United States v. Wells ( 1996 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 94-5607
JEFFREY WELLS,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 94-5672
JEFFREY WELLS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Albert V. Bryan, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CR-94-35)
Argued: January 31, 1996
Decided: May 28, 1996
Before ERVIN and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER,
Senior Circuit Judge.
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Reversed and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion. Judge
Williams wrote a dissenting opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Drewry Bacon Hutcheson, Jr., Alexandria, Virginia, for
Appellant. Timothy Joseph Shea, Assistant United States Attorney,
Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Helen F. Fahey,
United States Attorney, William G. Otis, Senior Litigation Counsel,
Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
A jury convicted Jeffrey Wells of one count of possession with
intent to distribute heroin, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and one count of a
prisoner in possession of heroin, 18 U.S.C. § 13, assimilating Code of
Virginia § 53.1-203(5). On appeal, Wells contends that the district
court abused its discretion by denying his motion for a continuance
prior to trial. The government cross appeals, claiming that the court
erred by departing downward at sentencing after determining that
Wells' career offender status was disproportionate to the seriousness
of the offense. Because we find that the district court should have
granted Wells' motion for a continuance, we reverse and remand for
a new trial. We also hold that the district court should not have
departed downward when calculating Wells' sentence.
I
Wells was, and continues to be, an inmate at the Lorton Reforma-
tory, a District of Columbia Department of Corrections facility. At the
time relevant to this appeal, he was housed in Central Facility with
60 other inmates in a dormitory-style room that had shower facilities
at one end. The showers were separated from the rest of the room by
a partition that was between six-and-a-half and seven feet high.
2
During a routine shakedown of the prisoners, the guards randomly
chose Wells to participate in a strip search. Strip searches were con-
ducted by guards in the shower area behind the partition. The rest of
the inmates were required to remain near their beds.
After walking behind the shower partition, Wells allegedly
removed a latex glove from his rectum and threw it over the partition
into the dormitory area. The government introduced evidence show-
ing that the glove, which contained small bags filled with 2.21 grams
of heroin and $140, was picked up by a guard, Officer Millard Sailor.
Wells claims that the glove was planted by Officer Sailor.
Prior to trial, Wells' counsel requested that the government provide
him with a roster listing the inmates who had been in his Central
Facility dormitory during the strip search. He wanted to contact the
inmates to determine whether they had witnessed Officer Sailor plant-
ing the glove. In February 1994, he filed a discovery motion request-
ing the roster. He also wrote a letter to the Assistant United States
Attorney prosecuting the case, reiterating his request for the roster.
Additionally, he alleges that he made a verbal request to the prosecu-
tor. Wells claims that officials of the Lorton Reformatory told the
prosecutor that a roster did not exist.
In April 1994, Wells' first trial resulted in a mistrial after the jury
was unable to reach a verdict. A second trial was scheduled for June
8, 1994. On May 17, Wells' attorney applied for a subpoena duces
tecum. The subpoena was issued on May 19 directing Lorton's
administrator to deliver the roster to the clerk on May 25. The sub-
poena was delivered to the marshal's office on May 19, but the mar-
shal did not serve it until June 2. Although Lorton officials had denied
knowing the location of the roster, the administrator delivered it to the
clerk on June 6, just two days before the trial date. On June 7, Wells
filed a motion for a continuance, citing the need for more time to
interview the individuals listed on the roster. The district court denied
the motion, finding that Wells already knew, or should have known,
the names or nicknames of the other inmates in his dormitory. The
jury convicted Wells on both counts.
II
Wells contends that the district court erred by denying his motion
for a continuance prior to the second trial. When seeking a continu-
3
ance in order to procure additional witnesses, a party must show "who
[the witnesses] are, what their testimony will be, that it will be rele-
vant under the issues in the case and competent, that the witnesses can
probably be obtained if the continuance is granted, and that due dili-
gence has been used to obtain their attendance for the trial as set."
United States v. Clinger, 681 F.2d 221, 223 (4th Cir. 1982)(citation
omitted). We review a district court's denial of a motion for a contin-
uance for abuse of discretion and consider whether the denial preju-
diced the moving party. United States v. Colon , 975 F.2d 128, 130
(4th Cir. 1992).
At the outset we note that the record indicates that Wells did not
have ready access to all of the individuals listed on the Central Facil-
ity dormitory roster. After the search in question, Wells was trans-
ferred within Lorton Reformatory from the Central Facility to the
Occoquan Facility. Inmates within the two facilities are kept separate
from each other. Without the roster Wells did not have enough infor-
mation to subpoena, or even locate, his former dormmates; he did not
know the inmates' full names or their inmate identification numbers.
