Ronald Young v. CHS Middle East, LLC , 611 F. App'x 130 ( 2015 )


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  •                              UNPUBLISHED
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
    No. 13-2342
    RONALD P. YOUNG; RAMONA YOUNG,
    Plaintiffs – Appellants,
    v.
    CHS MIDDLE EAST, LLC,
    Defendant – Appellee.
    Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
    District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Gerald Bruce Lee, District
    Judge. (1:13-cv-00585-GBL-JFA)
    Argued:   January 28, 2015                 Decided:   May 27, 2015
    Before MOTZ, GREGORY, and WYNN, Circuit Judges.
    Reversed and remanded by unpublished opinion. Judge Wynn wrote
    the opinion, in which Judge Motz and Judge Gregory joined.
    ARGUED: Robert Scott Oswald, THE EMPLOYMENT LAW GROUP, P.C.,
    Washington, D.C., for Appellants.        John Kirk Train, IV,
    WEINBERG, WHEELER, HUDGINS, GUNN & DIAL, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia,
    for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Nicholas Woodfield, THE EMPLOYMENT LAW
    GROUP, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellants.   Julie C. Hall,
    WEINBERG, WHEELER, HUDGINS, GUNN & DIAL, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia;
    Carlos M. Recio, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
    Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
    2
    WYNN, Circuit Judge:
    The    False     Claims      Act’s    whistleblower     provision   prohibits
    retaliation “because of lawful acts done . . . in furtherance of
    an action” under, or otherwise “to stop 1 or more violations
    of,” the False Claims Act.                 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h).          Plaintiffs
    Ronald and Ramona Young contend that they sufficiently alleged
    that their former employer, CHS Middle East (“CHS”), terminated
    them because they undertook lawful acts “in furtherance of an
    action” under, or otherwise “to stop 1 or more violations of,”
    the False Claims Act.               
    Id. Particularly in
    light of United
    States ex rel. Omar Badr v. Triple Canopy, Inc., 
    775 F.3d 628
    (4th Cir. 2015), we agree and conclude that the district court
    erred in dismissing the Youngs’ suit for failure to state a
    claim.     Accordingly, we reverse.
    I.
    Accepting the facts pled as true, as we must on a motion to
    dismiss, CHS had a $61.5 million services agreement with the
    U.S. Department of State to provide medical services to non-
    military    personnel        in    Iraq.        The   contract   required   CHS   to
    “ensure” that its staff was “properly trained and certified.”
    J.A. 99.     Pursuant to that contract, CHS hired the Youngs, both
    experienced        nurses,    to    work    as    “Medical   Surgery     Registered
    Nurses.”     
    Id. 3 When
    he began work in September 2011 at Forward Operating
    Base Shield in Iraq, Ronald Young noticed that CHS attempted to
    utilize    expired    medicine.        He       informed    his   supervisors        that
    “using     them     was    illegal”    and        “violated       CHS’     contractual
    requirements      with    the   Department        of   State.”      J.A.      100.    By
    November 2011, Ronald Young was transferred to Sather Air Force
    Base (“Sather”), where his critical care skills were needed.
    Ramona Young also worked at Sather, beginning in October
    2011, where she expressed concern “about the lack of equipment
    and   properly      trained     medical     personnel.”           J.A.     100.      She
    informed    a     supervisor    that     such      shortcomings        were    “totally
    misleading,” put her nursing license “on the line,” and amounted
    to    a   “breach    of    CHS’s   contract         for     properly     trained     and
    qualified staff.”         J.A. 100-01.
    At a staff meeting, Ramona Young shared her concerns that
    Sather was “not properly staffed, [ ] did not have qualified
    staff, and that according to CHS’s contract we would have . . .
    properly trained and qualified [staff].”                   J.A. 101.     Both of the
    Youngs allegedly mentioned that the failings they witnessed were
    “a total breach of contract.”                   J.A. 101.     The Youngs observed
    various additional failings and escalated their concerns to CHS
    employees not stationed in Iraq.
    The Youngs allege that “Mr. Young [] told [CHS’s director
    of international operations] that ‘CHS management at Sather is
    4
    defrauding the government.’”                   J.A. 104.       The Youngs pled that
    Ronald    Young        told    CHS’s   director       of    international        operations
    that     “CHS     list[ed]       emergency         medical    technicians        as    scrub
    technicians       for        surgery    even       though    they    had    no    surgical
    experience.”           
    Id. And “Mrs.
