New River Valley v. US Dept of Transport ( 1998 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
THE NEW RIVER VALLEY GREENS;
SIERRA CLUB; THE NEW RIVER
VALLEY ENVIRONMENTAL COALITION,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
No. 97-1978
TRANSPORTATION; FEDERICO F. PENA,
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION; FEDERAL HIGHWAY
ADMINISTRATION; RODNEY SLATER,
Administrator, Federal Highway
Administration,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
Jackson L. Kiser, Senior District Judge.
(CA-96-1089-R)
Argued: May 6, 1998
Decided: September 10, 1998
Before NIEMEYER and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges, and
FRIEDMAN, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas Alan Linzey, THE COMMUNITY ENVIRON-
MENTAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania,
for Appellants. Jared A. Goldstein, Environment & Natural Resources
Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Wash-
ington, D.C., for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Lois J. Schiffer, Assistant
Attorney General, John W. Watts, Environment & Natural Resources
Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Wash-
ington, D.C., for Appellees.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Three groups of citizens, the New River Valley Greens, the Sierra
Club, and the New River Valley Environmental Coalition, appeal an
order of the district court granting summary judgment to the defen-
dant government officials and agencies in the plaintiffs' suit alleging
violations of the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"), 42
U.S.C. §§ 1331 et seq. We affirm.
I.
This case involves the proposed construction of 4.87 miles of four-
lane, divided, limited-access highway near Blacksburg, Virginia.
Though the highway has two unremarkable purposes-- to relieve
traffic congestion between Blacksburg and Christianburg and to
establish a more direct route from the former city to Roanoke -- a
third one has spawned this litigation. Two miles of the westbound
lanes of the highway are to serve as a research and testing subject for
Intelligent Transportation Systems ("ITS"). 1 In this suit, the plaintiffs
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1 According to the defendants,
ITS technologies range from Advanced Traveler Information
2
contend that the defendants violated NEPA by "segmenting" the ordi-
nary highway project from the ITS adjunct and by failing to supple-
ment the final environmental impact statement ("EIS") upon
completing the ITS's design.
The EIS was prepared by the Virginia Department of Transporta-
tion and was approved by the Federal Highway Administration on
March 26, 1993. It focused almost exclusively on the environmental
impacts of the highway itself. Because the specifics of the ITS design
were not then known, they could not be evaluated in detail. Neverthe-
less, the EIS concluded that the ITS
may involve the installation of some hardware. The hard-
ware to be installed will not be significantly different from
hardware which has already been used on various highway
projects across the nation and has no identifiable adverse
effect on the environment. Should the hardware to be used
raise any questions concerning adverse environmental
effects, it will be reevaluated prior to installation.
Soon thereafter, the Virginia Department of Transportation learned
that the habitat of an endangered plant, the smooth coneflower, might
be disturbed by the highway. Consequently, it moved two miles of the
road 750 feet southward. In an addendum to the EIS, the Department
concluded that the change was minor and did not change the overall
picture to a degree significant enough to require the preparation of a
supplemental EIS.
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Systems to fully operational Automated Highway Systems
(AHS). These technologies involve joining advanced communi-
cations and computer technology to automobiles and to the road-
side in order to increase safety and capacity on the roadway
networks. Specific areas of interest include: advanced communi-
cations for wireless data transfer; evaluating sensors and other
equipment in a full scale environment; all-weather/night vision
enhancement; improving incident management techniques;
assessing AHS architectures and protocols; developing ITS tech-
nologies for tourism; and [studying] human factors (i.e. the inter-
action between people and the technology).
"Environmental Reevaluation," April 15, 1997, at 1-2.
3
These same three plaintiffs then brought suit challenging the deci-
sion not to prepare a supplemental EIS. The district court granted
summary judgment for the defendants, and we affirmed its ruling.
New River Valley Greens v. United States Dep't of Transportation,
No. 96-2545 (4th Cir. November 17, 1997) (per curiam).
Meanwhile, final design of the ITS hardware took place. As now
proposed, the ITS will comprise a two-lane, two-mile test bed; artifi-
cial weather-making equipment along one-half mile of the test bed;
and a visitors' center. There will be sensors inserted in the test bed,
and power and fiberoptic communications lines will be laid under-
ground just off the shoulder on each side of the highway. Other com-
munication equipment will rest atop standard overhead light poles.
The weathermaking strip will include machines capable of simulating
blizzard (4 inches of snow per hour) and cloudburst (2 inches per
hour) conditions, but which will usually be used to simulate more typ-
ical weather. A storage tank, pump station, and water lines will be
needed to supply the machines with water, though the ordinary storm
sewer system will suffice to handle runoff from tests. For a short time
early in the project, temporary trailers will be located on the unpaved
eastbound lanes. Lastly, the visitors' center will be located on twenty
acres of land currently zoned for industrial use.
