United States v. Jenkins ( 1999 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-4156
TERRY CHARLES JENKINS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina, at Columbia.
C. Weston Houck, Chief District Judge.
(CR-96-358-3)
Argued: January 28, 1999
Decided: May 7, 1999
Before WILKINS, MOTZ, and KING, Circuit Judges.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: David Isaac Bruck, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appel-
lant. Scarlett Anne Wilson, Assistant United States Attorney, Colum-
bia, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: J. Rene Josey, United
States Attorney, Scott Schools, Assistant United States Attorney,
Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Terry Charles Jenkins was convicted of conspiracy to distribute
marijuana, possession of marijuana, possession of a firearm and
ammunition by a convicted felon, and murder in furtherance of a drug
trafficking crime. He now challenges his murder conviction on sev-
eral grounds. Finding no error below, we affirm.
I.
On October 31, 1995, Andre Weston was shot and killed outside
Columbia, South Carolina, apparently in connection with a drug sale.
In April 1997, Terry Charles Jenkins was indicted for Weston's mur-
der, at which time Jenkins was already under indictment for various
drug- and weapon-related offenses. At trial in district court in the Dis-
trict of South Carolina, Jenkins conceded guilt on all drug and weap-
ons charges, but denied having murdered Weston.
Shortly before trial, the Government notified Jenkins's counsel that
it had obtained a videotape that had been recorded in the interview
room of the Lexington County, South Carolina, sheriff's office. The
tape showed a lengthy interview between Jenkins; his attorney, Theo
Williams; and officers of the Lexington County Sheriff's Department,
Scottie Frier and Carlisle McNair. In addition to this interview, the
beginning of the tape contained a twenty-second recording of Jen-
kins's private, pre-interview conference with his attorney, Mr.
Williams.1 Although the Government represented that it had learned
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1 During the recorded attorney-client conference, Jenkins and Mr. Wil-
liams discussed why Jenkins had been calling Weston's beeper number
on the night of the murder. Jenkins admitted contacting Weston "to get
the drugs." In the ensuing interview, Jenkins acknowledged involvement
in the drug trade and to having planned to meet Weston for a drug sale
on the night of the murder.
2
of the videotape only shortly before trial and that none of its trial evi-
dence against Jenkins had been derived from the private attorney-
client conference, Jenkins moved to suppress the contents of the vid-
eotape and to dismiss the murder charges, arguing that improper tap-
ing of the attorney-client conference violated his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel.
In preparation for the pre-trial suppression hearing, Jenkins sought
to depose officers McNair and Frier. However, each officer invoked
his Fifth Amendment right not to testify. At the suppression hearing,
Jenkins conceded that he could not demonstrate that he had been prej-
udiced by the improper taping of his conference with Mr. Williams.
The district court denied Jenkins's motion to dismiss, but suppressed
the portion of the tape depicting Jenkins's attorney-client conference
with Mr. Williams, as well as the video portion of the remainder of
the tape.
Before trial, the district court entered a sequestration order pursuant
to Federal Rule of Evidence 615, under which all witnesses were
excluded from the courtroom and were expressly forbidden from dis-
cussing their testimony with each other. At trial, four of the Govern-
ment's witnesses were prisoners who testified that Jenkins had
confessed to murdering Andre Weston. Two of these witnesses, Steve
Johnson and Ricky Tyler, testified in exchange for the Government's
promise to move for a reduction in their respective sentences. See
Fed. R. Crim. P. 35. Another prisoner, John Cordero, was ordered to
testify after he was granted immunity. The fourth"admission" wit-
ness, Jessie Lord, apparently received nothing in exchange for his tes-
timony.
On October 23, 1997, a jury convicted Jenkins of all charges,
including the murder charge. The district court then sentenced Jenkins
to life imprisonment for the murder conviction, five years for posses-
sion of marijuana with intent to distribute, and ten years for being a
felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition. Shortly after trial,
Jenkins submitted to the district court the affidavit of John Cordero,
who alleged that he, Lord, Johnson, Tyler, and another government
witness, Harry Renwrick, had all discussed their testimony during the
trial, while all five witnesses were being held in the same cell.
3
Cordero alleged that the witnesses had collaborated on how to testify
falsely at trial.
On the basis of Cordero's affidavit, Jenkins moved for a new trial
or for dismissal of the homicide charges. Additionally, Jenkins again
raised his argument that the charges should be dismissed on the basis
of the improper taping of his attorney-client conference with Mr. Wil-
liams. At the post-trial hearing, Jenkins called Renwrick, who testi-
fied that he had discussed only minor details of his testimony with the
other prisoners who testified at trial. Jenkins also presented Lieuten-
ant Harold Phillips, who had been the supervisor of officers McNair
and Frier during the time the attorney-client conference was video-
taped. Phillips testified to some of the circumstances regarding the
videotaping incident, but invoked the Fifth Amendment as to other
details of the incident.