    Young emphasized ‘the potential
    liability’ of reporting false employee staffing at Sather to the
    State Department.”            
    Id. The Youngs
    allege that CHS staff began treating them poorly
    because    of     their       whistleblowing.         On     December     20,    2011,   the
    Youngs contacted the State Department to raise their concerns
    regarding CHS.           Two days later, CHS terminated the Youngs.                      The
    Youngs returned to the United States on December 24, 2011.
    In July 2012, the Youngs filed this case in state court,
    and it was then removed to the Eastern District of Virginia.
    There, the district court granted CHS’s motion to dismiss the
    Young’s first amended complaint for failure to state a claim but
    permitted them to file a second amended complaint, which they
    did.     On October 28, 2013, the court again granted CHS’s motion
    to     dismiss,    this        time    with    prejudice.           The    Youngs     timely
    appealed        from     this       dismissal,       which    we     review      de   novo,
    construing the facts and inferences to be drawn therefrom in the
    light most favorable to the nonmoving party, here the Youngs.
    Kendall v. Balcerzak, 
    650 F.3d 515
    , 522 (4th Cir. 2011).
    5
    II.
    A.
    The False Claims Act discourages fraud against the federal
    government    by   imposing        liability          on    “any     person    who    .   .   .
    knowingly    presents,       or    causes        to    be     presented,      a   false       or
    fraudulent    claim       for     payment       or     approval.”          31     U.S.C.       §
    3729(a)(1)(A).        Central        to    this       case,    the    False     Claims     Act
    includes a whistleblower provision.
    The    whistleblower         provision,          which    Congress       broadened       in
    2009, prohibits retaliation “because of lawful acts done . . .
    in furtherance of an action under this section or other efforts
    to stop 1 or more violations of this subchapter.”                              31 U.S.C. §
    3730(h).     In other words, among other things, it “protect[s]
    employees while they are collecting information about a possible
    fraud,    before     they    have     put    all       the    pieces     of     the   puzzle
    together.”    United States ex rel. Yesudian v. Howard Univ., 
    153 F.3d 731
    , 739 (D.C. Cir. 1998).
    To    survive    a     motion    to    dismiss,          plaintiffs      bringing        an
    anti-retaliation suit under the False Claims Act must plausibly
    allege that (1) they engaged in a protected activity; (2) the
    employer knew about these acts; and (3) the employer discharged
    them as a result of these acts.                   Eberhardt v. Integrated Design
    & Const., Inc., 
    167 F.3d 861
    , 866 (4th Cir. 1999).                                   Notably,
    these allegations need pass only Civil Procedure Rule 8(a)’s
    6
    relatively low notice-pleadings muster.                  See, e.g., Mendiondo v.
    Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 
    521 F.3d 1097
    , 1103 (9th Cir. 2008);
    United States ex rel. Williams v. Martin-Baker Aircraft Co., 
    389 F.3d 1251
    , 1259-60 (D.C. Cir. 2004). 1
    B.
    The sole element on which CHS based its motion to dismiss
    and on which the district court ostensibly dismissed the case 2 is
    the first: the requirement that the Youngs plausibly allege that
    they engaged in protected activity.                  Applying the law to the
    second    amended   complaint,     we   conclude         that   the   Youngs    have
    plausibly alleged that element.
    To survive CHS’s motion to dismiss, the Youngs needed to
    plead that they engaged in protected activity, i.e., that they
    acted “in furtherance of an action under” the False Claims Act
    or undertook “other efforts to stop 1 or more violations” of the
    False Claims Act.       31 U.S.C. § 3730(h).                Protected activities
    include    collecting   information          about   a    possible    fraud,    even
    before    the   plaintiff   puts   together          “all   the   pieces   of    the
    puzzle.”     Mann v. Heckler & Koch Defense, Inc., 
    630 F.3d 338
    ,
    343-44 (4th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
    1
    This contrasts with the higher Rule 9(b) standard that
    applies to straight-up Fraud Claims Act fraud claims. 
    Id. 2 The
    district court stated its reasoning orally from the
    bench.
    7
    By contrast, protected activities exclude “those in which ‘an
    employee . . . fabricates a tale of fraud to extract concessions
    from    the    employer,       or     .    .     .       just    imagines         fraud    but     lacks
    proof.’”       
    Id. (quoting Neal
    v. Honeywell Inc., 
    33 F.3d 860
    , 864
    (7th Cir. 1994)).
    In     United       States     v.        Triple          Canopy,      Inc.,        this     Court
    recently       shed        additional          light       on     what       might        qualify    as
    protected      activity.            