The test bed will be constructed first, with completion scheduled
for the third quarter of 1999. The remainder of the construction time-
table is less certain. The westbound lanes will be completed and
opened to traffic at some point between 2002 and 2010, with the east-
bound lanes following between 2010 and 2015.
Upon learning of these details, the plaintiffs filed this suit seeking
to enjoin construction of the highway pending completion of a supple-
mental EIS. Subsequently, while the suit was pending, the Virginia
Department of Transportation completed a detailed, 48-page (plus
exhibits) "Environmental Reevaluation" of the project in light of the
proposed ITS hardware. The Reevaluation concluded that the pro-
posed hardware "has not resulted in significant environmental impacts
not already evaluated in the Final EIS"; hence, a supplemental EIS
was not necessary. The parties then filed cross-motions for summary
judgment. The district court granted summary judgment for the defen-
dants, and the plaintiffs have brought this appeal.
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II.
A.
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo . Shaw v.
Stroud, 13 F.3d 791, 798 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 813 (1994).
Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings and evidence of
record "show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(c). In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, "[t]he
evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable infer-
ences are to be drawn in his favor." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477
U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
B.
Unlike other statutes designed to protect the environment (e.g. the
Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts), NEPA
imposes no substantive environmental rules. Instead, it creates a
somewhat cumbersome procedure whereby executive branch officials
are required to assess and consider the environmental consequences
of their proposed actions and, where prescribed, to invite and consider
the views of the public at large. It does not require the executive
branch to choose the least environmentally intrusive option. In fact,
once the executive branch has complied with NEPA, the final deci-
sion on whether or how to go forward with a project is the executive's
alone. Consequently, while we have the authority and duty to review
agency compliance with NEPA, we may not review the wisdom of the
agency's ultimate substantive decision. Strycker's Bay Neighborhood
Council v. Karlen, 444 U.S. 223, 227 (1980); State of North Carolina
v. Hudson, 665 F.Supp. 428 (E.D.N.C. 1987), aff'd sub nom Roanoke
River Basin Ass'n v. Hudson, 940 F.2d 58 (4th Cir. 1991), cert.
denied, 502 U.S. 1092 (1992).
NEPA requires the preparation of an EIS for any"major Federal
action[ ] significantly affecting the quality of the human environ-
ment." 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C). If the significance of the environmen-
tal effects of a proposed action is not apparent at the outset, the
federal agency may prepare an "environmental assessment" to deter-
mine whether an EIS is necessary. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9. Should the
5
assessment conclude with a proper "finding of no significant impact,"
NEPA compliance is complete, and courts owe deference to such a
finding. South Carolina ex rel. Campbell v. O'Leary, 64 F.3d 892,
896 (4th Cir. 1995).
In assessing the "significance" of environmental effects, agencies
must ask "[w]hether the action is related to other actions with individ-
ually insignificant but cumulatively significant impacts. Significance
exists if it is reasonable to anticipate a cumulatively significant impact
on the environment. Significance cannot be avoided by terming an
action temporary or by breaking it down into small component parts."
40 C.F.R. § 1508.27(b)(7).2 To run afoul of this rule is to engage in
illegal "segmentation."
The hallmarks of segmentation are where the proposed component
action has little or no independent utility or involves such a large and
irretrievable commitment of resources that it may virtually force a
larger or related project to go forward notwithstanding the environ-
mental consequences. See Maryland Conservation Council, Inc. v.
Gilchrist, 808 F.2d 1039 (4th Cir. 1986). In determining whether ille-
gal segmentation has occurred, we ask whether the completion of the
first action has a "direct and substantial probability of influencing
[the] decision" on the second. North Carolina v. City of Virginia
Beach, 951 F.2d 596 (4th Cir. 1991).
We easily conclude that there has been no segmentation here. The
project has included ITS since its inception. The final EIS described
the ITS and considered its environmental consequences. It may be
argued, of course, that the EIS should have included more detail about
the ITS hardware. The time for that argument has passed. These
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2 Another regulation with largely the same effect requires "connected
actions" to be discussed in a single EIS. "Actions are connected if they:
(i) [a]utomatically trigger other actions which may require environmental
impact statements[,] (ii) [c]annot or will not proceed unless other actions
are taken previously or simultaneously[, or] (iii) [a]re interdependent
parts of a larger action and depend on the larger action for their justifica-
tion." 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(1).
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plaintiffs filed suit challenging the adequacy of the EIS and lost. The
matter is res judicata.3
C.
