — an official record of the Court of General
Sessions of Sumter County, South Carolina — revealing that Bush had pleaded guilty there,
in May 2013, to the offense of distributing cocaine base (the “State Conviction Record”). 3
The lawyers disagreed on whether the State Conviction Record was “extrinsic” evidence
of another criminal act by Bush, the admissibility of which would be governed by Rule
2
At trial, a former DEA agent explained to the jury that the terms “crack cocaine”
and “crack” are commonly used to refer to cocaine base. Several witnesses used the words
“crack” and “crack cocaine” when discussing the drug transactions underlying this case.
Because the indictment and applicable regulatory provisions use the equivalent term
“cocaine base,” we also utilize that term.
3
The State Conviction Record shows that Bush pleaded guilty in the Sumter County
state court on May 29, 2013. Bush was apparently incarcerated by the South Carolina
authorities from late 2011 until his 2013 guilty plea for conduct underlying those
proceedings.
3
404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. 4 The prosecutors argued that Rule 404(b) did not
apply to the evidence issue because the State Conviction Record constituted “intrinsic”
evidence of the drug conspiracy and provided additional evidence of Bush’s involvement
in drug transactions during the period of the Count 1 conspiracy. Bush disagreed, arguing
that Rule 404(b) precluded the admission of the State Conviction Record because it was
extrinsic to the drug conspiracy and was otherwise inadmissible evidence.
In its pretrial proceedings, the district court identified the applicable precedent
concerning Rule 404(b) issues and recognized the distinctions between evidence that is
intrinsic (not subject to Rule 404(b)) and evidence that is extrinsic (subject to Rule 404(b)).
The court also questioned the lawyers about the interplay between Rule 404(b), the
applicable precedent, and the pertinent facts. The court declined, however, to render a
pretrial ruling on the admissibility of the State Conviction Record, deferring that decision
pending trial proceedings. 5 Shortly thereafter, the trial commenced.
4
Rule 404(b)(1) prohibits the admission of evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act
“to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person
acted in accordance with the character.” But that provision applies only to evidence that is
“extrinsic” to the charged offense. It does not apply to evidence that is “intrinsic” to the
charged offense. See Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 685 (1988); United States
v. Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876, 885 (4th Cir. 1994).
5
The court’s pretrial hearing concerning the State Conviction Record spans multiple
pages of the Joint Appendix. See J.A. 35-88. The following recitation from the bench
reflects the court’s view as the pretrial hearing concluded:
But I have looked at this. . . . And [the Fourth Circuit’s decision in United
States v. Chin] says if it’s conspiracy conduct, you don’t have to worry about
404(b). Obviously, its intrinsic. It’s all part of the conspiracy. If it’s the
conspiracy conduct, the jury has it. That’s just the way it works. That’s the
(Continued)
4
During Bush’s three-day trial in Columbia in October of 2017, eight of Bush’s
coconspirators testified against him. 6 Their evidence portrayed Bush as an integral
member of a cocaine and cocaine base distribution ring that operated in the streets and
“trap houses” of Sumter. 7 The coconspirators admitted that they had routinely engaged in
cocaine and cocaine base transactions with Bush from about 2008 until about 2017, with
the exception of a period of about eighteen months between late 2011 and 2013, when Bush
was in prison. Several of the witnesses had purchased cocaine base from Bush’s trap
houses in Sumter, and others had sold cocaine to Bush. Bush would use the cocaine he
purchased to make cocaine base. In short, Bush’s coconspirators confirmed that, except
when he was incarcerated, Bush engaged in near-daily cocaine and cocaine base
transactions in Sumter during the alleged drug conspiracy.
way any charge works. But if it’s something outside the conspiracy, if it’s
extrinsic, prior convictions that predate the conspiracy, then it’s a much more
careful analysis and a much more comprehensive analysis with many, many
steps. So, I’m not going to go through a lot of detail. I’m just going to make
the record clear here as to what I’ve looked at. And then we’ll see how the
evidence unfolds. And I’ll make decisions about what’s admissible and
what’s not.
