Rocheville v. Moore ( 1999 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
DAVID ROCHEVILLE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
MICHAEL MOORE, Commissioner,
No. 98-23
South Carolina Department of
Corrections; CHARLES CONDON,
Attorney General, State of South
Carolina,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina, at Greenville.
Charles E. Simons, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CA-97-2665-6-6AK)
Argued: January 25, 1999
Decided: March 16, 1999
Before WILKINS, MICHAEL, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Palmer Freeman, Jr., SUGGS & KELLY LAWYERS,
P.A., Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant. Donald John Zelenka,
Assistant Deputy Attorney General, Columbia, South Carolina, for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Dorothy L. Fort, Mt. Pleasant, South Caro-
lina; Allan Levin, COZEN & O'CONNOR, Columbia, South Caro-
lina, for Appellant. Charles M. Condon, Attorney General, John W.
McIntosh, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Columbia, South Caro-
lina, for Appellees.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Appellant David Rocheville filed this petition for habeas corpus
relief1 from his South Carolina convictions for murdering Alex Hopps
and James Todd Green and his resulting sentences of life imprison-
ment and death respectively. See 28 U.S.C.A.§ 2254 (West 1994 &
Supp. 1998).2 The district court denied the petition. Because we con-
clude that Rocheville has not made a substantial showing of the denial
of a constitutional right, we deny his request for a certificate of
appealability and dismiss.
_________________________________________________________________
1 Rocheville named Michael Moore, Commissioner of the South Caro-
lina Department of Corrections, and Charles Condon, Attorney General
of South Carolina, as Respondents in this action. For ease of reference,
we refer to Respondents as "the State" throughout this opinion.
2 Because Rocheville's petition for a writ of habeas corpus was filed on
September 3, 1997, after the April 24, 1996 enactment of the Antiterro-
rism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) of 1996, Pub. L. No.
104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, amendments to 28 U.S.C.A.§ 2254 effected by
§ 104 of the AEDPA govern our resolution of this appeal. See Green v.
French, 143 F.3d 865, 868 (4th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 844(1999). Although Rocheville's state PCR proceedings were decided by
the South Carolina Supreme Court after June 18, 1996--the date that
South Carolina purports to have satisfied the opt-in provisions--the State
does not argue that the provisions of § 107 of the AEDPA (including the
more stringent procedural default provisions) apply. See Howard v.
Moore, 131 F.3d 399, 403 n. 1 (4th Cir. 1997) (en banc), cert. denied,
119 S. Ct. 108 (1998).
2
I.
Late on the evening of January 7, 1991, the victims were the only
two employees on duty at the Westgate Mall Cinemas in Spartanburg,
South Carolina. Green, a 22-year-old assistant manager, had the com-
bination to the safe and was expected to deposit the evening's receipts
into a local bank after the theater closed. Hopps, a 19-year-old college
student who was working as an usher, was to follow Green as a secur-
ity precaution. Although several movies were still playing, the box
office and concession stand closed by 10:30 p.m. Before the cashier
left the theater at approximately 10:40 p.m., she observed Rocheville,
a former assistant manager at the theater, in the lobby.
At about the same time, an off-duty employee of the theater and his
girlfriend were sitting in the parking lot of the theater. They observed
a van approach Green's automobile and watched as Rocheville exited
the van and looked inside Green's vehicle. Rocheville returned to the
van and, after speaking with someone and returning briefly to Green's
automobile, left with an unidentified driver. The off-duty employee
went inside the theater to inform Green of Rocheville's interest in the
vehicle. He found no employees in the theater but located Hopps'
body behind the theater near the rear door. Hopps had been shot in
his left temple with a medium-to-large caliber firearm. The theater
office was a shambles, and approximately $3,000 was missing from
the theater safe.