The district court denied all of Jenkins's post-trial motions. With
respect to the sequestration violations, the district court found that
Cordero's affidavit was not credible. It further found, based on Ren-
wrick's testimony, that any violations of the sequestration order had
been "innocuous" or "very nominal" and had not prejudiced Jenkins.
Further, the district court again rejected Jenkins's claim that the vid-
eotaping had violated his right to counsel.
Jenkins now appeals, arguing that his conviction should be over-
turned because (1) the Government violated 18 U.S.C.§ 201(c)(2) by
offering several of its witnesses favorable treatment in exchange for
their testimony; (2) the videotaping of Jenkins's attorney-client con-
ference with Mr. Williams violated Jenkins's Sixth Amendment
rights; and (3) several witnesses violated the district court's sequestra-
tion order.
II.
Jenkins devotes the bulk of his brief to the argument that his con-
viction must be overturned because some of the Government's wit-
nesses testified in exchange for the Government's promise to move
that the witnesses' sentences be reduced. Jenkins claims that this
practice violates provisions of the federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C.
4
§ 201; specifically, § 201(c)(2), which prohibits the giving of "any-
thing of value" to a witness because of his or her testimony.2
Last year, a panel of the Tenth Circuit became the only court to
adopt the argument made by Jenkins. The panel decision has since
been vacated by the en banc court. See United States v. Singleton, 144
F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998), rev'd en banc, 165 F.3d 1297 (10th Cir.
1999).3 Significantly, this circuit has never followed the original
Singleton panel decision, and we will not do so today.
In addition, Jenkins has a serious procedural problem in his presen-
tation of this issue because he did not object on this ground to the tes-
timony of the witnesses in question. Consequently, his current
argument may stand only if permitting their testimony constitutes
plain error. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725 (1993). Given
that the rationale of the Singleton panel has never been adopted in this
circuit, and that it is a flawed theory--as explained by the Tenth Cir-
cuit en banc and by all other circuits to consider the issue4--any argu-
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2 The relevant portion of 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) provides as follows:
Whoever . . . directly or indirectly, gives, offers or promises any-
thing of value to any person, for or because of the testimony
under oath . . . given or to be given by such person as a witness
upon a trial . . . shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for
not more than two years, or both.
3 The Singleton panel opinion rested on its reading of what, it deter-
mined, was the plain meaning of § 201(c)(2). Namely, it concluded that
(1) "whoever" included Assistant United States Attorneys ("AUSAs")
and that (2) an AUSA's promises not to prosecute certain offenses and
to inform the authorities of the witness's cooperation were "thing[s] of
value" given in exchange for trial testimony. 144 F.3d at 1345-51.
In reversing the panel, the en banc Tenth Circuit concluded that "who-
ever" does not include AUSAs appearing on behalf of the United States.
165 F.3d at 1299-1300. The court reasoned that "whoever" could not
include AUSAs, as they are, in effect, the United States government,
which cannot be subjected to criminal prosecution. Id. Further, the court
reasoned that applying the statute to the United States would be absurd
and would deprive the government of its "recognized or established pre-
rogative" to grant a witness leniency in exchange for his or her testi-
mony. Id. at 1300-01.
4 E.g., United States v. Condon, No. 97-3378, 1999 WL 118719 (7th
Cir. Mar. 9, 1999); United States v. Johnson , No. 98-2671, 1999 WL
5
able error in admitting the testimony in question is not plain. This
claim must be soundly rejected.
III.
Jenkins next argues that he is entitled to a new trial because a por-
tion of a confidential conversation between Jenkins and his attorney
was improperly recorded by the Lexington County sheriff's office.
Jenkins claims that this recording interfered with his right to consult
privately with his attorney, thereby violating the Sixth Amendment's
guarantee of effective assistance of counsel. We reject this claim for
relief.
Although all agree that the videotaping of Jenkins's confidential
conversation was improper, this impropriety did not automatically
violate Jenkins's Sixth Amendment rights: "``Not all government
interference with the attorney-client relationship,' however, ``renders
counsel's assistance so ineffective as to violate a defendant's sixth
amendment right to counsel.'" United States v. Chavez, 902 F.2d 259,
266 (4th Cir. 1990) (quoting Hall v. Iowa, 705 F.2d 283, 290 (8th Cir.
1983)). Instead, such interference does not create a Sixth Amendment
claim unless the defendant makes "some showing of prejudice."
Chavez, 902 F.2d at 266 (citing Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545,
558 (1977)).
Here, Jenkins has presented no evidence of prejudice. To the con-
trary, after separate pre-trial and post-trial hearings on the issue, the
district court twice found that none of the Government's evidence
derived from the improperly recorded conversation. Such factual find-
ings, which Jenkins has not shown to be clearly erroneous, defeat Jen-
kins's argument. See Weatherford, 429 U.S. at 556 (defendant's Sixth
Amendment claim defeated by district court's findings that Govern-
ment did not use information gained from defendant's attorney-client
conversation).