See J.A. 80-81. (Citations herein to “J.A.__” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix
filed by the parties in this appeal).
6
The various coconspirators who testified for the prosecution had pleaded guilty to
federal offenses and agreed to cooperate with the authorities.
7
On this record, a “trap house” is a location where drug dealers regularly sell
cocaine and cocaine base. Trap houses were described, inter alia, as where “crackheads
would come, and they would buy crack.” See S.J.A. I at 99. (Citations herein to “S.J.A. I
__” refer to the contents of the first Supplemental Joint Appendix filed by the parties in
this appeal).
5
At the end of the trial’s first day, the prosecution sought a ruling from the trial court
on the admissibility issue relating to the State Conviction Record. Relying primarily on
our 1996 decision in United States v. Chin, 83 F.3d 83 (4th Cir. 1996) — and after further
consideration of the applicable legal principles — the court determined that the State
Conviction Record was properly characterized as intrinsic evidence of the drug conspiracy.
The court emphasized that the trial evidence already demonstrated that the conduct
underlying the State Conviction Record “was in the conspiracy framework.” See J.A. 121-
22. In explaining this conclusion, the court related that Bush pleaded “guilty [as reflected
in the State Conviction Record] to distributing crack during the conspiracy period, and
[that] there[] [was] testimony that he was distributing crack during [that] timeframe.” Id.
at 117. The court thus decided that the State Conviction Record was not being used as
extrinsic evidence of another crime and could be admitted into evidence without regard to
the provisions of Rule 404(b), which are applicable to extrinsic evidence only. 8
After the court ruled that the State Conviction Record was admissible, the
prosecutors presented additional evidence from coconspirators who had engaged in drug
8
In concluding that the State Conviction Record was admissible as intrinsic
evidence of the conspiracy, the court further explained that:
The Chin case makes it clear that certain conduct is intrinsic. The
Government doesn’t assert that this is 404(b). They assert that this is intrinsic
to the conspiracy charge. And I conclude that their position is the proper
position and that the ruling should be that the [State Conviction Record] . . .
is part of the conspiracy that is charged and part of the conspiracy that has
been proven based on the witnesses, that it is intrinsic to the conspiracy
charge and, therefore, admissible pursuant to the Chin analysis.
See S.J.A. I at 306.
6
transactions with Bush, and also called FBI Agent Kevin Conroy. Conroy explained that
the FBI had identified a drug dealer named Foster and subsequently conducted several drug
buys and wiretaps to locate other drug dealers and their coconspirators in and around
Sumter. In conducting its investigation, the FBI secured evidence of Bush’s involvement
in the drug conspiracy. The prosecution introduced the State Conviction Record during
Conroy’s testimony, and he identified the offense to which Bush had pleaded guilty in
Sumter County in May 2013, that is, distribution of cocaine base. Bush did not present any
evidence, and the case was thereafter argued and submitted to the jury.
On October 18, 2017, the jury convicted Bush on the three charges being tried —
the Count 1 conspiracy, plus the substantive offenses in Counts 21 and 22. On the
conspiracy offense, the jury found that five kilograms or more of cocaine and at least
twenty-eight grams, but less than 280 grams, of cocaine base were attributable to Bush. As
a result of the jury’s findings and Bush’s extensive criminal record, Bush faced a
mandatory minimum sentence of life imprisonment, pursuant to 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(b)(1)(A), 846. On May 31, 2018, the district court sentenced Bush to life in prison
on Count 1, plus concurrent sentences of five years on Counts 21 and 22. 9 Bush has noted
this appeal from the criminal judgment, and we possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291.
9
Bush received a mandatory life sentence because, inter alia, he had been previously
convicted of at least two felony offenses involving cocaine base. See 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(A). On appeal, Bush does not challenge any aspect of his sentence.
7
II.
A.
1.
