United States v. Evans ( 1996 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 94-5230
GABRIEL AUGUSTUS EVANS,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 94-5231
GABRIEL AUGUSTUS EVANS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
John A. MacKenzie, Senior District Judge.
(CR-93-126-N)
Argued: December 7, 1995
Decided: March 26, 1996
Before WIDENER and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER,
Senior Circuit Judge.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per
curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: George Rosenbaum, LAW OFFICES OF GEORGE D.
ROSENBAUM, New York, New York, for Appellant. William Gra-
ham Otis, Senior Litigation Counsel, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Verbelle B. Williams, LAW OFFICES OF GEORGE D.
ROSENBAUM, New York, New York, for Appellant. Helen F.
Fahey, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
In this appeal, we review the district court's denial of defendant's
motion to suppress evidence and the court's downward departure
from the mandatory minimum sentence for possession with intent to
distribute 215 grams of "crack" cocaine. We affirm the denial of the
suppression motion and reverse the departure from the mandatory
minimum.
I
A Greyhound bus originating in the New York-New Jersey area
arrived in Norfolk, Virginia, and a passenger, Gabriel A. Evans, Jr.,
alighted and entered the terminal. Earl Killmon and Floyd Williams,
Norfolk police department narcotics investigators, were also in the
terminal. Both were dressed casually, in blue jeans, with shirts that
concealed the guns they were carrying.
Alerted by what they perceived to be Evans's furtive behavior,
Killmon and Williams intercepted Evans as he walked towards a
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woman who had just entered the terminal. Two other investigators
escorted the woman outside. Williams asked Evans if he could speak
with him. After Evans consented, Williams asked if he had gotten off
the bus from New York. Evans said that he had, and Williams then
identified himself as a police officer. Throughout the conversation,
Williams was standing a couple of feet away from Evans and Investi-
gator Killmon was standing behind Williams.
Williams asked to see Evans's bus ticket, which he examined and
returned. He then asked if his partner, Killmon, could search his suit-
case. Evans consented and held it out. The search of Evans's luggage
did not turn up any illegal materials. Williams next asked if he could
search Evans. Evans again consented. When Williams searched
Evans, the investigator discovered a package in his jacket pocket. The
hard, lumpy package was a paper bag wrapped in silver duct tape. The
package resembled narcotics that Williams had discovered on prior
occasions. The officers then arrested Evans. Further investigation
showed that the package contained a 215-gram rock of crack cocaine.
The Commonwealth of Virginia prosecuted Evans in the District
Court of the City of Norfolk. At a preliminary hearing, Evans asserted
that the search and seizure were illegal and moved to suppress the evi-
dence. The state court denied the motion. The prosecutor then moved
to dismiss the state's case. After the state court granted the motion,
the United States instituted this proceeding in federal court. An offi-
cer on the Commonwealth Attorney's staff was named a special assis-
tant to the United States Attorney. She prosecuted the federal case
against Evans and represented the government at sentencing.
Evans pled guilty to possessing with intent to distribute approxi-
mately 215 grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1). He reserved, however, the right to challenge on appeal
the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence against him. He
assigns as error the district court's rulings that he was not detained in
violation of his Fourth Amendment rights and that the search was
legal because of consent.
II
We find no error in the federal district court's denial of Evans's
renewal motion to suppress the evidence. The court applied the
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criteria prescribed in United States v. Gray, 883 F.2d 320, 322-23 (4th
Cir. 1989), and properly found that Evans was free to leave during the
encounter at which the officers questioned him. Such encounters are
not seizures within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. United
States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553-55 (1980).
Although Evans testified that he did not consent to a search of his
person, the district court found that he consented. The officers' testi-
mony and a statement Evans signed, admitting that he allowed the
officers to search him, amply support the district court's finding.
Evans's third assignment of error refers to the forum shopping that
landed him in federal court after the Commonwealth had commenced
prosecution in a Virginia court. He also protests that a member of the
Commonwealth's attorney's staff prosecuted the federal case after
being designated a special assistant to the United States district attor-
ney. He raises these issues on appeal, but he did not assert them in
district court.
At sentencing, the district court criticized this forum shopping and
urged that it be stopped. Nevertheless, the court did not dismiss the
federal prosecution. Evans did not move for dismissal on this ground
in the district court, and, consequently, he did not preserve this issue
for appeal. Moreover, he cannot complain that the district court did
not sua sponte dismiss the prosecution or seek relief in this court by
alleging that dismissal is in the interest of justice. In similar cases in
which the government has chosen a forum or designated a prosecutor,
courts have found no error. See United States v. Dockery, 965 F.2d
1112, 1115-16 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (choice of forum); cf. United States
v. Williams, 47 F.3d 658, 660 (4th Cir. 1995) (designation of prosecu-
tor).
III
The United States filed a cross-appeal, assigning error to the dis-
trict court's refusal to impose the mandatory minimum sentence that
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) requires.
Notwithstanding Evans's plea of guilty to possessing with intent to
distribute approximately 215 grams of cocaine base, the district court
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departed downward from the 10-year statutory minimum sentence and
imposed a 5-year sentence with a 5-year period of supervised release.
The district court's downward departure was erroneous. At the time
the court sentenced Evans, only two grounds warranted a downward
departure from a statutory minimum sentence. Neither is applicable
to this case.
The first ground is the unconstitutionality of the statute. Numerous
courts that have considered 21 U.S.C. § 841 have upheld its constitu-
tionality. See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 45 F.3d 1481, 1485-86
(10th Cir. 1995); United States v. Mendoza, 876 F.2d 639, 641 (8th
Cir. 1989); United States v. Holmes, 838 F.2d 1175, 1177 (11th Cir.
1988). We agree with these courts that the statute is constitutional.
The second ground authorizes a judge to depart from the prescribed
minimum sentence when the prosecutor moves for departure because
the defendant has provided substantial assistance in the investigation
or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense.
Wade v. United States, 504 U.S. 181 (1992); 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e)
(Supp. 1995); U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. The government has not stated that
Evans has furnished substantial assistance, so this ground for depar-
ture is also unavailable to Evans.
Explaining its reasons for declining to impose the mandatory mini-
mum sentence of 10 years, the district court emphasized Evans's lack
of a criminal record, that he was simply a courier acting as an agent
for an employer who hired him to carry the drugs from New Jersey
to Virginia, and that he did not know and could not foresee the
amount of drugs he was carrying in the taped package. Also, the dis-
trict court severely criticized the statutory minimum sentence and said
it was "almost" cruel and unusual punishment to apply it in this case.
Although the district court disclaimed reliance upon its critical
views of the statutory mandatory minimum sentence, a review of the
transcript from the sentencing hearing indicates that the lower court
refused to apply a mandatory sentence with which it disagreed.
Despite Evans's failure to object to the recommended attribution in
the presentence report of 215 grams of cocaine base--an amount of
cocaine base that mandated a minimum sentence of 10 years, see 21
U.S.C.A. § 841(b) (Supp. 1995)--and despite Evans's acknowledg-
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ment that he was not eligible for a departure below the mandatory
minimum sentence based on substantial assistance to the government,
the district court refused to impose the required sentence, stating that
the 10-year sentence was "abominable" and that"I just can't be a
party to" imposing it. The district court had no authority to disregard
a statutory enactment of Congress.
The district court's judgment with respect to the sentence it
imposed is vacated. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed. On
remand the district court may consider the applicability of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(f) (and the statutory note pertaining to its effective date)
which was added by amendment while this appeal was pending.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART; AND REMANDED
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