Joel Havemann v. Carolyn Colvin , 537 F. App'x 142 ( 2013 )


Menu:
  •                              UNPUBLISHED
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
    No. 12-2453
    JOEL HAVEMANN,
    Plaintiff - Appellant,
    v.
    CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting Commissioner of Social Security
    Administration,
    Defendant - Appellee.
    Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
    Maryland, at Baltimore.    Ellen L. Hollander, District Judge.
    (1:10-cv-01498-ELH)
    Submitted:   June 12, 2013                 Decided:   August 1, 2013
    Before WILKINSON, KING, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
    Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
    Allan E. Feldman, SNIDER & ASSOCIATES, LLC, Baltimore, Maryland,
    for Appellant.     Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney,
    Joseph R. Baldwin, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF
    THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
    Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
    PER CURIAM:
    On March 10, 2010, pursuant to the Freedom of Information
    Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. § 552, Appellant Joel Havemann filed six
    requests for information with the Social Security Administration
    (SSA).        Per 5 U.S.C. § 552(a), the SSA was required “within 20
    days after” receiving the request to (1) determine “whether to
    comply        with     [the]    request”          and    (2)        “immediately    notify
    [Havemann]       of    [its]    determination           and    the   reasons    therefor.”
    
    Id. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i). The
    SSA sent Havemann six letters, dated
    March 16 and 17, 2010, acknowledging receipt of his requests and
    inviting him to inquire regarding their status if he did not
    hear from them in thirty days.                    On June 8, 2010, Havemann filed
    a complaint in the United States District Court for the District
    of Maryland, (1) alleging that the SSA had failed to comply with
    the deadlines imposed by 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A) and (2) seeking
    “injunctive relief compelling the release and disclosure of the
    requested agency records.”               The SSA then provided the following
    notifications           to       Havemann           regarding          its      disclosure
    determinations:          On August 13, 2010, it sent Havemann a letter
    denying Requests I, II, and IV, and partially denying Request
    III;     on    September       10,    2010,    it       sent    a    letter    asking   for
    clarification regarding Request V; and on September 13, 2010, it
    sent     a    letter    communicating         that       it    would    partially   grant
    2
    Request VI.     Later it reversed some of these determinations, but
    ultimately, as detailed below, it complied only partially with
    Havemann’s requests.       As to the information that it withheld, it
    moved for summary judgment, maintaining that “further disclosure
    would   constitute    a   ‘clearly    unwarranted    invasion    of   personal
    privacy’ under 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6).”              Havemann v. Astrue, No.
    10-1498, 
    2012 WL 4378143
    , at *1 (D. Md. Sept. 24, 2012).                     The
    district court granted the motion, Havemann timely appealed, and
    we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
    I.
    Havemann    is   a   free-lance    journalist    and     filed   his   FOIA
    requests   in   conjunction    with     research    for   a   story   that   he
    expects to publish in the National Journal.               He is working with
    Ronald Cooley, a former SSA employee who is not a party to this
    case.   According to Cooley, Havemann’s story (or stories) “will
    take an in-depth look at the workings inside the SSA and, to a
    lesser degree, the [Veteran’s Administration (VA)], as to their
    administration of certain of their benefit programs, and the
    relevant inter-agency interactions.”          This appeal involves three
    of Havemann’s six requests—Requests I, II, and V.
    A.
    3
    In     Request    I,    Havemann      sought     information   regarding
    married        couples   “where     both    members . . . were      applying   for
    and/or receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits as
    an ‘aged, blind or disabled individual with an eligible spouse’
    and   where      such    benefits    were    denied   or    subsequently   stopped
    because the couple also received a pension from the Department
    of Veterans Affairs.”            Said differently, Havemann sought records
    with the following three characteristics:
    •   The latest “type of master record” 1 is “aged, blind
    or disabled individual with eligible spouse”;
    •   The record shows a denial of SSI for excess income
    in 1990 or later, or shows that the individual and
    spouse had been receiving SSI that was stopped in
    1990 or later, due to excess income;
    •   The record shows that one or both members of the
    couple received, or began receiving, a VA benefit
    (pension or compensation) based on need.
    Havemann’s purpose for this request is to “shed light on the
    SSA’s handling of a regulatory policy concerning war veterans
    and their spouses who receive a VA pension . . . and also file
    for SSI benefits.”
