United States v. Jude Eligwe , 456 F. App'x 196 ( 2011 )


Menu:
  •                              UNPUBLISHED
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
    No. 08-4984
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff – Appellee,
    v.
    JUDE ELIGWE,
    Defendant – Appellant.
    No. 08-4986
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff – Appellee,
    v.
    GIOVANNI BELL,
    Defendant – Appellant.
    No. 08-4992
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff – Appellee,
    v.
    RICHOL GRINER,
    Defendant – Appellant.
    No. 10-4860
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff – Appellee,
    v.
    GIOVANNI BELL,
    Defendant – Appellant.
    No. 10-4863
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff – Appellee,
    v.
    RICHOL GRINER,
    Defendant – Appellant.
    No. 10-4864
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff – Appellee,
    v.
    2
    JUDE ELIGWE,
    Defendant – Appellant.
    Appeals from the United States District Court for the District
    of Maryland, at Greenbelt.    Peter J. Messitte, Senior District
    Judge.     (8:07-cr-00160-PJM-2;   8:07-cr-00160-PJM-1; 8:07-cr-
    00160-PJM-3)
    Argued:   October 27, 2011               Decided:   December 1, 2011
    Before WILKINSON, SHEDD, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.
    Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Shedd wrote the opinion,
    in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Agee joined.
    ARGUED: Gary Allen Ticknor, Elkridge, Maryland, for Appellants.
    Emily Noel Glatfelter, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
    Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellee.        ON BRIEF: Arthur S.
    Cheslock, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant Jude Eligwe; Mary
    E. Davis, DAVIS & DAVIS, Washington, D.C., for Appellant Richol
    Griner.   Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney, Baltimore,
    Maryland, Deborah A. Johnston, Assistant United States Attorney,
    OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greenbelt, Maryland, for
    Appellee.
    Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
    3
    SHEDD, Circuit Judge:
    A jury convicted Jude Eligwe, Giovanni Bell, and Richol
    Griner of conspiracy to commit bank robbery in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 371
    .           The jury also convicted Bell and Griner of bank
    robbery in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 2113
    (a) and (d) and of
    brandishing        a    firearm    during        and    in      relation    to   a    crime      of
    violence      in       violation      of    
    18 U.S.C. § 924
    (c).           In     this
    consolidated appeal, the defendants raise a total of thirteen
    issues.       We       address    only     one:      the     admissibility       of     Eligwe’s
    post-arrest statements. 1
    I.
    Prior    to       trial,    Eligwe     moved         to    suppress    his      custodial
    statements.            The    district     court       denied        his   motion,      and     the
    following facts are relevant to our review of the district court
    order.     “We construe the evidence in the light most favorable to
    the Government, the prevailing party below.”                               United States v.
    Seidman, 
    156 F.3d 542
    , 548 (4th Cir. 1998).
    After arresting Eligwe in connection with the bank robbery,
    the   Montgomery             County      Police        transported         him     to        police
    headquarters, where Detective Mason interviewed him in a room
    1
    We have reviewed the remaining issues and find them to be
    without merit.
    4
    equipped with video recording.                Before asking questions related
    to the charges, Mason reviewed the Police Department’s advice of
    rights    form    with    Eligwe.      Eligwe      then   executed     the   form,
    indicating that he understood his rights and wanted to speak
    with Mason.
    At one point during this initial interview and after some
    discussion of the bank robbery, Eligwe said, “I want a lawyer,”
    and “I need a lawyer for that.” J.A. 589.                 Because Eligwe spoke
    quickly    and    excitedly    with   a   heavy     accent,    Mason   asked   for
    clarification, “you don’t wanna talk to me[?]”                  Eligwe replied,
    “I wanna talk to you sir but you gotta understand something.”
    J.A. 589.        Moments later, Eligwe said, “I’ll get a lawyer.”
    J.A. 590.        Mason testified that because Eligwe used the word
    lawyer,    he    tried   to   ask   clarifying     questions    of   Eligwe,   but
    Eligwe indicated that he wanted to keep talking with Mason and
    actually continued speaking over Mason.
    After this initial interview, the police put Eligwe in a
    holding cell.       While in the cell, Eligwe asked to again speak
    with Mason.        Eligwe was then brought back into the interview
    room.     Mason asked Eligwe, “You say you wanted to talk to me[?]”
    Eligwe responded, “Yeah, it’s very important I talk to you.”