The following morning, Rocheville was arrested and began to sup-
ply information to the police concerning the crimes. He provided a
series of changing accounts of his actions and those of his accom-
plice, Richard Longworth. Initially, Rocheville claimed that Long-
worth had murdered both Hopps and Green and was responsible for
robbing the theater. Eventually, however, Rocheville admitted to hav-
ing murdered Green. In addition, Rocheville led police to Green's
body, which had not previously been located, in a ditch several miles
from the theater. Green had been shot in the back of the head.
A jury convicted Rocheville of armed robbery, kidnapping, and the
murders of Hopps and Green. And, having concluded that Rocheville
murdered Green during an armed robbery and a kidnapping, the jury
3
recommended a sentence of death for Green's murder. Rocheville was
sentenced to life imprisonment for Hopps' murder.
The Supreme Court of South Carolina affirmed Rocheville's con-
victions and sentences on direct appeal, and the Supreme Court
denied certiorari. See State v. Rocheville, 425 S.E.2d 32 (S.C.), cert.
denied, 508 U.S. 978 (1993). Subsequently, Rocheville brought an
action for postconviction relief (PCR) in state court raising numerous
issues. The state PCR court determined that a number of the claims
were procedurally defaulted. In addition, it found the remaining
claims to lack merit and denied Rocheville's petition. The South Car-
olina Supreme Court denied certiorari.
Rocheville subsequently brought the present petition seeking
habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254, and the State
moved for summary judgment. A magistrate judge recommended that
the State's motion for summary judgment be granted, concluding that
Rocheville offered no basis for habeas relief. The district court
adopted the recommendation of the magistrate judge.
II.
South Carolina law provides in pertinent part:
The circuit courts shall have power to change the venue
in all criminal cases pending therein, and over which they
have original jurisdiction, by ordering the record to be
removed to another county in the same circuit. The applica-
tion for removal must be made to the judge sitting in regular
term.
S.C. Code Ann. § 17-21-80 (Law. Co-op. 1985). Rocheville moved
for a change of venue before Judge Luke Brown, who had been
appointed by the South Carolina Supreme Court to preside over all
aspects of Rocheville's trial. When a motion for a change of venue
was made and argued, however, Judge Brown was holding court in
Aiken, South Carolina. Prior to argument, Judge Brown acknowl-
edged that the proceedings were not taking place in Spartanburg,
where the murders occurred, and asked if Rocheville had any objec-
4
tion. Counsel for Rocheville stated that there was no objection. At the
close of the hearing, Judge Brown took the matter under advisement
and several days later he entered an order denying the motion for a
change of venue while sitting in Spartanburg.
Rocheville argues that Judge Brown lacked jurisdiction to consider
the motion, that the remainder of the trial was tainted by the ruling,
and hence that he was deprived of due process. He also claims that
his trial counsel was ineffective for attempting to waive any objection
to the motion being heard in Aiken.
Rocheville, however, raised these arguments for the first time in
these § 2254 proceedings in his filings before this court; thus, they are
not properly before us. See Spencer v. Murray , 5 F.3d 758, 762 (4th
Cir. 1993) (explaining that issue not raised before the district court is
not considered by this court). Further, the issues are procedurally
defaulted because the state PCR court3 expressly ruled that they had
not been raised timely, and Rocheville cannot demonstrate cause and
prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice to excuse his
default. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Finally,
the state PCR court held in the alternative that Rocheville's argument
lacked merit as a matter of South Carolina law because Judge Brown
possessed jurisdiction to hear the venue motion. We have no authority
to review that determination of state law. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502
U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991).
III.
Under South Carolina law:
Whenever any person is charged with murder and the death
penalty is sought, the court, upon determining that such per-
son is unable financially to retain adequate legal counsel,
shall appoint two attorneys to defend such person in the trial
of the action.
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3 Because the South Carolina Supreme Court denied certiorari, the
decision of the state PCR court is the last reasoned state court decision.
See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 805-06 (1991).
5
S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-26(B)(1) (Law. Co-op. Supp. 1998).
Rocheville explains that the state trial court found him to be indi-
gent but never appointed counsel for him or made him aware that he
was entitled to have attorneys appointed. Rather, Rocheville was rep-
resented by one retained attorney whom his parents hired for him.