    The SSA released some of the information requested.                   Below,
    we delineate the requested versus released information in the
    same manner as the district court.                 The left column shows the
    1
    A “master record” is a code used to indicate relevant
    characteristics of the individual represented by that record.
    4
    information requested and the right column indicates to what
    extent the information was released.
    FOIA Request I (Veteran Couple Request)
    Data Requested                   Data Released
    Social Security Number (SSN) Alternative Identifier
    or alternative identifier
    Current or last shown “Master Yes
    Record”
    Full Name                        No
    Address with 9-digit zip code    No (only initial 5 digits of
    zip code released)
    SSI application date             No
    Code for most recent state and No (only state code released)
    county of residence
    Current SSI status               Yes
    Reason for SSI denial            Yes
    Denial Date                      Yes
    Date of status change due to Yes
    excess income
    Disability Payment Code 2        Yes
    Ledger Account File (LAF) Code 3 Yes
    Date of Birth                    No (only year released)
    Earned Income                    Yes
    Unearned Income                  Yes
    Havemann challenges the SSA’s withholding of the month and day
    of birth, and the SSI application date.
    B.
    2
    The “disability payment     code”   denotes   the   type   of
    disability benefit awarded.
    3
    The “ledger account file code” denotes the current payment
    status.
    5
    In    Request    II,   Havemann         sought    information     regarding
    individuals who were over age sixty-five, who were receiving or
    entitled   to   SSI   payments,   and       whose    “most   recent   SSI   record
    show[ed] no current receipt of [Social Security] benefits.”                    As
    to these individuals, Havemann also requested data indicating
    their date of enrollment in Medicare Part A and other Medicare
    information.     Here, Havemann’s purpose is “to shed light on the
    SSA’s handling of referrals of SSI recipient[s] for Premium Part
    A   Medicare . . . through         the         QMB      [Qualified      Medicare
    Beneficiary] Program.”      The SSA released some of the data that
    Havemann requested, as shown below:
    FOIA Request II (QMB Medicare Request)
    Data Requested                      Data Released
    SSN or alternative identifier       Alternative Identifier
    Citizenship/alien status            Yes
    Current or last shown “Master Yes
    Record”
    Address with 9-digit zip code       No (only initial 5 digits of
    zip code released)
    SSI application date                No
    Code for most recent state and No         (only    state    code
    county of residence                 released)
    Individual Recipient                Yes
    Identification Code
    Current Payment Status Code         Yes
    Beneficiary   Identification   Code Yes
    (BIC)
    Date of Birth                       No (only year released)
    LAF Code                            Yes
    Most recent federal SSI amount Yes
    payable
    Most recent federally administered Yes
    SSI state amount payable
    Hospital insurance enrollment and Yes
    supplemental    medical   insurance
    6
    information
    Havemann challenges the SSA’s withholding of the month and day
    of birth.
    C.
    In FOIA Request V, Havemann sought information regarding
    deceased    “primaries”       (i.e.,    individuals        whose    SSN     number   is
    recorded in the Master Beneficiary Record and on whose earnings
    the   record   is    based)      and   the       beneficiaries     listed    on    their
    record,    including    the      primary.          Havemann’s    purpose     for    this
    request is “to assess and publicize how well the government is
    administering       Title   38    of   the       United   States   Code,    Veterans’
    Benefits.”     The chart below delineates the information that the
    SSA released.
    FOIA Request V (MBR Request)
    Data Requested                      Data Released
    SSN of the deceased primary record No
    holder
    BIC                                 Yes
    Payment Identification Code         Yes
    Sex of Beneficiary                  Yes
    SSI entitlement and termination Yes
    dates
    Code for most recent state and No (only state released)
    county of residence
    Primary Insurance Amount (PIA)      Yes
    Month and year of PIA               Yes
    9-digit zip code                    No
    Date of birth                       No (only year released)
    LAF code                            Yes
    Monthly Benefit Amount (MBA)        No
    Monthly Benefit Payment (MBP)       No
    7
    SSI benefit type                                   Yes
    SSI status code                                    Yes
    Havemann     challenges    the    withholding           of    the   month    and    day    of
    birth, the MBA, the MBP, the county code, and the zip code.
    II.