    J.A. 712.       At this point, Eligwe told Mason that he had provided
    information to a bank customer, including information about the
    bank’s procedures, the times he worked, the vault timers, and
    5
    where      money    was    stored.     Eligwe          also   admitted    that   he   had
    accessed a co-conspirator’s bank account after the robbery “to
    see whether there was any money.”                 J.A. 1133.
    Prior to trial, Eligwe moved to suppress these custodial
    statements.         The district court denied his motion, finding that
    Eligwe’s references to wanting a lawyer were not unambiguous or
    unequivocal requests for a lawyer and, therefore, his statements
    were not barred by the Fifth Amendment.
    II.
    Eligwe argues that the district court violated his Fifth
    Amendment        rights    by    admitting       his    custodial    statements       into
    evidence. 2        We review a district court’s legal conclusions made
    pursuant to a suppression determination de novo and its factual
    findings for clear error.             Further, such rulings are subject to
    harmless error review.             See United States v. Johnson, 
    400 F.3d 187
    ,       193   (4th     Cir.   2005)(“We        first       determine   whether     the
    district court should have suppressed . . . [the defendant’s]
    2
    Although Eligwe alleges a violation of both his Fifth and
    Sixth Amendment rights, his Sixth Amendment rights had not yet
    attached.   See United States v. Cain, 
    524 F.3d 477
    , 481 (4th
    Cir. 2008) (citing McNeil v. Wisconsin, 
    501 U.S. 171
    , 175
    (1991))(“A criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel
    attaches at the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings,
    which at least includes the point of formal charge, indictment,
    information, preliminary hearing, or arraignment.”).
    6
    statements, and, then, if so, we ask whether the failure to do
    so was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”).                            “In order to find
    a district court's error harmless, we need only be able to say
    with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without
    stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment
    was not substantially swayed by the error.”                               United States v.
    Brooks,    
    111 F.3d 365
    ,    371    (4th          Cir.    1997)(internal         citation
    marks omitted).
    Although a suspect can waive his Fifth Amendment right to
    counsel and agree to an interview with the police, “if a suspect
    requests counsel at any time during the interview, he is not
    subject    to    further       questioning           until       a   lawyer   has    been    made
    available       or    the     suspect       himself         reinitiates       conversation.”
    Davis v. United States, 
    512 U.S. 452
    , 458 (1994) (citing Edwards
    v. Arizona, 
    451 U.S. 477
    , 484–485 (1981)).                                However, such a
    request must be unambiguous.                   “[I]f a suspect makes a reference
    to   an   attorney          that    is     ambiguous         or      equivocal      in    that   a
    reasonable       officer      in    light      of     the        circumstances      would    have
    understood only that the suspect might be invoking the right to
    counsel,     our       precedents         do     not       require      the    cessation         of
    questioning.”         
    Id.
    We find that Eligwe did not make an unambiguous request for
    an   attorney.          When       read    out       of    context,      Eligwe’s        isolated
    statements could perhaps be read as such a request.                                      However,
    7
    after reviewing the video-taped interview, we conclude that no
    reasonable      officer       in     light    of    the    circumstances       would        have
    understood those statements to be an unequivocal request for a
    lawyer.     Eligwe spoke quickly and with a heavy accent, and when
    Mason attempted to ask Eligwe clarifying questions, Eligwe spoke
    over Mason and continued talking about the case.                             Furthermore,
    even if Eligwe had invoked his right to counsel, the district
    court   did      not    err     in    introducing         the    custodial      statements
    because Eligwe made the statements at issue after he reinitiated
    communication          with    Mason.         See    Edwards,         
    451 U.S. at 485
    (invocation of counsel can be waived if “the accused himself
    initiates     further         communication,         exchanges,        or   conversations
    with the police”).
    Alternatively, we conclude that, even assuming the district
    court   erred     in     admitting       Eligwe’s         custodial     statements,         any
    error was harmless.             In light of the Government’s overwhelming
    evidence    of    guilt       presented       throughout        the   trial,    there        was
    sufficient evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict even without
    this challenged evidence.               See Johnson, 
    400 F.3d at 197
     (finding
    that    error     in      admitting          custodial      statements         made        after
    defendant invoked his right to counsel was harmless, especially
    as his statements did not amount to a full confession).
    8
    III.
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the convictions and
    sentences of Jude Eligwe, Giovanni Bell, and Richol Griner.
    AFFIRMED
    9