Thus, Rocheville asserts, he was denied due process in violation of
the Fourteenth Amendment because the state court failed to obtain his
waiver of the statutory right to appointed counsel. Furthermore,
Rocheville claims his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
secure appointed counsel.
Rocheville raised these claims in his state PCR proceeding, and
that court ruled that the claims lacked merit. It interpreted the statute
as not requiring the appointment of counsel when a defendant already
has had retained counsel. This ruling is one of state law with which
we have no authority to disagree. See Estelle , 502 U.S. at 67-68.
Because under state law Rocheville was not entitled to appointed
counsel, the state trial court did not err in failing to obtain a waiver
from Rocheville, and his retained attorney was not ineffective for fail-
ing to secure appointed counsel. Thus, Rocheville's claims that the
trial court erred in failing to obtain a waiver of his right to appointed
counsel and that his attorney was ineffective in failing to secure addi-
tional appointed counsel lack merit.
IV.
South Carolina law provides:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in any crimi-
nal trial where the maximum penalty is death or in a sepa-
rate sentencing proceeding following such trial, the
defendant and his counsel shall have the right to make the
last argument.
S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-28 (Law. Co-op. Supp. 1998). This statute has
been construed by the South Carolina Supreme Court to require that
a capital defendant be provided with the opportunity to make a final,
personal argument to the jury at the close of the guilt and sentencing
6
phases of the trial. See State v. Charping, 437 S.E.2d 88, 89 (S.C.
1993). Rocheville maintains that his attorney was constitutionally
ineffective in failing to advise him of his right to make the final argu-
ment in the guilt phase of the trial and that the trial court deprived him
of due process of law by failing to ensure that he waived this right.
The PCR court took testimony on this issue and concluded, based
on trial counsel's testimony, that counsel had informed Rocheville of
his right to make the final argument at the close of the guilt phase of
the trial. "[A] determination of a factual issue made by a State court
shall be presumed to be correct." 28 U.S.C.A.§ 2254(e)(1).
Rocheville bears "the burden of rebutting the presumption of correct-
ness by clear and convincing evidence." Id.
Rocheville has not shown by clear and convincing evidence that
the finding of the PCR court that trial counsel informed Rocheville of
his right to a final, personal closing argument was erroneous. Trial
counsel's PCR testimony does not conflict with counsel's statement
during argument before the South Carolina Supreme Court that he did
not recall whether he had so informed Rocheville. It is perfectly
understandable that when questioned during oral argument on an
issue he was not expecting, the attorney would not immediately recall
his advice on a certain issue; but, that does not indicate that the attor-
ney was inconsistent when he later testified as to his actions after a
period of time for reflection. Further, there was no contrary evidence
to rebut trial counsel's testimony during the PCR proceedings, which
the court found to be credible. Therefore, Rocheville has failed to
rebut the presumption of correctness of the factual finding by the PCR
court that counsel advised him of his right to give a final, personal
closing argument at the end of the guilt phase. Accordingly, this court
must accept that finding and conclude that Rocheville's claim--
premised upon the failure of trial counsel to inform him of his right
--lacks merit.
V.
Rocheville also argues that counsel was ineffective in handling
matters relating to possible jury bias arising from pretrial publicity.