    Although   our     standard      of       review      for    grants    of    summary
    judgment generally is de novo, Adams v. Trs. of the Univ. of
    N.C.-Wilmington, 
    640 F.3d 550
    , 556 (4th Cir. 2011), where FOIA
    is involved, our review is limited to determining “(1) [whether]
    the    district    court    had    an    adequate            factual      basis    for    the
    decision rendered and (2) whether upon this basis the decision
    reached is clearly erroneous.”                   Spannaus v. Dept. of Justice,
    
    813 F.2d 1285
    , 1288 (4th Cir. 1987) (quoting Willard v. Internal
    Revenue Serv., 
    776 F.2d 100
    , 104 (4th Cir. 1985)) (collecting
    cases)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    A.
    FOIA was enacted in 1967 as a means of “facilitating public
    access to [g]overnment documents.”                   Its predecessor, Section 3
    of    the   Administrative    Procedure           Act     (APA),     5    U.S.C.    §    1002
    (1964), ostensibly existed for the same purpose but, as time
    passed,     was   viewed    “more    as      a     withholding           statute    than   a
    disclosure statute.”         Dept. of Air Force v. Rose, 
    425 U.S. 352
    ,
    8
    360   (1976)     (quoting       EPA    v.       Mink,   
    410 U.S. 73
    ,    79     (1973))
    (internal      quotation        marks       omitted).              “Congress       therefore
    structured a revision whose basic purpose reflected ‘a general
    philosophy     of      full    agency       disclosure        unless       information      is
    exempted under clearly delineated statutory language.’”                               
    Id. at 360–61 (quoting
          S.     Rep.    No.       813,   89th       Cong.    1st    Sess.,    3
    (1965)).         But    Congress’s          desire      “to    pierce        the     veil   of
    administrative secrecy and to open agency action to the light of
    public   scrutiny,”       
    id. at 361 (quoting
        Rose    v.     Dept.    of    Air
    Force, 
    495 F.2d 261
    , 263 (2d Cir. 1974)) (internal quotation
    marks    omitted),       did     not       produce      a     statute      that      provides
    unfettered access to agency records.                          Rather, in its current
    form, FOIA reflects Congress’s intent that the public’s right to
    information be balanced against other competing interests.                                  At
    issue here is the competing interest of privacy:                              Per 5 U.S.C.
    § 552(b)(6)      (Exemption      6),       an    agency      can    refuse    to     disclose
    “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of
    which    would      constitute         a    clearly         unwarranted       invasion      of
    personal privacy.”
    B.
    The parties do not dispute that Exemption 6 applies to the
    data at issue here.            See U.S. Dept. of State v. Wash. Post Co.,
    
    456 U.S. 595
    , 602 (1982) (“[W]e do not think that Congress meant
    9
    to limit Exemption 6 to a narrow class of files containing only
    a     discrete    kind     of    personal         information.          Rather       ‘[t]he
    exemption [was] intended to cover detailed [g]overnment records
    on an individual which can be identified as applying to that
    individual.’”       (second          and    third     alterations        in     original)
    (quoting     H.R.       Rep.     No.       1497     (1966),       reprinted     in     1966
    U.S.C.C.A.N.        2428).            Accordingly,          we     determine      whether
    disclosing       this   data    would      “constitute        a   clearly     unwarranted
    invasion of personal privacy.”                    5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6); see also
    Core v. U.S. Postal Serv., 
    730 F.2d 946
    , 947 (4th Cir. 1984)
    (“If the files fall within th[e] definition [of similar files,]
    the remaining issue is whether disclosure would constitute a
    clearly    unwarranted         invasion      of    personal       privacy.”).        Making
    “[t]his determination requires ‘a balancing of interest between
    the     protection       of     an     individual’s         private      affairs      from
    unnecessary       public       scrutiny,      and     the        preservation    of    the
    public’s right to government information.’”                        
    Id. at 948 (quoting
    S. Rep. No. 813).
    1.
    We think it obvious that the beneficiaries implicated by
    Havemann’s requests have a privacy interest in the information
    that the SSA has collected about them.                   Individuals have a right
    to control dissemination of information about their person, even
    10
    if that “information may [already] be available to the public in
    some    form.”       U.S.    Dept.    of     Defense      v.    Fed.    Labor   Relations
    Auth., 
    510 U.S. 487
    , 500 (1994); see also U.S. Dept. of Justice
    v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 
    489 U.S. 749
    , 763–64
    (1989) (recognizing that the concept of privacy “encompass[es]
    the individual’s control of information concerning his or her
    person”       and     that    “scattered           disclosure        of . . . bits          of
    information”         is   different         than     wholesale         dissemination        of
    individuals’ profiles that are compiled by the government and
    not    otherwise      “freely   available”           to   the    public).           The    more
    pressing question is whether release of the withheld data would
    enable        identification         of     specific        individuals         and        thus
    compromise beneficiaries’ privacy.