    775 F.3d 628
    .         In    Triple    Canopy,        the
    government        alleged      that        a    security          contractor         with        primary
    responsibility for ensuring the safety of servicemen and women
    stationed at          an    airbase       in     a    combat       zone      knowingly       employed
    guards      who    were      unable        to    use       their       weapons       properly       yet
    presented         claims      to     the       government          for       payment        on     those
    unqualified guards.                
    Id. at 632-633.
                  We reversed the dismissal
    of the claim, holding that a plaintiff successfully “pleads a
    false    claim      when      it    alleges           that      the    contractor,          with    the
    requisite scienter, made a request for payment under a contract
    and withheld information about its noncompliance with material
    contractual requirements.”                      
    Id. at 636.
                   Logically, if making
    false    implied       staffing       certifications                  to    the    government       can
    constitute a False Claims Act violation, acts undertaken to, for
    example, investigate, stop, or bring an action regarding such
    false implied staffing certifications can constitute protected
    8
    activity     for      purposes       of    a    retaliation      claim.        31       U.S.C.    §
    3730(h).
    Our review of the Youngs’ second amended complaint leads us
    to conclude that they have plausibly pled the protected activity
    element.        They alleged, for example, that under CHS’s “$61.5
    million      contract        with    the       U.S.    State    Department         to     provide
    medical      services        at     medical       facilities       in    Iraq,”         CHS     was
    obligated       to    “[e]nsure       that      [certain       personnel]      are      properly
    trained and certified prior to arrival in theater.”                                     J.A. 99.
    The Youngs alleged that “Mr. Young [] told [CHS’s director of
    international         operations]          that       ‘CHS    management      at    Sather       is
    defrauding the government.’”                     J.A. 104.        The Youngs pled that
    Robert      Young     told    CHS’s       director       of    international        operations
    that     “CHS    list[ed]         emergency           medical    technicians         as       scrub
    technicians          for    surgery       even        though    they    had    no       surgical
    experience.”          
    Id. And “Mrs.
    Young emphasized ‘the potential
    liability’ of reporting false employee staffing at Sather to the
    State Department.”            
    Id. In holding
            that     these       allegations          fail   to        state    a
    retaliation claim, the district court expressly relied on Glynn
    v. EDO Corp., 
    710 F.3d 209
    (4th Cir. 2013).                             Importantly, Glynn
    predated our recent Triple Canopy decision, which bolsters the
    plausibility         of    the      Youngs’       protected      activity      allegations.
    Specifically, in light of Triple Canopy, the Youngs’ falsified
    9
    staffing report allegations more clearly support their having
    been engaged in protected activity.                         Further, the retaliation at
    issue    in    Glynn     predated         Congress’s         broadening       of   31     U.S.C.
    § 3730(h)(1) to capture not only acts done “in furtherance of an
    action”       under,    but    also       “other      efforts     to    stop       1    or   more
    violations”       of,    the     False      Claims      Act.       Finally,        Glynn        had
    reached summary judgment, when the plaintiffs had to proffer not
    just allegations but evidence, which they failed to do.                                          By
    contrast,      here,     we    are    reviewing        a     decision    on    a       motion    to
    dismiss, and the Youngs’ allegations alone are our focus.
    At this stage, we are obligated to view only the Youngs’
    pleadings, and to view them generously in the Youngs’ favor.
    Pub. Employees’ Ret. Ass’n of Colo. v. Deloitte & Touche LLP,
    
    551 F.3d 305
    , 311 (4th Cir. 2009).                          Doing so, we conclude that
    the Youngs have sufficiently pled that they engaged in protected
    activity, i.e., that they acted “in furtherance of an action”
    under, or in an “effort[] to stop 1 or more violations of,” the
    False Claims Act.              31 U.S.C. § 3730(h).                    While the Youngs’
    allegations may well be insufficient to state a False Claims Act
    fraud     claim        subject       to    Rule        9(b)’s     heightened            pleading
    standards, they make no such claim.                          Instead, they make only a
    retaliation       claim       subject      to        Rule     8(a)’s    notice         pleadings
    standard.        And particularly in light of Triple Canopy, their
    allegations suffice to survive CHS’s motion to dismiss.
    10
    III.
    For   the   reasons   explained    above,   the   district   court’s
    dismissal of the Youngs’ second amended complaint is reversed,
    and the case is remanded for further proceedings.
    REVERSED AND REMANDED
    11