Notwithstanding the lack of illegal segmentation, NEPA compli-
ance is never really done until all major federal action is done. Hence,
there is a viable question presented by this suit: whether the details
of the ITS hardware compelled the preparation of a Supplemental EIS
("SEIS"). The Supreme Court has explained the purpose and role of
the SEIS in NEPA's scheme:
NEPA does not work by mandating that agencies achieve
particular substantive environmental results. Rather, NEPA
promotes its sweeping commitment to "prevent or eliminate
damage to the environment and biosphere" by focusing
Government and public attention on the environmental
effects of proposed agency action. By so focusing agency
attention, NEPA ensures that the agency will not act on
incomplete information, only to regret its decision after it is
too late to correct. Similarly, the broad dissemination of
information mandated by NEPA permits the public and
other government agencies to react to the effects of a pro-
posed action at a meaningful time. It would be incongruous
with this approach to environmental protection, and with the
Act's manifest concern with preventing uninformed action,
for the blinders to adverse environmental effects, once
unequivocally removed, to be restored prior to the comple-
tion of agency action simply because the relevant proposal
has received initial approval.
Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 371
(1989).
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3 To the extent that plaintiffs are arguing that they were surprised by
the inclusion of artificial weather-making equipment in the ITS, and that
no one should have been expected to anticipate such equipment, their
segmentation claim would depend on a factual showing that the defen-
dants expected to include the equipment but deliberately chose to conceal
that expectation. They have made no such factual showing.
7
An SEIS must be prepared if "[t]here are significant new circum-
stances or information relevant to environmental concerns and bear-
ing upon the proposed action or its impacts." 40 C.F.R.
§ 1502.9(c)(1)(ii). The word "significant" carries the weight of this
regulation. Without it, NEPA compliance could paralyze executive
agencies, forcing them to perpetually reevaluate proposed projects in
response to inconsequential tidbits of information,"only to find the
new information outdated by the time a decision is made." Marsh,
490 U.S. at 373. Unless the new circumstances or information present
a "seriously different picture of the environmental impact of the pro-
posed project from what was previously envisioned[,]" they are not
"significant." Hickory Neighborhood Defense League v. Skinner, 893
F.2d 58, 63 (4th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation omitted); see also
Marsh, 490 U.S. at 374.
In reviewing an agency's decision not to prepare a sup-
plemental EIS, a court must undertake a two-step inquiry.
First, the court must determine whether the agency took a
hard look at the proffered new information. Second, if the
agency did take a hard look, the court must determine
whether the agency's decision not to prepare a supplemental
EIS was arbitrary or capricious. We undertake this inquiry
without giving deference to the district court's resolution of
the issue.
Hughes River Watershed Conservancy v. Glickman , 81 F.3d 437, 443
(4th Cir. 1996).4
That the defendants "took a hard look" at the final ITS design can-
not be contradicted. In considerable detail, the Environmental
Reevaluation described and assessed the environment impact of the
all-weather testing equipment, variable lighting, wireless communica-
tion system, surveillance cameras, power supply and data transmis-
sion infrastructure, visitor's center, modifications to the highway to
accommodate testing (e.g. a turnaround and unusually wide shoul-
ders), and pavement testing. The Reevaluation then assessed the
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4 The standard of review for the agency's decision not to supplement
an EIS is supplied by the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C.
§ 706(2)(a). Marsh, 490 U.S. at 375-376.
8
impacts according to their character as impacts rather than to the spe-
cific piece of hardware, e.g. impacts on wildlife, cultural resources,
noise, and the like. Finally, several other new bits of information
unrelated to the ITS hardware were assessed, and, in some cases,
minor revisions to the highway design were made, the effect of which
was to reduce the overall environmental impact of the project.
As for the ITS hardware, the Reevaluation concluded:
As indicated in this overview, the proposed ITS hard-
ware/infrastructure does not involve any significant environ-
mental impact. The majority of the hardware will be
installed within the area that will be disturbed as part of the
construction of the highway itself. There are requirements
for the additional acquisition of minor amounts of land;
however, such a requirement is a normal part of any proj-
ect's detailed design process that can only take place follow-
ing FEIS and corridor approval. In conclusion, the design
and refinement of the ITS hardware/infrastructure for the
project does not present a significantly different environ-
mental picture from that described in the FEIS and the
Addendum to the FEIS.
Environmental Reevaluation, at 38.
We hold that the defendants did not abuse their discretion in reach-
ing this conclusion. Unlike in Hughes River, where the plaintiffs dem-
onstrated the inadequacy of the agency's analysis with hard evidence
addressing specific impacts, these plaintiffs simply cite certain ITS
hardware (e.g. snowmaking equipment, air compressors) and the
nature of artificial weather testing and ask us to deem their impacts
self-evidently significant. For example, plaintiffs say that the water
usage for artificial weather testing will be "massive," but they fail to
show or even to suggest that the water will be needed elsewhere, that
its discharge will burden the ordinary stormwater drainage system, or
that local streams or groundwaters will be degraded. They describe
ominous "communications towers," which turn out to be standard
overhead light poles.
In short, the "impacts" described by plaintiffs are really fears of
impacts. We grant that they are rational fears, but the existence of a
9
rational fear of a significant environmental impact from new informa-
tion triggers only the "hard look" requirement. Only where, after the
"hard look," those fears are substantiated is a supplemental EIS
required.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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