It is true that Wells was not able to fully satisfy his burden under
Clinger. But this is an unusual situation. If Wells had received the
roster from the government when he originally asked for it, he would
have had an adequate opportunity to identify and interview critical
witnesses prior to both trials. But because the government did not
give him the roster until June 6, Wells needed a continuance in order
to have enough time to interview the individuals on the list to deter-
mine if they had, in fact, witnessed Officer Sailor planting the latex
glove. The government therefore begs the question to some extent by
arguing that the denial of the continuance was proper because Wells
failed to identify the witnesses, establish that the testimony was rele-
vant, and show that the witnesses could be located. To make such a
showing, Wells first needed the roster.
We also conclude that Wells exercised due diligence in seeking to
obtain the roster prior to the trials. The record includes Wells' discov-
ery request and his counsel's letter to the prosecutor, both dated well
in advance of Wells' trials. Wells' counsel also alleges that he made
a verbal request for the roster. In addition, Wells contends, and the
government does not dispute, that after the prosecutor spoke with an
4
official at Lorton Reformatory, he told Wells' counsel that no roster
existed. Only after being served with a subpoena right before Wells'
second trial did Lorton Reformatory turn over the roster.
The government has offered no explanation for its failure to
respond to Wells' timely requests. It argues, however, that we should
find that Wells was not diligent because he waited until May 17--
over a month after the first trial--to apply for a subpoena. As noted
above, Wells' counsel first requested the roster in February, soon after
Wells' arraignment. In response to this request, the government told
Wells' counsel that the roster did not exist. In addition, Wells' sub-
poena requested the roster by May 25, which was almost two weeks
before Wells' second trial. This would have been sufficient time for
Wells' counsel to conduct his investigation. Delays in service of the
subpoena and delivery of the roster, however, foreclosed any opportu-
nity for investigation. We therefore decline to accept the govern-
ment's argument.
Not every inability to produce potential witnesses requires a con-
tinuance. But a prejudicial circumstance is introduced when a govern-
ment agency obstructs a defense counsel's investigation. This is
especially true when the obstruction can be removed by granting a
short continuance. The situation becomes more troubling when the
record discloses that the witnesses were sought to support the charge
that an employee of the agency was guilty of misconduct. The
Supreme Court put the matter of continuances in proper perspective
in Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 (1964):
The matter of continuance is traditionally within the dis-
cretion of the trial judge, and it is not every denial of a
request for more time that violates due process even if the
party fails to offer evidence or is compelled to defend with-
out counsel. Contrariwise, a myopic insistence upon expedi-
tiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay can
render the right to defend with counsel an empty formality.
There are no mechanical tests for deciding when a denial of
a continuance is so arbitrary as to violate due process. The
answer must be found in the circumstances present in every
case, particularly in the reasons presented to the trial judge
at the time the request is denied. (citations omitted).
5
Applying the commonsense observations of the Court in Ungar, we
conclude that under the circumstances the district court's denial of
Wells' motion for a continuance was erroneous and was prejudicial
to Wells' case.
III
In its cross-appeal, the government contends that the district court
erred when it departed downward.
At Wells' sentencing hearing the district court determined, and
Wells did not dispute, that Wells was a career offender under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. The sentencing range was therefore 210-262
months. However, the court declined to sentence Wells within the
career offender range, determining that the Sentencing Commission
could not have intended to impose such a disproportionately long sen-
tence for the possession of such a small amount of drugs. Accord-
ingly, the court departed downward and set the sentencing range at 41
to 51 months, the range that would have applied if Wells had not been
a career offender. The court sentenced Wells to 41 months.
In United States v. Brown, 23 F.3d 839, 842 (4th Cir. 1994), we
examined a situation similar to the one at hand in which the district
court had departed downward from the career offender range after
determining that the amount of drugs involved in the defendant's
predicate offenses did not warrant the application of the career
offender range. Applying a de novo standard of review, we concluded
that, in accordance with its congressional mandate, the Sentencing
Commission had adequately considered drug quantities when formu-
lating the career offender guideline. Brown, 23 F.3d at 841-42.
We hold that there is no reason to distinguish the present case, in
which the district court focused on the small amount of drugs
involved in the charged offense, from the one in Brown. In either situ-
ation, "[a]llowing individual district judges to decide what amount of
drugs is small would undermine the consistency goal; what is small
to one judge may not be so small to another." Brown, 23 F.3d at 842.