Specifically, Rocheville maintains that counsel was ineffective in fail-
ing to adequately voir dire the jury to uncover possible prejudice
7
resulting from pretrial publicity and in failing to hire an expert in
mass communication to assist in determining the possible effects on
public opinion the pretrial publicity may have had in order to prepare
for the motion for a change of venue.4
In order to prove a claim of constitutionally ineffective assistance
of counsel, Rocheville bears the burden of demonstrating that trial
"counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reason-
ableness" and "that there is a reasonable probability that, but for coun-
sel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694
(1984). In assessing counsel's performance, review is "highly defer-
ential." Id. at 689. Indeed, a strong presumption is afforded that coun-
sel's performance was within the extremely wide range of
professionally competent assistance. See id. And, to eliminate the
deceptive effects of hindsight, "the reasonableness of counsel's chal-
lenged conduct on the facts of the particular case[ must be] viewed
as of the time of counsel's conduct." Id. at 690. Moreover, even those
instances in which counsel's conduct fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness generally will not justify setting aside a conviction
unless the error affected the outcome of the proceeding. See id. at
691-92. Therefore, deficiencies in the conduct of Rocheville's attor-
ney would amount to constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel
only if in the absence of unprofessional errors by his attorney there
is a reasonable probability--i.e., one adequate to undermine confi-
dence in the result--that "the result of the proceeding would have
been different." Id. at 694. Furthermore, in assessing prejudice, it is
important to focus on "whether the result of the proceeding was fun-
damentally unfair or unreliable." Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364,
369 (1993).
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4 To the extent that Rocheville argues that he was deprived of his Sixth
and Fourteenth Amendment rights to an impartial jury and a fair trial
because of inflammatory pretrial publicity, such claims are procedurally
defaulted. Rocheville raised no such claims on direct appeal. Because
they would not be entertained at this juncture in state court, and because
Rocheville cannot establish cause and prejudice or a miscarriage of jus-
tice to excuse his default, the claims are treated as defaulted here. See
Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 161-62 (1996).
8
Because the PCR court decided Rocheville's claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel on the merits, pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A.
§ 2254(d)(1),5 this court must determine whether the ruling against
Rocheville constituted an unreasonable application of clearly estab-
lished Supreme Court case law. See Green v. French, 143 F.3d 865,
890 (4th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 844 (1999). In this con-
text, review involves a determination of whether"the state court[ has]
decided the question by ... applying [Strickland] in a manner that rea-
sonable jurists would all agree is unreasonable." Id. at 870.
We cannot conclude that the resolution of Rocheville's claim by
the state PCR court was unreasonable. The PCR court noted that
counsel's effectiveness in dealing with the issues of pretrial publicity
must encompass a review of counsel's attempts to have the venue of
the trial transferred and counsel's handling of voir dire and jury selec-
tion. The PCR court ruled that trial counsel's attempts to have venue
changed were competent. Trial counsel filed appropriate pretrial
motions, one seeking a change of venue and one requesting that a
judge more familiar with the mood in Spartanburg County rule on the
motion. During the hearing on the motion for change of venue, trial
counsel supported the motion with the appropriate material, submit-
ting numerous newspaper articles and video newscasts from the sur-
rounding area relating to the murders, the victims, and Rocheville's
coconspirator, Longworth. Further, trial counsel conducted an ade-
quate voir dire. Over four days, counsel conducted extensive individ-
ual questioning. In selecting the jury, the defense utilized only seven
of its ten peremptory strikes, suggesting that counsel was able to
obtain a fair panel. In addition, the PCR court concluded that
Rocheville had failed to establish any prejudice resulting from the
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5 As amended by the AEDPA, § 2254(d)(1) provides in relevant part
that a habeas petition
shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudi-
cated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudi-
cation of the claim--
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.
28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1).
9
actions of trial counsel about which Rocheville complains. Rocheville
has failed to demonstrate that these rulings were unreasonable.
VI.
During the guilt phase of Rocheville's trial, a police detective testi-
fied concerning the various statements that Rocheville gave about his
involvement in the murders. Under questioning by the prosecutor
about Rocheville's confession, the detective stated that after
Rocheville confessed to having murdered Green, he immediately
asked to speak to a public defender. Rocheville's trial counsel did not
object to this testimony. In the state PCR proceedings, Rocheville
claimed that this testimony constituted an improper and prejudicial
comment on his invocation of his right to counsel and that counsel
was ineffective for failing to raise this issue. The PCR court held that
counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the comments and
that the brief references did not undermine confidence in the outcome
of the proceeding.