In this appeal, Bush’s primary challenge relates to the trial court’s admission of the
State Conviction Record. Although we generally review such an evidentiary ruling for
abuse of discretion, Bush contests the applicability of that standard of review to this issue.
More specifically, Bush maintains, relying primarily on a decision of the Third Circuit, that
we are obliged to review de novo the trial court’s ruling that the State Conviction Record
was intrinsic to the drug conspiracy. 10 The government contends, in response, that we must
review that ruling for abuse of discretion.
Bush’s position on the standard of review draws some support from two of our sister
circuits, which have concluded that a ruling that evidence is intrinsic to a charged offense
is an issue that is reviewed de novo on appeal. See United States v. Loftis, 843 F.3d 1173,
1176 n.1 (9th Cir. 2016); United States v. Green, 617 F.3d 233, 239 (3d Cir. 2010). Our
precedent, however, is to the contrary, and has consistently been that evidentiary rulings
are assessed on appeal for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Otuya, 720 F.3d
183, 188 (4th Cir. 2013) (reviewing for abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling that
10
During oral argument, Bush’s lawyer waffled somewhat on his contention
regarding the standard of review. But counsel did not concede this issue, and his appellate
brief explicitly asserts a de novo standard of review. In these circumstances, we will
“address the issue as raised in the brief.” See Baker v. Corcoran, 220 F.3d 276, 295 n.16
(4th Cir. 2000).
8
evidence is intrinsic to charged offense); United States v. Stitt, 250 F.3d 878, 888 (4th Cir.
2001) (same). 11 In any event, the panels of this Court are generally bound by our precedent,
and this panel is not entitled to reject or alter an earlier panel’s ruling, in the absence of a
controlling en banc ruling or Supreme Court decision. See McMellon v. United States, 387
F.3d 329, 332-33 (4th Cir. 2004) (en banc). Accordingly, we will review for abuse of
discretion the trial court’s ruling in this case that the State Conviction Record was intrinsic
evidence of the alleged drug conspiracy. In so doing, we will identify an abuse of discretion
if the court’s “decision [was] guided by erroneous legal principles or rests upon a clearly
erroneous factual finding.” See United States v. Johnson, 617 F.3d 286, 292 (4th Cir. 2010)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
2.
Bush contends that the trial court erred when it ruled that the State Conviction
Record was admissible, without regard to Rule 404(b), because the Record was intrinsic to
the drug conspiracy offense. He argues that the Record relates to a crime that was extrinsic
to the conspiracy, and that Rule 404(b) applied in this situation and precluded the court
from admitting the State Conviction Record into evidence.
11
From our research, nearly all of the other courts of appeals apply the abuse of
discretion standard to a trial court’s decision regarding whether evidence is intrinsic or
extrinsic to a charged crime. See, e.g., United States v. Souza, 749 F.3d 74, 84 (1st Cir.
2014); United States v. Carboni, 204 F.3d 39, 44 (2d Cir. 2000); United States v. Coleman,
78 F.3d 154, 156 (5th Cir. 1996); United States v. Conner, 583 F.3d 1011, 1018 (7th Cir.
2009); United States v. Ruiz-Chavez, 612 F.3d 983, 986, 988 (8th Cir. 2010); United States
v. Irving, 665 F.3d 1184, 1210-11 (10th Cir. 2011); United States v. Ford, 784 F.3d 1386,
1392, 1394 (11th Cir. 2015); United States v. Bell, 795 F.3d 88, 98-99 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
9
As a general proposition, the admissibility of extrinsic evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts is governed by Rule 404(b). 12 And Rule 404(b)(1) precludes the admission
of such evidence to “prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular
occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” Evidence of another crime
would be admissible, however, for the limited purposes specified in Rule 404(b)(2). But
the provisions of Rule 404(b) are only applicable when the challenged evidence is extrinsic,
that is, “separate” from or “unrelated” to the charged offense. See United States v.
Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876, 885 (4th Cir. 1994); see also Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S.