6
We reverse the district court's judgment and remand for a new trial
in a manner consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Because I disagree with the majority's conclusion that the district
court abused its discretion in denying Wells's motion for continuance,
I respectfully dissent. In my view the majority has labelled an "abuse
of discretion" the district court's justified refusal to delay Wells's sec-
ond trial for the purpose of allowing defense counsel to conduct a
fishing expedition for potential witnesses.
The challenged search occurred in the shower facility of a dormi-
tory at the Lorton Reformatory. The Government contended at trial
that Wells had attempted to rid himself of a glove containing heroin
and currency by throwing it over the wall of the shower area, where
it was retrieved by Officer Sailor. Wells maintained that the contra-
band was planted by Officer Sailor in collusion with the officers con-
ducting the search. In support of this defense at his second trial, Wells
offered his own testimony and the testimony of two purported eyewit-
nesses. Fellow inmate Dorian Jones testified that he was with Wells
in the shower area when the strip search was conducted and that
Wells did not throw anything over the shower wall. 1 Another inmate,
Leroy Copeland, testified that he observed Officer Sailor remove
something from his pocket as he walked toward the showers. Evi-
dently disbelieving Wells's version of events, the jury convicted him.
A district court is afforded broad discretion in matters relating to
the scheduling of trials; absent an abuse of that discretion, the denial
of a motion for continuance will not be reversed. See Morris v.
Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1983); United States v. LaRouche, 896
F.2d 815, 823 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 927 (1990). The
denial of a motion for continuance constitutes an abuse of discretion
when it indicates "a myopic insistence upon expeditiousness in the
face of a justifiable request for delay." Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S.
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1 Jones subsequently pled guilty to making false statements during
Wells's trial.
7
575, 589 (1964). In addition to showing that the denial was wrongful,
the defendant must show specific prejudice resulting from the denial.
LaRouche, 896 F.2d at 823.
When a motion for continuance is based on a defendant's need to
secure the attendance of a witness, the law of this circuit requires the
defendant to identify the witness, make a proffer of the witness' testi-
mony, show that the witness can be obtained if the requested continu-
ance is granted, and show that due diligence has been employed to
obtain the witness in time for the trial as scheduled. United States v.
Clinger, 681 F.2d 221, 223 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 912(1982). The majority would excuse Wells from the first two of these
requirements on the basis that "this is an unusual situation." Majority
Op. at 4. I do not believe that the situation before us is so unusual that
it warrants disregarding the relatively minimal burden the district
court placed on Wells. Assuming Wells could not identify potential
witnesses by their actual names and inmate identification numbers
without the roster, I do not think that the district court acted unreason-
ably in asking Wells to identify, at least by nickname, those individu-
als who were in a position to view the actions of Officer Sailor. After
all, Wells lived with his fellow inmates, in relatively close quarters,
twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. As the district court
rightly pointed out, Wells himself was in the best position to know
which inmates could have observed Officer Sailor's actions. In spite
of this fact, and in spite of the fact that Wells called to testify two fel-
low inmates -- at least one of whom, Copeland, should have been
able to tell Wells whether other inmates were in a position to observe
Officer Sailor -- Wells has failed to identify even one potential wit-
ness other than the two fellow inmates called at his second trial.
Furthermore, I am not convinced that Wells demonstrated due dili-
gence in his efforts to obtain the roster of inmates. Wells's counsel
did not subpoena the roster until three weeks before the second trial
and more than one month after the second trial had been scheduled.2
Were the roster as vital to his defense as Wells contends, one must
wonder why his counsel did not issue the subpoena in advance of the
first trial. The district court was entitled to consider this fact in ruling
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2 Of course, I do not condone the marshal's delay in serving the sub-
poena.
8
on the motion for continuance. See Ungar, 376 U.S. at 589 (noting
that decision to grant or deny motion for continuance should be based
on all of the circumstances).
Even if the district court's denial of the motion for continuance was
wrongful, Wells cannot show that he was prejudiced thereby. Despite
repeated opportunities to do so, Wells has utterly failed to identify,
even by nickname, any potential defense witness that he has not
already called.3 Wells's unsupported assertion that interviews of all of
the inmates on the roster may result in the discovery of more wit-
nesses -- whose testimony, in any event, would merely have been
cumulative of the testimony of other defense witnesses -- does not
constitute a showing of prejudice. See United States v. Badwan, 624
F.2d 1228, 1231 (4th Cir. 1980) ("We must be reluctant to find arbi-
trariness in the exercise of trial court discretion based upon no more
than post-hoc assertions by counsel that given more time something
might have turned up."), cert denied, 449 U.S. 1124 (1981).
Accordingly, I dissent.
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3 Even now, when he is in possession of the roster, Wells has failed to
identify any of the listed inmates as a potential witness.
9