United States v. Terrell Rogers , 457 F. App'x 268 ( 2011 )


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  •                             UNPUBLISHED
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
    No. 10-5245
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff - Appellee,
    v.
    TERRELL ROGERS, a/k/a Tavon,
    Defendant - Appellant.
    Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
    Maryland, at Baltimore.   William M. Nickerson, Senior District
    Judge. (1:09-cr-00467-WMN-1)
    Submitted:   November 10, 2011            Decided:   December 7, 2011
    Before DUNCAN, DAVIS, and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.
    Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
    James Wyda, Federal Public Defender, Joanna Silver, Staff
    Attorney,   Baltimore,  Maryland,   for   Appellant.     Rod J.
    Rosenstein, United States Attorney, Judson T. Mihok, Assistant
    United States Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
    Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
    PER CURIAM:
    Terrell Rogers appeals his 292-month prison sentence
    for convictions of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon
    in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 922
    (g)(1) (2006), possession with
    intent    to    distribute         cocaine       base    in    violation       of    
    21 U.S.C. § 841
    (a)(1)          (2006),       and     conspiracy          to    engage     in        witness
    tampering       in    violation       of    
    18 U.S.C. § 1512
    (k)       (2006).        We
    affirm.
    We    review    a     sentence        under     a    deferential      abuse     of
    discretion standard.               Gall v. United States, 
    552 U.S. 38
    , 51
    (2007).        The first step in this review requires us to inspect
    for    procedural       reasonableness           by     ensuring       that    the    district
    court     committed       no     significant           procedural         errors,     such     as
    failing to calculate or improperly calculating the Guidelines
    range,    failing       to     consider      the        
    18 U.S.C. § 3553
    (a)       (2006)
    factors, or failing to adequately explain the sentence.                                   United
    States v. Boulware, 
    604 F.3d 832
    , 837-38 (4th Cir. 2010).                                      We
    then    consider       the    substantive         reasonableness          of   the    sentence
    imposed, taking into account the totality of the circumstances.
    Gall, 
    552 U.S. at 51
    .                    We presume that a sentence within a
    properly-calculated            Guidelines         range       is    reasonable.           United
    States v. Allen, 
    491 F.3d 178
    , 193 (4th Cir. 2007).
    Rogers        first       asserts        that        the    district        court
    improperly          calculated       his   Guidelines          range      by   applying      the
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    attempted first degree murder cross reference.                                A sentencing
    court     may      find   the     facts      relevant        to     applying      the    cross
    reference by a preponderance of the evidence as long as the
    Guidelines are treated as advisory and the sentence falls within
    the statutory maximum authorized by the jury’s verdict.                                 United
    States v. Wright, 
    594 F.3d 259
    , 267-68 (4th Cir. 2010).
    For      Guidelines       purposes,           first    degree       murder    is
    defined as conduct that would constitute first degree murder
    under   
    18 U.S.C. § 1111
           (2006).          U.S.      Sentencing      Guidelines
    Manual (“USSG”) § 2A2.1 cmt. n.1 (2009).                            The statute defines
    first degree murder to include “the unlawful killing of a human
    being     with      malice      aforethought.               Every    murder       perpetrated
    by . . . any . . . kind of willful, deliberate, malicious, and
    premeditated killing . . . is murder in the first degree.”                                  
    18 U.S.C. § 1111
    (a).              Any other murder is murder in the second
    degree.      
    Id.
    Malice aforethought is a necessary component of first
    or second degree murder; it may be inferred from the whole facts
    and circumstances surrounding the killing.                            United States v.
    Williams,       
    342 F.3d 350
    ,       356       (4th   Cir.     2003).        “[M]alice
    aforethought may be established by evidence of conduct which is
    reckless     and      wanton    and    a   gross       deviation     from     a   reasonable
    standard of care, of such a nature that a jury is warranted in
    inferring that defendant was aware of a serious risk of death or
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    serious bodily harm.”             
    Id.
     (internal quotation marks omitted).
    An intent to kill or injure is not a necessary component of
    malice.      
    Id.
    Because felony murder was not at issue here, a finding
    of premeditation was essential for a finding of attempted first
    degree      murder.        
    Id.
         We    have    previously        stated    that     “no
    particular     period      of    time    for   reflection     is    essential       to    a
    finding of premeditation and deliberation.”                        United States v.
    Sinclair, 301 F. App’x 251, 255 (4th Cir. 2008) (per curiam)
    (citing Faust v. North Carolina, 
    307 F.2d 869
    , 871 (4th Cir.
    1962)).      “While the amount of time for reflection may vary, ‘it
    is    the    fact     of   deliberation,        of   second    thought        that       is
    important.’”          Sinclair,    301    F.    App’x   at   255    (quoting    United
    States v. Frappier, 
    807 F.2d 257
    , 261 (1st Cir. 1986)).
    We conclude that the facts are sufficient to support
    the    district       court’s     finding       of   malice    aforethought           and
    premeditation.         Rogers had ample opportunity to reflect on his
    decision to disengage from a fistfight and retrieve the gun, to
    get into the car with the victim, and to aim the gun at the
    victim at point blank range.                   The evidence also supported a
    finding that the gun discharged before the car’s final crash,
    thus supporting a finding that it is more likely than not that
    Rogers intentionally fired the gun at the victim.                           We find no
    reversible         error   with    the    district      court’s      finding     by       a
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    preponderance of the evidence that Rogers formed the deliberate
    premeditation necessary to support the attempted first degree
    murder cross reference.
    Rogers   also    claims     error    with   the     district     court’s
    depth   of    explanation      in    imposing     his   sentence.         A   district
    court’s explanation in imposing a sentence must be “sufficient
    ‘to satisfy the appellate court that [the district court] has
    considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
    exercising       [its]     own       legal      decisionmaking           authority.’”
    Boulware, 
    604 F.3d at 837
     (quoting Rita v. United States, 
    551 U.S. 338
    , 356 (2007)).               But when a sentencing court decides
    simply to apply the Guidelines, “doing so will not necessarily
    require lengthy explanation.”             Rita, 
    551 U.S. at 356
    .              “This is
    because      guidelines     sentences        themselves     are     in    many      ways
    tailored to the individual and reflect approximately two decades
    of   close     attention      to    federal    sentencing       policy.”         United
    States v. Johnson, 
    587 F.3d 625
    , 639 (4th Cir. 2009) (internal
    quotation marks omitted).
    We find that the district court adequately explained
    its basis for imposing Rogers’ sentence.                    The district court
    noted   the    extensiveness        of   Rogers’   criminal       history     and    the
    troubling nature of his offenses.                 A sentencing court need not
    “robotically tick through § 3553(a)’s every subsection,” United
    States v. Johnson, 
    445 F.3d 339
    , 345 (4th Cir. 2006), nor must
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    it explicitly state its rationale for the rejection of every
    unsuccessful   argument   brought    before    it.     Given   the    within-
    Guidelines sentence - indeed, the sentence imposed was at the
    very bottom of the properly calculated Guidelines range - the
    district court satisfied its duty of explanation.
    We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment.             We
    dispense   with   oral    argument   because     the   facts    and    legal
    contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the
    court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
    AFFIRMED
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