    Specific      individuals          obviously       are   identifiable         through
    data that is exclusive to their person, such as a name, address,
    or    social    security     number.          Such    data      is   termed     a    “unique
    identifier.”         At issue here are elements of data that are not
    unique identifiers, but that, according to the SSA, function as
    unique    identifiers        because       they    can     be   combined      with        other
    available      information      to    identify       specific        individuals.           The
    district court agreed with the SSA’s categorization of this data
    and its decision to deny disclosure because of the possibility
    that the data could be used to single out certain beneficiaries.
    We     find    the   district    court’s          decision      sound.        The     record
    11
    provided   to   this       Court    demonstrates    that     the   SSA    thoroughly
    analyzed and demonstrated the methods through which the withheld
    data could lead to the identification of specific individuals.
    The district court relied on the SSA’s analysis, and we can
    ascertain no reason why it should not have done so.                           Moreover,
    Havemann’s arguments to the contrary fall short because they
    focus on whether singular pieces of withheld data (e.g., month
    and day of birth, SSI application date, etc.) could lead to the
    identification       of    individuals     rather     than    on   whether        those
    pieces of data working in combination with other information
    could assist in such identification.
    Havemann faults the SSA’s rationale for withholding this
    data, charging that it is speculative:                    “[T]he Agency withheld
    the date of birth from disclosure based on the premise that
    personal information could lead to identification of a living
    individual.     However[,] the cases dealing with this issue hold
    that possibility of identification is not a sound bas[is] for
    nondisclosure.”           But Havemann’s argument lacks merit.                   It is
    true that an agency cannot withhold information based on a “mere
    possibilit[y]”    that       an     individual’s    privacy    will      be    invaded.
    See Department of Air Force v. Rose, 
    425 U.S. 352
    , 378 (1976)
    (“The legislative history is clear that Exemption 6 was directed
    at   threats    to        privacy     interest     more    palpable       than    mere
    possibilities.”).          But it can withhold data if it demonstrates a
    12
    likelihood that releasing the information would connect private
    records to specific individuals.                    See Nat’l Ass’n of Retired
    Fed. Emp., 
    879 F.2d 873
    , 878 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (“Where there is a
    substantial        probability      that        disclosure          will    cause    an
    interference with personal privacy, it matters not that there
    may     be   two    or   three    links        in    the    causal     chain.       The
    concern . . . is not . . . with the number of steps that must be
    taken to get to the threatened effect; rather, [it is on] the
    likelihood that the effect will ever come to pass.”).                        As noted
    above, the SSA conducted a thorough and careful demonstration of
    the effect that releasing the disputed data could have.                              As
    such,    the   district     court    did       not    err     in     concluding     that
    disclosure     of    the   data     would       implicate      the     beneficiaries’
    privacy interests.
    2.
    Having concluded that beneficiaries’ privacy interests are
    at stake, we evaluate whether those interests are outweighed by
    the public’s interest in disclosure.                       Per the Supreme Court,
    “the    only   relevant     public    interest         in     the    FOIA   balancing
    analysis [is] the extent to which disclosure of the information
    sought would ‘she[d] light on an agency’s performance of its
    statutory duties’ or otherwise let citizens know ‘what their
    government is up to.’”           U.S. Dept. of Defense v. Fed. Labor Rel.
    13
    Auth., 
    510 U.S. 487
    , 497 (1994) (quoting Reporters 
    Comm., 489 U.S. at 773
    ).
    Havemann’s          stated         intent       to         evaluate     the        SSA’s
    administration of various benefit programs fits within FOIA’s
    goal   of   “shed[ding]       light       on     an   agency’s       performance      of    its
    statutory duties.”            But he fails to satisfactorily articulate
    how the withheld data aids his pursuits.                           In his brief to this
    Court, he avers that “to properly inform the public about SSA’s
    operations      and    associated          failures,        [he]     needs    records      and
    combinations of records that pertain to individuals.”                                But the
    information that the SSA has already disclosed does relate to
    individuals,         and    Havemann        does       not        indicate    why     it     is
    insufficient.         Havemann further maintains that “dates of birth
    are    essential      to    identification            of    eligibility       for    certain
    categories      of    benefits.”           As     noted      by    the   district     court,
    however, the SSA has explained that Havemann can achieve nearly
    100% accuracy on eligibility determinations with access simply
    to the year of birth.               Thus, it is unclear how access to the
    month and day of beneficiaries’ birth will assist Havemann in
    any significant way.