This ruling was not unreasonable because the references to
Rocheville's invocation of his right to counsel did not amount to a
constitutional violation. The "mere mention" by a police officer in
trial testimony of a defendant's post-arrest, post-Miranda invocation
of the right to counsel is not unconstitutional. Noland v. French, 134
F.3d 208, 216-17 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 125 (1998). The
prosecution did not suggest that Rocheville's invocation of his right
to counsel was evidence of his guilt, and the police officer's trial testi-
mony made only passing reference to Rocheville's invocation of right
to counsel. Because the mention of Rocheville's invocation of his
right to counsel did not amount to a constitutional error, the decision
of the state PCR court that counsel was not ineffective for failing to
object to the testimony was not unreasonable.
VII.
Rocheville next maintains that portions of the prosecutor's closing
argument constituted an improper comment on Rocheville's failure to
testify, in contravention of his right to remain silent. In addition, rec-
ognizing that he did not pursue this claim on direct appeal, Rocheville
10
argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue the issue on
direct appeal.
Both of these arguments, however, are procedurally defaulted.
Rocheville did not raise the claim directly attacking the prosecutor's
closing argument on direct appeal. In addition, Rocheville did not
raise any issue related to the prosecution's closing argument until
after the state PCR court had denied his petition. In his motion seek-
ing to alter or amend the judgment, Rocheville raised for the first time
a claim concerning the prosecutor's closing argument. The PCR court
expressly ruled that the issue was defaulted due to Rocheville's fail-
ure to raise it timely. Because Rocheville cannot establish cause and
prejudice or a miscarriage of justice to excuse his procedural default,
this court cannot consider this claim. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750.
VIII.
Finally, Rocheville contends that his trial counsel was constitution-
ally ineffective for failing to retain experts to assist in his defense.
First, Rocheville contends that the prosecution theory was that the
murders were committed in an "execution style" and that if the mur-
ders had been committed as the prosecution argued, there would have
been a large amount of blood on Rocheville, while in fact little or no
blood was found on the clothing he was wearing. Rocheville asserts
that trial counsel should have retained a blood-splatter expert to dem-
onstrate this to the jury. Also, Rocheville argues that trial counsel
should have retained an atomic absorption expert to explain to the
jury that too much time had passed between the time of the murders
and the time the swabs of Rocheville's hands were taken for tests
designed to show whether Rocheville had fired a weapon to be reli-
able. Additionally, Rocheville maintains that a crime reconstruction
expert would have been helpful to his defense.
At the PCR hearing, trial counsel testified that Rocheville had con-
fessed his guilt to law enforcement officers and had admitted his guilt
to counsel. As such, counsel believed that the best strategy was to
admit to the shooting--to avoid angering the jury by contesting guilt
--and to focus on developing mitigating evidence in the sentencing
phase of the trial. Counsel further testified that he always did all of
11
his own investigatory work and that in light of the trial strategy, there
was no need for experts in the areas identified by Rocheville.
The PCR court that heard these claims denied relief, reasoning that
trial counsel's strategy was sound and did not amount to unprofes-
sional conduct. This decision is not unreasonable, and hence
Rocheville's argument does not provide a basis for habeas relief. See
28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1); Green, 143 F.3d at 870.6
IX.
We conclude that Rocheville has failed to make a substantial show-
ing of the denial of a constitutional right. Therefore, we deny
Rocheville a certificate of appealability and dismiss.
DISMISSED
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6 Rocheville's remaining two arguments may be summarily rejected.
We recently held that it is not appropriate to consider whether instances
of ineffective assistance of counsel cumulatively prejudice the defendant.
See Fisher v. Angelone, 163 F.3d 835, 852-53 (4th Cir. 1998) (rejecting
petitioner's argument "that the cumulative effect of his trial counsel's
individual actions deprived him of a fair trial"). And, our decision in
Truesdale v. Moore, 142 F.3d 749, 753 n.2 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 119
S. Ct. 380 (1998), holding that procedural default principles remain
effective after the enactment of the AEDPA, is binding on this panel.
12