681, 685 (1988) (“Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) . . . generally prohibits the introduction
of evidence of extrinsic acts that might adversely reflect on the actor’s character . . . .”).
Accordingly, we have consistently held that “acts intrinsic to the alleged crime do not fall
under Rule 404(b)’s limitations on admissible evidence.” See United States v. Chin, 83
F.3d 83, 87-88 (4th Cir. 1996); see also United States v. McBride, 676 F.3d 385, 396 (4th
Cir. 2012).
12
Pursuant to Rule 404(b), extrinsic evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is
subject to, inter alia, the following provisions:
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not
admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a
particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.
(2) Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case. This evidence may be
admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack
of accident.
See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1)-(2).
10
We have heretofore provided guidance that illuminates the meaning of the term
“intrinsic” in the Rule 404(b) context. As our distinguished fallen colleague Judge
Murnaghan explained in 1996 in the Chin decision, other criminal acts are “intrinsic when
they are inextricably intertwined or both acts are part of a single criminal episode or the
other acts were necessary preliminaries to the crime charged.” See 83 F.3d at 88 (internal
quotation marks omitted). And such evidence “is inextricably intertwined with the
evidence regarding the charged offense if it forms an integral and natural part of the
witness’s accounts of the circumstances surrounding the offenses for which the defendant
was indicted.” See United States v. Lighty, 616 F.3d 321, 352 (4th Cir. 2010) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also McBride, 676 F.3d at 396 (“Evidence of uncharged
conduct arising out of the same series of transactions as the charged offense . . . do[es] not
qualify as evidence of ‘other crimes’ subject to scrutiny under Rule 404(b).”). We have
also recognized that evidence is intrinsic when it “serve[s] to complete the story of the
crime on trial.” See Kennedy, 32 F.3d at 886 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
McBride, 676 F.3d at 396. Especially pertinent here, evidence of other inculpatory acts is
intrinsic if “both acts are part of a single criminal episode.” See Otuya, 720 F.3d at 188.
3.
In these circumstances, we are satisfied that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in ruling as it did with respect to the State Conviction Record. The conspiracy
charge specified that Bush conspired to possess and distribute cocaine and cocaine base
from 2008 to January 2017. And the trial evidence was that Bush, during the conspiracy,
consistently purchased cocaine, and that he produced and sold cocaine base in the streets
11
and trap houses of Sumter. The State Conviction Record, which involved Bush’s
distribution of cocaine base in Sumter in 2011, was thus inextricably intertwined with the
conspiracy.
Bush resists that determination, contending that his incarceration on the state
conviction — from late 2011 to 2013 — ended his involvement in the alleged conspiracy.
As we have recognized, however, a “defendant’s membership in a conspiracy is presumed
to continue until he withdraws from the conspiracy by affirmative action.” See United
States v. West, 877 F.2d 281, 289 (4th Cir. 1989). A “[w]ithdrawal must be shown by
evidence that the defendant acted to defeat or disavow the purposes of the conspiracy.” Id.
On this record, there is simply no evidence that Bush ever intended to withdraw from the
conspiracy. And Bush’s 2011 arrest and his 2013 state court conviction fail to establish
that the alleged conspiracy had ended. See United States v. Grubb, 527 F.2d 1107, 1109
(4th Cir. 1975) (“Arrest of some co-conspirators does not, as a matter of law, terminate a
conspiracy.”); see also United States v. Urrego-Linares, 879 F.2d 1234, 1240 (4th Cir.
1989) (explaining that arrest of defendant and a single coconspirator “did not necessarily
mean that the conspiracy was terminated”).
Bush also contends that the government was required to establish — for the State
Conviction Record to be intrinsic — that the conduct underlying the Record involved the
same individuals and drugs as the charged conspiracy. To the contrary, it is sufficient that
the State Conviction Record proved the distribution of the same controlled substance
(cocaine base), in the same city (Sumter), during the same period of time. See United States
v. Siegel, 536 F.3d 306, 316 (4th Cir. 2008) (“Evidence of uncharged conduct is not ‘other
12
crimes’ evidence subject to Rule 404 if the uncharged conduct arose out of the same series
of transactions as the charged offense . . . .” (further internal quotation marks omitted)).