    Having    reviewed           the     district         court’s         decision       and
    Havenmann’s arguments, we are convinced that any interest the
    public may have in the withheld data is sufficiently outweighed
    by    the   privacy    interests          that      would    be     compromised      by    such
    14
    disclosure.       The public’s interest in disclosure of the withheld
    data is negligible at best.                 The SSA has provided significant
    details for more than 140 million individuals, and such details
    appear sufficient to allow Havemann to conduct his analysis.                               To
    the extent that they are lacking, we do not believe that the
    marginal      gains    ostensibly     possible        through      further       disclosure
    are worth the burdens that will likely result to beneficiaries’
    privacy interests.            Accordingly, we conclude that the district
    court    “had    an    adequate     factual        basis    for     the    decision       [it]
    rendered”       and    that   its    decision       was     not    clearly       erroneous.
    
    Spannaus, 813 F.2d at 1288
    .         Thus,    we     affirm       the   district
    court’s grant of summary judgment to the SSA.
    III.
    Havemann contends that he is entitled to attorney’s fees
    and   costs     and    that   the    district       court       erred     in    denying   his
    motion   to     this    effect.       Per    5     U.S.C.    § 552(a)(4)(E),          “[t]he
    court may assess against the United States reasonable attorney
    fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case
    under this section in which the complainant has substantially
    prevailed.”       A complainant “substantially prevail[s]” in a case
    when he proves that “(1) his filing of the FOIA action was
    necessary to obtain the information sought and (2) the action
    had a ‘substantial causative effect’ on the ultimate receipt of
    15
    that information.”           Long v. U.S. I.R.S., 
    932 F.2d 1309
    , 1313
    (9th    Cir.     1991).        Here,     Havemann      did     not        “substantially
    prevail[]”      in    his   opposition     to   the    SSA’s        summary    judgment
    motion.       Thus, he is not entitled to attorney’s fees connected
    with that endeavor.           He appears to argue, however, that he is
    entitled to the fees associated with filing his complaint on
    June    8,    2010,    because,     as    noted     above,         although    the    SSA
    acknowledged his requests for information within the timeframe
    outlined in section 552(a)(6)(A), it failed to communicate its
    determinations regarding disclosure within that timeframe.                            The
    filing of the complaint thus arguably “was necessary to obtain
    the    information       [Havemann]      sought”    and      “had     a    ‘substantial
    causative effect’ on the ultimate receipt of [the] information”
    that the SSA did disclose.                
    Id. We decline to
    explore this
    argument      further,      however,     because,     as   the      SSA     points   out,
    Havemann failed to comply with the requirements of Federal Rule
    of    Civil    Procedure     54   regarding     claims       for    attorney’s       fees.
    Rule 54 requires that “[a] claim for attorney’s fees . . . be
    made by motion”; “be filed no later than 14 days after the entry
    of judgment”; “specify the judgment and the statute, rule, or
    other grounds entitling the movant to the award”; “state the
    amount sought or provide a fair estimate of it”; and “disclose,
    if the court so orders, the terms of any agreement about fees
    for the services for which the claim is made.”                       Fed. R. Civ. P.
    16
    54(d)(2)(A)-(B).        Havemann made no such motion.                  We recognize
    that in his “Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition
    to   Defendant’s      Motion    for    Summary    Judgment,”    Havemann      argued
    that he was entitled to attorney’s fees because the SSA did not
    provide a substantive response to his request until after he
    filed his complaint in this action.                But even if we reckon this
    argument sufficient to comply with Rule 54’s requirement that
    “[a] claim for attorney’s fees . . . be made by motion,” Fed. R.
    Civ.    P.   54(d)(2)(A),      we   cannot      ignore    Havemann’s    failure    to
    “state the amount sought or provide a fair estimate of it,” Fed.
    R. Civ. P. 54(d)(2)(B)(iii).              Because Havemann failed to make a
    proper plea for attorney’s fees before the district court, the
    district court did not err in denying his request.
    IV.
    For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the
    district     court.     We     dispense    with    oral    argument    because    the
    facts    and   legal    contentions       are    adequately    presented     in   the
    materials      before   the    Court    and     argument    would     not   aid   the
    decisional process.
    AFFIRMED
    17