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55234 (8th Cir., Feb. 8, 1999); United States v. Lowery, 166 F.3d 1119(11th Cir. 1999); United States v. Ramsey, 165 F.3d 980 (D.C. Cir.
1999); United States v. Webster, 162 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. 1998); United
States v. Ware, 161 F.3d 414 (6th Cir. 1998).
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Jenkins nevertheless urges us to presume that the videotaping prej-
udiced his rights because the officers apparently responsible for the
taping refused to testify, invoking their Fifth Amendment rights.
Although the officers' refusal to testify no doubt hampered Jenkins's
attempt to prove prejudice, no authority suggests that we should, as
a result, presume that prejudice occurred. In fact, the Supreme Court
has disapproved of such presumptions of prejudice. See id. Conse-
quently, we decline Jenkins's invitation to resurrect this invalidated
presumption, and we reject his argument on this issue.
IV.
Finally, Jenkins argues that the district court erred in failing to
grant him a new trial because, he maintains, several of the Govern-
ment's witnesses violated the district court's sequestration order. Spe-
cifically, Jenkins claims that witnesses Cordero, Lord, Tyler,
Renwrick, and Johnson discussed their testimony in violation of the
sequestration order. In support of this argument, Jenkins submitted
Cordero's affidavit, in which Cordero alleges that he and the other
witnesses violated the sequestration order. After a post-trial hearing
on the matter, during which Renwrick was examined by both sides,
the district court refused to grant a new trial.
When a district court discovers that its sequestration order has been
violated, the court may exercise its discretion in crafting an appropri-
ate remedy. See United States v. Leggett, 326 F.2d 613 (4th Cir. 1964)
(choice of remedy "depends upon the particular circumstances and
lies within the sound discretion of the trial court"). We therefore
review the district court's resolution of this issue for abuse of discre-
tion.
We cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in refus-
ing to grant Jenkins a new trial. After reviewing Cordero's affidavit
and after hearing Renwrick's testimony about his conversations with
the other witnesses, the district court determined that Jenkins had not
been prejudiced by those conversations. In making this ruling, the dis-
trict court noted that prejudice was unlikely because the subject mat-
ter of the individual witnesses' testimony had not overlapped
significantly: "All of these guys that testified saw the same smoking
gun, but they saw it at different times from different angles and they
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described it in entirely different terms." Indeed, the only overlap of
testimony was that both Cordero and Lord testified that Jenkins had
asked how to get blood out of a car. Where factual overlap between
witnesses' testimony is nonexistent or minimal, sequestration order
violations are unlikely to "undermine[ ] the integrity of the fact-
finding process." United States v. Kosko, 870 F.2d 162, 164 (4th Cir.
1989). As a result, we conclude that the district court was well within
its discretion in finding that Jenkins had not been prejudiced by the
alleged sequestration violations and, consequently, in denying Jenkins
a new trial.
Jenkins counters that United States v. Farnham requires us to pre-
sume that any violation of a sequestration order is prejudicial. See 791
F.2d 331, 335 (4th Cir. 1986). While we did presume prejudice from
the particular violation at issue in Farnham, we did not establish the
per se rule for which Jenkins argues. In Farnham , we presumed that
the defendant had been prejudiced by the district court's improper
refusal to sequester one of two agents who were scheduled to testify
for the Government. Because there was no sequestration, the first
agent was able to listen to the entire testimony of the second agent
before giving his own testimony. As a result, we concluded that the
defendant in Farnham would have found it"almost impossible" to
prove that he had been prejudiced by the district court's failure to
sequester, thus we presumed that the district court's error prejudiced
the defendant. 791 F.2d at 335.
But the Farnham presumption does not apply in all cases. For
example, we have refused to presume prejudice--and specifically
refused to invoke Farnham's rule--when it appears that "the discus-
sions that took place between the witnesses had no substantial influ-
ence on the jury verdict." United States v. Harris, 39 F.3d 1262, 1268
(4th Cir. 1994).
Furthermore, Jenkins did not face the near impossibility of proving
prejudice that Farnham faced. Jenkins had the opportunity to call each
of the five allegedly tainted witnesses at the post-trial hearing; he cal-
led only Renwrick, whose testimony did not corroborate Cordero's
affidavit. Additionally, each of the witnesses in question had submit-
ted statements to the investigating authorities long before trial, and
Jenkins has failed to point to any detail in which the witnesses' trial
8
testimony varied from their pre-trial statements. As a result, Jenkins
simply has not shown how the discussions that Cordero describes in
his affidavit improperly affected any testimony. Accordingly, we can-
not conclude that any such discussions had a substantial effect on the
jury verdict. Harris, 39 F.3d at 1268. We therefore reject Jenkins's
claim that the district court abused its discretion in denying Jenkins
a new trial on this basis.
V.
Pursuant to the foregoing, the assertions of error made by Jenkins
are all rejected, and his convictions are affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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