In this situation, the trial court carefully studied and resolved the admissibility issue.
It conducted a pretrial hearing where it extensively questioned the lawyers, identified the
controlling legal principles, and deferred a final ruling on the issue until trial. The court
then considered the trial presentation and rendered its decision on the basis of precedent
and the available evidence. In such circumstances, the court did not abuse its discretion in
deciding that the State Conviction Record was intrinsic to the drug conspiracy and not
subject to a Rule 404(b) inquiry. See Bryant v. Charles L. Stockhausen Co., 271 F. 921,
924 (4th Cir. 1921) (“The court below was merely exercising a proper discretion in such
matters, and this court will not disturb the exercise of that discretion, because it seems to
have been wisely and properly exercised in this case.”). We are therefore satisfied that the
court’s handling of this evidentiary issue was a prudent exercise of its discretion.
B.
1.
Bush also contends that his due process rights were violated because the government
failed to correct the false testimony of one of its witnesses. Because that contention is an
afterthought that was not preserved in the trial proceedings, we review it for plain error
only. See United States v. Brewer, 1 F.3d 1430, 1434 (4th Cir. 1993) (“Where counsel fails
adequately to present and preserve an objection on the record, we review the admission of
evidence solely for plain error.”). To establish plain error, Bush “must show (1) that the
district court erred, (2) that the error was plain, and (3) that the error affected his substantial
13
rights.” See United States v. Furlow, 928 F.3d 311, 323 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993). Even if Bush
could show that a plain error affected his substantial rights, “we possess discretion on
whether to recognize the error . . . [and] should not do so unless the error seriously affects
the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” See Furlow, 928 F.3d
at 323 (internal quotation marks omitted).
2.
Bush maintains on appeal that George McDowell — one of the coconspirators who
testified against him — presented false testimony regarding the timeframe of McDowell’s
drug transactions with Bush. According to Bush, the prosecution’s use of McDowell’s
testimony violated his due process rights.
The Supreme Court has “established that a conviction obtained through use of false
evidence, known to be such by representatives of the State, must fall under the Fourteenth
Amendment.” See Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959). And the “same result
obtains when the [prosecutors], although not soliciting false evidence, allow[] it to go
uncorrected when it appears.” Id. In other words, a “conviction obtained by the knowing
use of perjured testimony is fundamentally unfair, and must be set aside if there is any
reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could have affected the judgment of the
jury.” See United States v. Chavez, 894 F.3d 593, 601 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting United
States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103 (1976)). A claim of trial error predicated on these
principles is generally characterized as a Napue claim. We have recognized, however, that
14
a meritorious Napue claim requires “a showing of the falsity and materiality of testimony.”
See Daniels v. Lee, 316 F.3d 477, 493 (4th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Bush’s Napue claim is doomed because he cannot show that McDowell presented
false testimony. Bush’s position is that McDowell gave perjured testimony when he
testified on direct examination that he first engaged in drug transactions with Bush in 2013,
but then asserted on cross-examination that those transactions began in 2011. On further
examination, however, Bush’s lawyer clarified any confusion that could have arisen
regarding the timeframe of McDowell’s drug dealings with Bush. In any event, if
McDowell’s testimony contained inconsistencies, they would not support a Napue claim.
See United States v. Griley, 814 F.2d 967, 971 (4th Cir. 1987) (“Mere inconsistencies in
testimony by government witnesses do not establish the government’s knowing use of false
testimony.”).
Because Bush has failed to prove that an error occurred during McDowell’s trial
testimony, Bush is unable to satisfy the plain error standard of review. We therefore reject
his Napue claim.
III.
Pursuant to the foregoing, we reject Bush’s contentions of error and affirm the
criminal judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED
15